2 FILED & ENTERED
4 APR 22 2024
5 C CL enE tR raK l U D. iS st. r B icA t N ofK CR aU liP foT rC nY ia COURT 6 BY v a n d e n s t DEPUTY CLERK
7 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT 8 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 LOS ANGELES DIVISION 10 In re: Case No. 2:20-bk-21080-RK 11
Chapter 7 12 ORCHID CHILD PRODUCTIONS, LLC, Adv. No. 2:21-ap-01212-RK 13 Debtor. MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER 14 ON MOTION OF COUNTERCLAIM- 15 DEFENDANTS WHOSE DOG R U PRODUCTIONS, INC., AND JAMES 16 FRANCO TO DISMISS TRUSTEE’S 17 COUNTERCLAIM
18 Hearing Date: March 26, 2024 19 Time: 1:30 p.m.
20 Place: Courtroom 1675 Roybal Federal Building 21 255 East Temple Street Los Angeles, CA 90012 22
23 WHOSE DOG R U PRODUCTIONS, 24 INC., Plaintiff, 25 vs.
26 EDWARD M. WOLKOWITZ, CHAPTER 7 27 TRUSTEE,
28 Defendant. EDWARD M. WOLKOWITZ, Chapter 7 1 Trustee, 2 Counterclaimant, 3 vs. 4
5 WHOSE DOG R U PRODUCTIONS, INC., and JAMES FRANCO, 6 7 Counterclaim-Defendants.
8 9 This adversary proceeding came on for hearing on March 26, 2024 before the 10 undersigned United States Bankruptcy Judge on the motion of counterclaim-defendants 11 Whose Dog R U Productions, Inc. (Whose Dog), and James Franco (Franco) to dismiss 12 the Counterclaim1 of counterclaimant Edward M. Wolkowitz, Chapter 7 Trustee 13 (Trustee). Appearances were made as noted on the record. Following the hearing on 14 March 26, 2024, the parties, Whose Dog and Franco and Trustee filed post-hearing 15 briefs on April 2, 2024 to address the tentative ruling on the motion posted for the 16 motion on the court’s website before the hearing and the arguments made at the 17 hearing. After the filing of the post-hearing briefs, the court took the motion under 18 submission. 19 Having considered the moving, opposing and reply papers and the post-hearing 20 briefs relating to the motion and the oral arguments of the parties at the hearing on 21 March 26, 2024, the court makes the following rulings. 22 Whose Dog and Franco in the motion make several arguments why the court 23 should dismiss Trustee’s claims for relief in the Counterclaim in this adversary 24 proceeding for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted pursuant to 25 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 26 7012(b), making Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b) applicable to this adversary 27 1 The “Counterclaim” filed by Trustee consists of nine separate claims for relief against Whose Dog 28 and/or Franco. Docket No. 88. Docket entries refer to documents filed in this adversary proceeding unless otherwise noted, such as in the main bankruptcy case of Debtor Orchid Child. 1 proceeding. Whose Dog and Franco argue that Trustee may not rely upon California 2 procedural law to relate the counterclaim back to the filing of their complaint initiating 3 this adversary proceeding and that only Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 applies and 4 does not permit any relation back. Motion, Docket No. 105 at 13-23 (internal page 5 citation at 12-22); see also, Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7015 which makes 6 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 applicable to this adversary proceeding. Whose Dog 7 and Franco also argue that Trustee’s claims in his counterclaim fail to allege legally 8 cognizable claims. Motion, Docket No. 105 at 23-32 (internal page citation at 22-31) 9 The argument of Whose Dog and Franco that California procedural law does not 10 apply here because of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 lacks merit because the plain 11 language of Rule 15(c)(1)(A) recognizes that "[a]n amendment to a pleading relates 12 back to the date of the original pleading when: (A) the law that provides the applicable 13 statute of limitations allows relation back . . . ." That is, since California law provides the 14 applicable statute of limitations, applicable California law would allow relation back to 15 the date of the ”original pleading,” the trustee’s answer, served and filed on November 16 11, 2021, as set forth in the case law that recognizes that the filing of the original 17 complaint, such as the original complaint filed by Whose Dog in this adversary 18 proceeding on October 12, 2021, tolls the statute of limitations as to any cross- 19 complaint or counterclaim against them arising out of the same "contract, transaction, 20 matter, happening or accident" upon which action was brought by Whose Dog. 21 Trindade v. Superior Court, 29 Cal.App.3d 857, 859-860 (1973) and Paredes v. Credit 22 Consulting Services, Inc., 82 Cal.App.5th 410, 428 (2022), cited in, Banke and Segal, 23 Rutter Group California Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial – Statutes of 24 Limitations, ¶.8:240 (online edition February 2024 update); see also, Blaser v. State 25 Teachers’ Retirement System, 37 Cal.App.5th 349, 377 (2019), citing inter alia, Jones v. 26 Mortimer, 20 Cal.2d 627, 633 (1946). Thus, as to Whose Dog, since it filed the original 27 complaint in this matter, the statute of limitations as to any counterclaims against it was 28 tolled when it filed its complaint on October 12, 2021, and Rule 15(c)(1)(A) recognizes 1 relation back to the date of the trustee’s answer as his original pleading on November 2 11, 2021, which was timely as the statute of limitations for any counterclaim was tolled 3 when Whose Dog filed its complaint on October 12, 2021. Presumably, the date on 4 which the statute of limitations began to run was on May 31, 2018, the date of the 5 alleged breach of contract asserted by the Debtor, and any four-year statute of 6 limitations was tolled when the adversary complaint was filed on October 12, 2021. 7 However, this rationale does not apply to Franco, who is a new party to the 8 adversary proceeding as he was not the party which filed the original complaint in this 9 adversary proceeding, which was Whose Dog. Boyer v. Jensen, 129 Cal.App.4th 62, 70 10 (2005), cited in, Banke and Segal, Rutter Group California Practice Guide: Civil 11 Procedure Before Trial – Statutes of Limitations, ¶.8:255. That is, the court rejects 12 Whose Dog’s argument that it is a new party to the Counterclaim because it was not a 13 new party to the adversary proceeding since it is an existing party to the adversary 14 proceeding, having commenced it. 15 The court’s discussion above is substantially the same as in its tentative ruling2 to 16 which Whose Dog and Franco expressed disagreement in their supplemental brief, 17 arguing as follows: 18 The Court is of the tentative opinion that, as to Whose Dog, the filing of Whose Dog’s complaint tolled the statute of limitations as to any counterclaim by 19 the Trustee citing as authority, Trindale v. Sup. Ct., 29 Cal.App.3d 857, 859-860, 20 and Rutter Group Practice Guide, Civil Proc. Before Trial-Statutes of Limitation ¶ 8:240. These authorities, however, do not address an amendment under Rule 21 15 to an Answer to add a new Counterclaim against newly added Cross- Defendants. The Trustee has not addressed Rule 15 in his briefs. 22 23 Rule 15(c)(1) applies to determine whether the newly filed Counterclaims relate back to a the prior “original pleading,” i.e., here the Answer (not the 24 Complaint). 25 Under Rule 15(c)(1), for the reasons set forth in Cross-Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and Reply, the statute of limitations has run as to the claims asserted. 26 The applicability of Rule 15(c)(1) is discussed here because Cross-Defendants 27 believe that the Tentative is incorrect on this point.
28 2 A copy of the court’s tentative ruling on the motion posted on the court’s website on March 25, 2024 before the hearing is attached hereto. The Trustee was granted leave earlier this year to amend his Answer to 1 include a newly asserted Counterclaim. Under Rule 15(c)(1), for relation back to 2 apply and to avoid the statutes of limitation barring such claims, the Trustee must establish either that: (1) California law allows relation back to the Answer when 3 a new counterclaim is added by amendment (Rule 15(c)(1)(A)), or (2) if the newly asserted Counterclaim names a new cross-defendant, the requirements of 4 Rule 15(c)(1)(C) are satisfied here. Neither requirement can be met here. 5 As to Rule 15(c)(1)(A), while the Court correctly states that under 6 California law the filing of a complaint tolls the statute of limitations as to a counterclaim against a Plaintiff relating to the same contract, transaction, etc., 7 the requirement for relation back in Federal Court in the context of an 8 amendment to add a counterclaim is more specific. While the statute of limitations may have been tolled under California law as to an original 9 counterclaim filed with the Answer, the question here is whether an amendment adding a new Counterclaim to an Answer (after all parties agree that the statute 10 of limitations ran years ago) relates back under Rule 15(c)(1)(A). 11 Rule 15(c)(1)(A) applies to existing Cross-Defendants. Since there are 12 none, even if California law would permit the late filing of an “original” counterclaim against a plaintiff, Rule 15(c)(1)(A) does not apply here. Moreover, 13 under California law, if the Trustee wanted to assert new claims against a new cross-defendant, he would have had to have previously alleged counterclaims 14 and named Doe counter-defendants, which he also did not do. See Motion at 14- 15 16. 