Wilson, J.
Admitting tbe proper supremacy of tbe Constitution and laws of tbe United States over and upon all proper subjects of legislation, does it follow tbat Congress can, in any way, interfere with State taxations, either as to measure of assessment or as to tbe manner or means in which collection thereof may be made ? It is now too late to question tbe rule of construction of tbe rights and powers of tbe general government or to establish a different' one. Tbat government acts alone by delegated authority, and can exercise no other than such as may be necessary to carry fully into effect some granted power. In doubtful or disputed questions, if tbe Constitution, or proper legislation, does not adequately define them, or if adjudication thereof has not already been made, we must follow tbe general rule for construing statutes; and when, from tbe statute or tbe instrument itself, tbe meaning is not clear, recourse must be bad to tbe peculiar views and motives controlling its framers, at tbe time of forming tbe Constitution or enacting tbe law, tbe question then becomes one of intention. Tbe only provisions in tbe Constitution of tbe United States referring to tbe subject of taxation, to which it is needful to refer, are these: Article 1, section 8. “ Tbe Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, .duties, imposts and excises; to pay tbe debts and provide for tbe common defence and welfare of tbe United States.” Subdivision Y, section 8. “ To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution tbe foregoing powers.” Section 9, same article: “ No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to tbe census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.” “No tax or duty shall be levied on articles exported from any State.” Section 10, same article: “ No [136]*136State shall coin money, emit bills of .credit, or make anything bnt gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts: No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports to, or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws.” Section 10, of the amendments, contains the limit and rule: “ The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively,.or to the people.”
These contain the affirmative powers given to Congress, and define what a State may not do. Congress has power to lay and collect a tax. A State may not lay imposts or duties on imports or exports, with a single exception. Congress has not- power to lay and collect all taxes, else why, in the same sentence almost, prohibit the States from laying one kind of an indirect tax ? Does not that prohibition admit that the right is in the States to levy and collect all other taxes, proper for their maintenance? What is claimed in that behalf by the framers of the Constitution ? For convenience, we cite from the opinion of the circuit judge In the 33d and 3Fth numbers of the Federalist, Alexander Hamilton has very clearly defined the extent of the powers of the general government, and of those of the individual States in matters of taxation. Fie says: “Though a law, therefore, laying a tax for the use of the United States would be supreme in its nature, and could not be legally opposed or controlled; yet, a law abrogating or preventing the collection of a tax laid by authority of a State, unless upon imports or exports, would not' be the supreme lana of the land, but an usurpation of a power not granted by the Constitution ” * * “ the inference from the whole is that the individual States would, under the proposed Constitution, retain an independent and uncontrollable authority to raise revenue to any extent of which they may stand in need, by every hmd of taxation except duties on imports and exports;” and this, he says, “reconciles an
[137]*137indefinite constitutional power of taxation, with an adequate and independent power in the States to provide for their own necessities.” Could there be a plainer or more clear defining of the limits to the power of the general government and of the respective States over that subject; made, too, by one who had more to do with shaping the character of the Constitution of our land than had any other person, by one noted for his liberal construction of constitutional power, and who carried federal authority to its utmost limit, and was often charged with rest/riotlng the rights of the States ? There was no gainsaying of this view, and hence we may infer rightly that Madison, Jay, and his fellow statesmen, coincided fully with and assented to its correctness in extent and principle. Again, the power oyer State taxes is nowhere expressly given to Congress, nor is it expressly prohibited to the States, consequently section ten of the amendments yields that power to the States. It was rightly considered by the convention to be a matter peculiarly belonging to the States, and if so, as to the time of levy and amount, then equally as to the means by which the tax when levied could be paid. If a State should deem it necessary to lay a tax at a certain season of the year, and provide for its collection in the products of the soil, or in the physical services of its citizens, we know of no power on earth possessing the right of interference or prohibition ; and the moral obligation exists why a State should pay its creditors in coin, there is no power that can enforce it, and. Congress could in no way interfere. (State Treasurer v. Wright, 28 Ill., 512.) The revenue is the life of the State, and. for Congress to say when and where and in what manner it must be laid and collected, in other words, to say when a. State should breathe, would be giving Congress the sole-’ power of life and death over a State. What are the other rights worth, when that upon which its life depends is denied. Interference as to any one of the incidents of levying and collecting taxes, would as effectually take away State inde[138]*138pendence as it would to wholly deny the right. (Dobbins v. Comrs. of Erie Co., 14 Curtis, S. C., 373.)