16 Rule 15(c)(1)(C) applies to newly named Cross-Defendants – both Whose Dog and Franco. The Trustee cannot and has not met the requirements 17 set forth therein, i.e., among other things, the new counterclaims were 18 indisputably not timely asserted and served per Rule 4(m), i.e., within 90 days after the Answer was originally filed and served. See Motion at 16-22 19 Supplemental Brief of Whose Dog and Franco, Docket No. 113 at 6-8 (internal page 20 citation at 4-6) (emphasis in original). The court does not agree with, and rejects, this 21 argument made by Whose Dog and Franco because Rule 15(c)(1)(A) does not limit 22 relation back to existing counterclaims and existing counterclaim-defendants because 23 its language broadly refers to “the law that provides the applicable statute of limitations 24 [that] allows relation back,” that is, here California law, which the court has recognized 25 as discussed above. Thus, the court does not agree with Whose Dog’s overly narrow 26 construction of Rule 15(c)(1)(A) and California law stating that the latter does not apply 27 to an answer as an original pleading since the tolling event under California law for 28 counterclaims is the filing of the complaint. 1 As to both Whose Dog and Franco, under Rule 15(c)(1)(A), California law of 2 equitable tolling may apply to toll the statute of limitations on the trustee’s counterclaims 3 against them. See, Law Finance Group, LLC v. Key, 14 Cal.5th 932, 952 (2023); Saint 4 Francis Memorial Hospital v. State Department of Public Health, 9 Cal.5th 710, 720 5 (2020) and Addison v. State of California, 21 Cal.3d 313, 320-321 (1978), cited in, 6 Banke and Segal, Rutter Group California Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial – 7 Statutes of Limitations, ¶¶.6:6-6:7.1; see also, McDonald v. Antelope Valley Community 8 College District, 45 Cal.4th 88, 99 (2008). That is, equitable tolling may apply to 9 suspend the statute of limitations where a plaintiff has several alternative remedies, and 10 makes a good faith, reasonable decision to pursue one remedy, and it later becomes 11 necessary to pursue the other. Elkins v. Derby, 12 Cal.3d 410, 412-413 (1974); and 12 Saint Francis Memorial Hospital v. State Department of Public Health, 9 Cal.5th at 725, 13 cited in, Banke and Segal, Rutter Group California Practice Guide: Civil Procedure 14 Before Trial – Statutes of Limitations, ¶¶.6:26. Such equitable tolling may apply to 15 arbitration proceedings. Banke and Segal, Rutter Group California Practice Guide: Civil 16 Procedure Before Trial – Statutes of Limitations, ¶¶.6:60-6:60.1, citing inter alia, 17 Rodriguez v. Southern California District Council of Laborers, 160 Cal.App.3d 956, 961 18 (1984) and Marcario v. County of Orange, 155 Cal.App.4th 397, 408 (2007); see also, 19 Cervantes v. City of San Diego, 5 F.3d 1273, 1274-1277 (9th Cir. 1993) (applying 20 California law of statute of limitation and equitable tolling to claim under 42 U.S.C. § 21 1983). 22 Trustee apparently asserts that the equitable tolling applies to the entire time 23 when the disputes between Debtor Orchid Child Productions, LLC (Debtor) and Whose 24 Dog and Franco were in arbitration as they were all parties to the arbitration. However, 25 the court believes that there are factual issues as to whether equitable tolling saves 26 Trustee’s counterclaims for any applicable four year statute of limitations under 27 California law as equitable tolling must apply only where a plaintiff, or Trustee and his 28 predecessor, Debtor, as counterclaimant, has pursued its alternative remedy of 1 arbitration. Apparently, any cause of action from breach of contract accrued to Debtor 2 in May 2018, and there was no equitable tolling until Whose Dog filed its arbitration 3 demand on May 1, 2020, which initiated the alternative remedy. On or about May 20, 4 2020, Debtor filed its answering statement and counterclaims in the arbitration 5 proceeding, and on or about November 13, 2020, Franco filed his answer to Debtor’s 6 counterclaims in arbitration and his own counterclaims in arbitration. These 7 circumstances indicate that Debtor was reasonably pursuing its alternative remedy in 8 arbitration during this time period, but on December 21, 2020, Debtor filed its 9 bankruptcy petition, commencing this Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, which stayed the 10 arbitration proceedings. On October 12, 2021, Whose Dog filed its complaint 11 commencing this adversary proceeding for declaratory and injunctive relief as to 12 ownership of the film footage, and on November 11, 2021, Trustee filed his answer to 13 the adversary complaint without asserting any counterclaims. 14 There are factual issues as the reasonableness of the pursuit by Debtor and 15 Trustee as its successor in interest in the alternative remedy of arbitration as it appears 16 that Debtor filed the bankruptcy to stay the arbitration and its successor-in-interest, that 17 Trustee, has opposed stay relief sought by Whose Dog to allow the arbitration to 18 proceed, and that when Whose Dog filed its adversary complaint for declaratory and 19 injunctive relief, there was no impediment to Trustee to file counterclaims which he now 20 seeks to bring as the arbitration was stayed from the bankruptcy. See McDonald v. 21 Antelope Valley Community College District, 45 Cal.4th at 102. The issue appears to 22 be whether Debtor and/or Trustee reasonably and in good faith pursued the alternative 23 remedy of arbitration as to the counterclaims, and the court is not so sure that Debtor 24 and/or Trustee did, so it may be that not all the time claimed by Trustee should be 25 equitably tolled, but this appears to be a factual issue as to whether the counterclaims 26 are timely. See Supplemental Brief of Trustee, Docket No. 114 at 12-13 (internal page 27 citation at 9-10). The lack of equitable tolling as a practical matter would only affect the 28 Trustee’s state law claims against Franco as it appears that the claims against Whose 1 Dog are timely based on its filing of the original complaint within the statutes of 2 limitation. 3 The court’s discussion above is substantially the same as in its tentative ruling 4 which Whose Dog and Franco expressed disagreement in their supplemental brief, 5 arguing as follows:
6 The facts regarding the Trustee’s decision not to pursue any claims 7 against Whose Dog and Franco are undisputed and support a ruling that equitable tolling does not apply. After Debtor filed its Bankruptcy Petition and 8 Whose Dog filed its Complaint in this adversary, the Trustee intentionally did not assert counterclaims against Whose Dog and/or Franco, and affirmatively 9 stated in his Answer, Second Affirmative Defense, that the Complaint was “an 10 improper attempt to compel the Trustee to engage in litigation over claims that the Trustee has not decided to pursue.” For the first time at the hearing on March 11 26, 2024, and despite many previous opportunities to set-the-record-straight, the Trustee’s counsel asserted that what the Trustee, i.e., his counsel who drafted 12 the Affirmative Defense, really meant was that the Trustee had not “yet” decided 13 when he filed his Answer in November 2021 whether or not he intended to pursue claims against Whose Dog (and that the Counterclaim evidences that he 14 has now decided). The Trustee’s counsel claimed there is a distinction between: 15 (1) “claims that the Trustee has not decided to pursue” as alleged in the Answer (which he asserted and now claims meant he had not yet decided) and (2) 16 “claims that the Trustee has decided not to pursue” (what he would have said (but did not) if he really had decided he really was not going to pursue any 17 claims). 18 Supplemental Brief of Whose Dog and Franco, Docket No. 113 at 8-9 (internal page 19 citation at 6-7) (emphasis in original; footnote omitted). In the court’s view, the issue of 20 Trustee’s intent in not asserting counterclaims in his answer to Whose Dog’s adversary 21 complaint goes to the factual determination of the reasonableness and good faith of 22 Trustee’s equitable tolling claim, which the court believes that it cannot decide as a 23 matter of law on a motion to dismiss, that is, whether Trustee may rely upon the 24 doctrine of equitable tolling to assert that his counterclaims are timely. See Hopkins v. 25 Kedzierski, 225 Cal.App.4th 736, 755 (2014) (“whether a plaintiff has demonstrated the 26 elements of equitable tolling presents a question of fact”), citing and quoting inter alia, 27 Marcario v. County of Orange, 155 Cal.App.4th at 408 (“Equitable tolling is a fact- 28 intensive issue and it is determined based upon evidence . . . .”) (citation and internal 1 quotation marks omitted); see also, Cervantes v. City of San Diego, 5 F.3d at 1274- 2 1277 (applying California law of statute of limitation and equitable tolling to plaintiff’s 3 claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, stating: “The sole issue is whether the complaint, liberally 4 construed in light of our ‘notice pleading’ system, adequately alleges facts showing the 5 potential applicability of the equitable tolling doctrine. . . We hold that ordinarily 6 equitable tolling is not properly resolved at the pleading stage.”) (emphasis in original). 7 In Cervantes v. City of San Diego, the Ninth Circuit noted California’s three-pronged test 8 for invocation of doctrine of equitable tolling based on pursuit of an alternative remedy: 9 “A plaintiff’s pursuit of a remedy in another forum equitably tolls the limitations period if 10 the plaintiff’s actions satisfy three factors: 1) timely notice to defendants in filing the first 11 claim; 2) lack of prejudice to the defendants in gathering evidence for the second claim; 12 and 3) good faith and reasonable conduct in filing the second claim.” 