The Supreme Court of Oregon, at its September term, 1864, held as constitutional the act of Congress providing for the issue of treasury notes, and of course those notes are applicable as money, and as legal tender for the payment of all matters upon which the United States Congress properly and fairly legislated. If our first position is true, then Congress could not, and did not make those notes an absolute discharge for State taxes; that would remain with the States.
Assuming, however, that Congress might have made them such a legal tender as would apply to the payment of such taxes. Was there any such legislation? Or, on the other hand, was there a want of such legislation, on the part of the State of Oregon, as would make these notes inapplicable to the case in hand? The existence of either might sustain the appellant’s claim. If our position be'correct, there might be kinds of legal money which the State could say directly, or by presumption of law indirectly,-were inapplicable to payment of taxes, or could by law make its taxes payable only by personal service, or in certain kinds of property. As the law now stands, the taxes are payable in money; and the sheriff is required to collect them, taking therefor legal money, or, as we hold, money made applicable for that purpose.
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Wilson, J.
Admitting tbe proper supremacy of tbe Constitution and laws of tbe United States over and upon all proper subjects of legislation, does it follow tbat Congress can, in any way, interfere with State taxations, either as to measure of assessment or as to tbe manner or means in which collection thereof may be made ? It is now too late to question tbe rule of construction of tbe rights and powers of tbe general government or to establish a different' one. Tbat government acts alone by delegated authority, and can exercise no other than such as may be necessary to carry fully into effect some granted power. In doubtful or disputed questions, if tbe Constitution, or proper legislation, does not adequately define them, or if adjudication thereof has not already been made, we must follow tbe general rule for construing statutes; and when, from tbe statute or tbe instrument itself, tbe meaning is not clear, recourse must be bad to tbe peculiar views and motives controlling its framers, at tbe time of forming tbe Constitution or enacting tbe law, tbe question then becomes one of intention. Tbe only provisions in tbe Constitution of tbe United States referring to tbe subject of taxation, to which it is needful to refer, are these: Article 1, section 8. “ Tbe Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, .duties, imposts and excises; to pay tbe debts and provide for tbe common defence and welfare of tbe United States.” Subdivision Y, section 8. “ To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution tbe foregoing powers.” Section 9, same article: “ No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to tbe census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.” “No tax or duty shall be levied on articles exported from any State.” Section 10, same article: “ No [136]*136State shall coin money, emit bills of .credit, or make anything bnt gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts: No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports to, or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws.” Section 10, of the amendments, contains the limit and rule: “ The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively,.or to the people.”
These contain the affirmative powers given to Congress, and define what a State may not do. Congress has power to lay and collect a tax. A State may not lay imposts or duties on imports or exports, with a single exception. Congress has not- power to lay and collect all taxes, else why, in the same sentence almost, prohibit the States from laying one kind of an indirect tax ? Does not that prohibition admit that the right is in the States to levy and collect all other taxes, proper for their maintenance? What is claimed in that behalf by the framers of the Constitution ? For convenience, we cite from the opinion of the circuit judge In the 33d and 3Fth numbers of the Federalist, Alexander Hamilton has very clearly defined the extent of the powers of the general government, and of those of the individual States in matters of taxation. Fie says: “Though a law, therefore, laying a tax for the use of the United States would be supreme in its nature, and could not be legally opposed or controlled; yet, a law abrogating or preventing the collection of a tax laid by authority of a State, unless upon imports or exports, would not' be the supreme lana of the land, but an usurpation of a power not granted by the Constitution ” * * “ the inference from the whole is that the individual States would, under the proposed Constitution, retain an independent and uncontrollable authority to raise revenue to any extent of which they may stand in need, by every hmd of taxation except duties on imports and exports;” and this, he says, “reconciles an
[137]*137indefinite constitutional power of taxation, with an adequate and independent power in the States to provide for their own necessities.” Could there be a plainer or more clear defining of the limits to the power of the general government and of the respective States over that subject; made, too, by one who had more to do with shaping the character of the Constitution of our land than had any other person, by one noted for his liberal construction of constitutional power, and who carried federal authority to its utmost limit, and was often charged with rest/riotlng the rights of the States ? There was no gainsaying of this view, and hence we may infer rightly that Madison, Jay, and his fellow statesmen, coincided fully with and assented to its correctness in extent and principle. Again, the power oyer State taxes is nowhere expressly given to Congress, nor is it expressly prohibited to the States, consequently section ten of the amendments yields that power to the States. It was rightly considered by the convention to be a matter peculiarly belonging to the States, and if so, as to the time of levy and amount, then equally as to the means by which the tax when levied could be paid. If a State should deem it necessary to lay a tax at a certain season of the year, and provide for its collection in the products of the soil, or in the physical services of its citizens, we know of no power on earth possessing the right of interference or prohibition ; and the moral obligation exists why a State should pay its creditors in coin, there is no power that can enforce it, and. Congress could in no way interfere. (State Treasurer v. Wright, 28 Ill., 512.) The revenue is the life of the State, and. for Congress to say when and where and in what manner it must be laid and collected, in other words, to say when a. State should breathe, would be giving Congress the sole-’ power of life and death over a State. What are the other rights worth, when that upon which its life depends is denied. Interference as to any one of the incidents of levying and collecting taxes, would as effectually take away State inde[138]*138pendence as it would to wholly deny the right. (Dobbins v. Comrs. of Erie Co., 14 Curtis, S. C., 373.)
The Supreme Court of Oregon, at its September term, 1864, held as constitutional the act of Congress providing for the issue of treasury notes, and of course those notes are applicable as money, and as legal tender for the payment of all matters upon which the United States Congress properly and fairly legislated. If our first position is true, then Congress could not, and did not make those notes an absolute discharge for State taxes; that would remain with the States.
Assuming, however, that Congress might have made them such a legal tender as would apply to the payment of such taxes. Was there any such legislation? Or, on the other hand, was there a want of such legislation, on the part of the State of Oregon, as would make these notes inapplicable to the case in hand? The existence of either might sustain the appellant’s claim. If our position be'correct, there might be kinds of legal money which the State could say directly, or by presumption of law indirectly,-were inapplicable to payment of taxes, or could by law make its taxes payable only by personal service, or in certain kinds of property. As the law now stands, the taxes are payable in money; and the sheriff is required to collect them, taking therefor legal money, or, as we hold, money made applicable for that purpose. A brief examination of the act of Congress, providing for the issue of treasury notes, will show that State taxes are not included in the subjects to ,the discharge of which those notes are made legal tender. Previous to the act of 1861, gold and silver coin were undoubtedly the only legal tender in Oregonthe constitutional prohibition that no State could make anything but gold and silver a legal tender, had never been modified. By. the provisions of that act, and as construed by our court, a new currency became a legal tender; to what extent ? As changing the existing order of things, its provisions, creating a limited currency, are to be strictly construed in determining how far they changed the relation of debtor and creditor, and [139]*139•of State and citizen; and that currency would be a legal tender only so far as is clearly pointed out in that law. Congress can change the currency, but the extent of that •change must be definitely expressed. It cannot repeal or override State laws, unless the latter are so inconsistent or repugnant to the constitutional act of Congress as to prevent the conclnsion that both may stand by fair construction. The books define taxes as a contribution levied or imposed by .government upon citizens or individuals for the service of the State. With us they mean the poll and property assessment of the statute. They do not, certainly, come within the meaning of publie or private debts. They have none of the characteristics of a debt. A debt is something arising from and due upon contract; and before an enforcement of that something due can happen, there must come the processes of the law and the solemn adjudications of the courts. A tax is a judgment in its inception, fixed without the consent of the tax-payer; perhaps without his knowledge, as to assessment, levy and collection; it needs not the issuance of an execution to enforce it; if not paid in due time, penalties follow; and, willing or not, upon default, the delinquent’s personal property passes by collector’s sale to the purchaser, or he loses the title to his real estate. There is none of the mutuality which enters into a contract, and none of the legal incidents of a debt; are not subject to attachment, are not off-sets, bear no interest, and need no solemn acts of courts to enforce them. It is clearly confessed, upon the reading of the act of 1861, that taxes and debts are distinct subjects. The section declares that the treasury notes aré payable for all taxes, internal duties, excises, debts and demands of every kind due to the United States, except for interest on bonds and notes. So far as the United States are concerned, then, there can be no doubt of the extent of their limited applicability. It first mentions the subject of taxes, and then, in the same connection, enumerates debts and demands of every kind. Why do not the latter include taxes, if taxes are debts ? As [140]*140to the States and the citizens thereof, the language of the act is peculiar: “ And shall also be lawful money and a legal tender in the payment of all debts, public and private, within the United States.” In what does the word debts in the latter*differ from the same word used in the former clause of the-same section? There it stood for a distinct class of subjects-from those including or relating to taxes. What court will construe that a statute uses an essential word in the same section in two wholly different meanings? We cannot violate the rules of construction so much as' to declare that the two uses of the word are not identical in meaning.' In the one case the word debt did not include taxes, and in the other it does not. There is no difference between a United States tax and a State tax,’save in the authority used in enforcing-collection, and in the name. We must grant to the members of Congress common sense in the use of the words contained' in the statutes they frame. The doctrine here is fully sustained in People v. Shearer, 30 Cal., 645, and the authorities there cited.
We conclude, then, assuming that Congress could control a State as to the kinds'of money in which its taxes were to-be paid, that Congress has not done so in the act of 1861, but has carefully refrained from such interference,-leaving it for the States to change any of their existing laws and make that money applicable or not, at pleasure. We think Congress has-not the right to control or interfere in' that matter.
As to the third point. In the absence of any provisions of our statute as to the kind of money proper' for the payment' of taxes, it might be supposed that any lawful money would-satisfy the demand. At the time when the assessed' taxes for the year 1864, became dme and papable, the Statutes of Oregon, on page 438, section 32, title 5, in the latter clause of the section, provides thus: “ And the sheriff shall in all cases pay over to the county treasurer the full amount of State and school taxes in gold and silver coin.” And section 46, same' title, page 441, provided that: “ On or before the first Mon[141]*141day in February of each year, the several county treasurers in this State, shall pay over to the State treasurer in gold and .silver coin, the amount of State taxes charged to their respective counties; which State tax shall be paid out of the first moneys collected and paid into the county treasury.” Thus stood the law under which the assessment and apportionment had been made, and under which the collector for a long time had in his possession the lists and warrant for the collection of taxes, and should home enforced the same before the tender in this case was made. No mistake could be made as to the language of the statute; there was a clear and certain provision that certain taxes must be paid by the tax-payer in gold and silver coin; and it makes no difference in this case, that other taxes beside the State .and school, are included in the sums assessed against, each of plaintiffs, since the whole amount is a unit and no objection is made to our so considering it. The statute provided a heavy penalty if the sheriff' did not pay over all the money by him so collected, and at the same time provided that he must pay it over in gold and silver coin; and in another section, requires the county treasurer to pay over by a.certain day, the State tax, out of the first moneys collected and paid into the county treasury, and they must make that payment in gold and silver coin. If any other than gold or silver coin could be paid on taxes, and the treasury filled with cloth or paper dollars, how could the treasurer pay over gold and silver coin. A heavy penalty rested upon both the sheriff and treasurer to pay coin, and no other construction could satisfy the law, than that the State and school taxes must be paid in coin. Plaintiffs claim that these sections have been repealed, admitting to some extent that under those statutes taxes were made payable only in coin.