5 F.3d at 1275, 13 citing, Donoghue v. Orange County, 848 F.2d 926, 931 (9th Cir. 1987) and Collier v. City 14 of Pasadena, 142 Cal.App.3d 917, 923 (1983). Regarding this standard, the Ninth 15 Circuit also observed in Cervantes v. City of San Diego: “California’s fact-intensive test 16 for equitable tolling is more appropriately applied at the summary judgment or trial stage 17 of litigation.” Id. at 1276. As discussed herein, this observation is applicable here. 18 The court also addresses the arguments of Whose Dog and Franco that 19 Trustee’s claims for relief in his counterclaim fail to allege legally cognizable claims. 20 Trustee’s first and second causes of action for declaratory relief that the estate owns the 21 film footage and related copyright and may sell such property and his are federal 22 declaratory relief claims and are not California state declaratory relief claims subject to 23 some state statute of limitations. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss these claims under 24 a four year state statute of limitations should be denied. Regarding the motion to 25 dismiss for failure to state a claim, Trustee has stated plausible claims for declaratory 26 relief that the estate owns the film footage and related copyright and may sell such 27 property of the estate as there has been no judicial declaration that the estate owns and 28 may sell such property, though as Whose Dog and Franco point out, Trustee could seek 1 such relief by motion. That Trustee is proceeding by counterclaim rather than by motion 2 does not necessarily preclude his proceeding by counterclaim. 3 Regarding the argument of Whose Dog and Franco that Trustee’s first claim for 4 declaratory relief as to ownership of the film footage and related copyright should be 5 dismissed as moot because Whose Dog has conceded ownership, it appears to the 6 court that Trustee can seek declaratory relief since there has been no judicial 7 declaration of its ownership, and if Whose Dog has conceded ownership, then perhaps 8 it could consent to allow the court to proceed to enter judgment in favor of Trustee on 9 that claim for relief. 10 Regarding his third claim for relief for unjust enrichment, Trustee has agreed in 11 his opposition to the motion to dismiss to dismiss this claim without prejudice, and 12 therefore, the motion to dismiss should be granted as to this claim, which should be 13 dismissed without prejudice. 14 Regarding Trustee’s fourth and fifth claims for anticipatory breach of contract, 15 sixth claim for promissory estoppel and seventh claim for breach of the covenant of 16 good faith and fair dealing, the court agrees with Trustee that Federal Rule of Civil 17 Procedure 8(d)(3) permits him to allege claims asserting inconsistent theories of relief 18 and would deny the motion to dismiss on this ground. As to the argument of Whose 19 Dog and Franco that Trustee’s sixth claim for promissory estoppel is time-barred under 20 the two year statute of limitations under California Code of Civil Procedure § 339(1), 21 there is a factual issue regarding timeliness as the alleged breach of promise set forth in 22 the Counterclaim occurred in May 2018 and the alleged tolling event of Whose Dog’s 23 commencement of arbitration occurred on May 1, 2020. 24 Regarding Trustee’s eighth and ninth causes of action objecting to the claims of 25 Whose Dog and Franco, Trustee has stated plausible claims that his objections to their 26 claims should be disallowed, and notice pleading under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 27 8 is sufficient. 28 For the foregoing reasons, the court will deny the motion to dismiss, except 1 || grants in part the motion as to the third claim for relief, which Trustee agrees to dismiss 2 || without prejudice. 3 Accordingly, the court orders as follows: ‘ 1. Based on Trustee’s concession as to his third claim for relief in the Counterclaim, the motion is granted as to this claim, which is dismissed 6 without prejudice. 2. Otherwise, the motion is denied. 8 3. Whose Dog and Franco must serve their answer in accordance with Federal 9 Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7012 within 21 days of the date of entry of this "0 order and must file their answer pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure " 5(d), made applicable to this adversary proceeding by Federal Rule of "2 Bankruptcy Procedure 7005. 13 14 IT |S SO ORDERED. 15 Hitt 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2 25 Date: April 22, 2024 =—<— 6 United States Bankruptcy Judge 27 28
1 ATTACHMENT – TENTATIVE RULING ON MOTION
2 Updated tentative ruling as of 3/25/24. 3 Regarding the motion to dismiss, the court’s tentative ruling is that the argument of 4 Whose Dog and Franco that California procedural law does not apply here because of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 lacks merit because the plain language of Rule 5 15(c)(1)(A) recognizes that "[a]n amendment to a pleading relates back to the date of 6 the original pleading when: (A) the law that provides the applicable statute of limitations allows relation back . . . ." That is, since California law provides the applicable statute of 7 limitations, applicable California law would allow relation back as set forth in the case law that recognizes that the filing of the original complaint, such as the original 8 complaint filed by Whose Dog in this adversary proceeding, tolls the statute of 9 limitations as to any cross-complaint or counterclaim against them arising out of the same "contract, transaction, matter, happening or accident" upon which action was 10 brought by Whose Dog. Trindade v. Superior Court, 29 Cal.App.3d 857, 859-860 11 (1973) and Paredes v. Credit Consulting Services, Inc., 82 Cal.App.5th 410, 428 (2022), cited in, Banke and Segal, Rutter Group California Practice Guide: Civil Procedure 12 Before Trial – Statutes of Limitations, ¶.8:240 (online edition February 2024 update); see also, Blaser v. State Teachers’ Retirement System, 37 Cal.App.5th 349, 377 (2019), 13 citing inter alia, Jones v. Mortimer, 20 Cal.2d 627, 633 (1946). Thus, as to Whose Dog, 14 since it filed the original complaint in this matter, the statute of limitations as to any counterclaims against it was tolled when it filed its complaint in 2021. Presumably, the 15 date on which the statute of limitations began to run was on May 31, 2018, the date of the alleged breach of contract asserted by the Debtor, and any four-year statute of 16 limitations was tolled when the adversary complaint was filed in 2021. However, this 17 rationale does not apply to Franco, who is a new party as he was not the party which filed the original complaint in this adversary proceeding, which was Whose Dog. Boyer 18 v. Jensen, 129 Cal.App.4th 62, 70 (2005), cited in, Banke and Segal, Rutter Group California Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial – Statutes of Limitations, ¶.8:255. 19
20 As to both Whose Dog and Franco, under Rule 15(c)(1)(A), California law of equitable tolling may apply to toll the statute of limitations on the trustee’s counterclaims against 21 them. See, Law Finance Group, LLC v. Key, 14 Cal.5th 932, 952 (2023); Saint Francis Memorial Hospital v. State Department of Public Health, 9 Cal.5th 710, 720 (2020) and 22 Addison v. State of California, 21 Cal.3d 313, 320-321 (1978), cited in, Banke and 23 Segal, Rutter Group California Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial – Statutes of Limitations, ¶¶.6:6-6:7.1; see also, McDonald v. Antelope Valley Community College 24 District, 45 Cal.4th 88, 99 (2008). That is, equitable tolling may apply to suspend the statute of limitations where a plaintiff has several alternative remedies, and makes a 25 good faith, reasonable decision to pursue one remedy, and it later becomes necessary 26 to pursue the other. Elkins v. Derby, 12 Cal.3d 410, 412-413 (1974); and Saint Francis Memorial Hospital v. State Department of Public Health, 9 Cal.5th at 725, cited in, Banke 27 and Segal, Rutter Group California Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial – Statutes of Limitations, ¶¶.6:26. Such equitable tolling may apply to arbitration 28 proceedings. Banke and Segal, Rutter Group California Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial – Statutes of Limitations, ¶¶.6:60-6:60.1, citing inter alia, Rodriguez v. 1 Southern California District Council of Laborers, 160 Cal.App.3d 956, 961 (1984) and 2 Marcario v. County of Orange, 155 Cal.App.4th 397, 408 (2007). The trustee apparently asserts that the equitable tolling applies to the entire time when the disputes between 3 Debtor and Whose Dog and Franco were in arbitration as they were all parties to the arbitration. However, the court believes that there are factual issues as to whether 4 equitable tolling saves the trustee’s counterclaims for any applicable four year statute of 5 limitations under California law as equitable tolling must apply only where a plaintiff, or the trustee and his predecessor, Debtor, pursue its alternative remedy of arbitration. 