.. On the 21st day of October, while the collecting officers of the different counties were collecting taxes in gold and silver coin, the legislative assembly interfered somewhat with the existing laws. They passed an act entitled “ To provide [142]*142for the disposing of the several kinds of money received into-the public treasury;” in one clause of the first section, requiring that all taxes should be collected and paid in gold and silver coin, and not otherwise; and in the second clause, that the county treasurer in each county shall transmit to the State treasurer the amount of the taxes which may accrue in that county, in the gold and silver coin of the United States, and not otherwise; and section second provides that all salaries and claims against State or municipal corporations, must be discharged in coin, or its equivalent. It is claimed that, under section 20, page 106' of. the Code, these sections, so far as they treat of the collection of taxes,, are not constitutional, that subject not being embraced in the title of the act. Passing that question for the present,, we find that, on the same day, the assembly passed an act-amending section 46, title 5, of the act of 1854, enlarging-the time for the return of money by the county treasurer, and still requiring their payment to be in coin. On the-same day the assembly passed a general act repealing title five and six of the act of January, 1854, which titles originally included sections thirty-two and forty-six, above referred to, so that three acts referring to the same subject were passed on the same day. We hold that section forty-six of the act of 1854 was not repealed by the act repealing titles five and six, since that section had been carved out and preserved as a law by a distinct amendatory act. The same obligation remained upon county treasurer to pay over moneys to the State treasurer in coin as before ; in other words, the State tax must come in coin, and in no other way..
A change was made in section thirty-two, striking out the clause that the sheriff was to pay over State and school taxes in gold and silver coin, and enacting a more sweeping clause in the act claimed as unconstitutional. There can be no question but that clause second of section one of the act of October 21, 1864, providing for the disposal of the several kinds of money received into the public treasury, is consist[143]*143ent with the Constitution. Then that clause and section forty-six were both in force from and after October 21, 1864. "Without disposing of the question as to the inconsistency or constitutionality of clause first of section one of the act of October 21,1864, we find that full assessment and apportionment, and partial collection of the taxes of 1864 had been made, while all the provisions of the old law were in full force, in our judgment clearly requiring payment of taxes to be made in coin. We find still the same provisions, excepting that of section thirty-two, existing in the present law; twice distinctly requiring the county treasurer to pay, out of the first moneys collected on taxes, the State tax in gold and silver coin; and so far as concerns this case, we may treat all the taxes assessed as State taxes. These provisions most clearly require such taxes to come into the county treasuries in coin only; since out of the first of that money, and in the .same Twnd as received, the county treasurers must pay gold and silver coin to the State treasurer.
On the 21st of October, 1864, and since October 19th, 1860, the county treasurers had been the collectors of taxes in each year, until the 1st day of January, succeeding each assessment.
Apart from the clause in first section of the act of 1864, now questioned, we hold that the law of the land clearly provided that the State tax at least should be paid in gold and silver coin.
This fully decides the case here as in the court below.
Upon the hearing in this court no counsel appeared for the respondent, and we have thus far in our decision discussed the questions raised by counsel for appellants.
The positions we take are these:
That' Congress has no legal or constitutional power or authority to interfere with State taxes, either in amount, assessment, collection, or means of payment. That Congress did not attempt so tó do in the passage of the legal tender act of 1861. That the act of Congress making treasury [144]*144notes a legal tender is limited in its applicability and compass.
That tbe statutes of tbe State of Oregon provide for tbe payment of its taxes in coin.
Though not particularly mentioned in the argument of the case or in the consultations of the justices, I deem it proper to present here that view which I take of the question and which I think would have saved the full discussion of the question of what is and what is not contained in our statutes. Without discussion I will state the reasoning.
It is conceded that the act, making treasury notes a legal tender, is one of limited application. The rule for the construction of such statutes is this: It must be confined to the subjects to which it is clearly and expressly applicable. It did not expressly or in any way include State taxes; being silent upon that subject. It then did not change the existing laws, customs and regulations concerning such taxes. The money so created could not then discharge State taxes, until the State legislature, exercising a proper power, should by enactment make it applicable and sufficient therefor.
It certainly follows that even in the absence of any State law requiring the payment of taxes in coin, they could not be satisfied by the offer of legal tender notes; for the way in which they had previously been paid was not changed by the act of Congress, or intended to be interfered with.
The Judgment is affirmed.