6 Apparently, any cause of action from breach of contract accrued to Debtor in May 2018, and there was no equitable tolling until Whose Dog filed its arbitration demand on May 7 1, 2020. On or about May 20, 2020, Debtor filed its answering statement and 8 counterclaims in the arbitration proceeding, and on or about November 13, 2020, Franco filed his answer to Debtor’s counterclaims in arbitration and his own 9 counterclaims in arbitration. These circumstances indicate that Debtor was reasonably 10 pursue its alternative remedy in arbitration during this time period, but on December 21, 2020, Debtor filed its bankruptcy petition, commencing this Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, 11 which stayed the arbitration proceedings. On October 12, 2021, Whose Dog filed its complaint commencing this adversary proceeding for declaratory and injunctive relief as 12 to ownership of the film footage, and on November 11, 2021, the trustee filed its answer 13 without asserting any counterclaims. There are factual issues as the reasonableness of the pursuit by Debtor and the trustee as its successor in interest in the alternative 14 remedy of arbitration as it appears that Debtor filed the bankruptcy to stay the arbitration and has opposed stay relief sought by Whose Dog to allow the arbitration to proceed, 15 and when Whose Dog filed its adversary complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief, 16 there was no impediment to the trustee to file counterclaims which he now seeks to bring as the arbitration was stayed from the bankruptcy. See McDonald v. Antelope 17 Valley Community College District, 45 Cal.4th at 102. The issue is whether the trustee reasonably and in good faith pursued the alternative remedy as opposed to the 18 counterclaims, and the court is not so sure that he did, so it appears that not all the time 19 claimed should be equitably tolled, but this appears to be a factual issue as to whether the counterclaims are timely. The lack of equitable tolling as a practical matter would 20 only affect the noncore state law counterclaims against Franco as it appears that the counterclaims as to Whose Dog are timely based on its filing of the original complaint 21 within the statutes of limitations. 22 The trustee’s first and second causes of action for declaratory relief that the estate owns 23 the film footage and related copyright and may sell such property and his are federal declaratory relief claims and are not California state declaratory relief claims subject to 24 some state statute of limitations. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss these claims under 25 a four year state statute of limitations should be denied. Regarding the motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the trustee has stated plausible claims for declaratory 26 relief that the estate owns the film footage and related copyright and may sell such property of the estate as there has been no judicial declaration that the estate owns and 27 may sell such property, though as Whose Dog and Franco point out, the trustee could 28 seek such relief by motion. That the trustee is proceeding by counterclaim rather than 1 by motion does not necessarily preclude his proceeding by counterclaim. 2 Regarding the argument of Whose Dog and Franco that the trustee’s first counterclaim 3 for declaratory relief as to ownership of the film footage and related copyright should be dismissed as moot because Whose Dog has conceded ownership, it seems to the court 4 that the trustee can seek declaratory relief since there has been no judicial declaration 5 of its ownership, and if Whose Dog has conceded ownership, then the court inquires of Whose Dog and Franco whether it can proceed to enter judgment in favor of the trustee 6 on that counterclaim.
7 Regarding the trustee’s third counterclaim for unjust enrichment, the trustee has agreed 8 in his opposition to the motion to dismiss to dismiss this counterclaim without prejudice, and therefore, the motion to dismiss should be granted as to this counterclaim, which 9 should be dismissed without prejudice. 10 Regarding the trustee’s fourth and fifth counterclaims for anticipatory breach of contract, 11 sixth counterclaim for promissory estoppel and seventh counterclaim for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, the court agrees with the trustee that Federal 12 Rule of Civil Procedure 8(d)(3) permits him to allege claims asserting inconsistent 13 theories of relief and would deny the motion to dismiss on this ground.
14 Conclusion: Deny motion to dismiss, except as to the third counterclaim which the trustee agrees to dismiss without prejudice. 15
16 Appearances are required on 3/26/24, but counsel and self-represented parties must appear either in person in the courtroom or remotely through Zoom for Government in 17 accordance with the court's remote appearance instructions.
23 24 25 26 27 28