MORRIS, Judge.
Plaintiff earnestly contends that the court erred in refusing to enforce the consent order of 10 September 1970, with respect to educational expenses of Marco White. On the other hand, defendant contends that the court properly applied
Shoaf v. Shoaf, supra,
in holding that, as a matter of law, defendant was relieved from any further obligation of support of any kind for his son after his son attained age 18.
The question presented here was not before the Court in
Shoaf.
There the question was, as stated by Justice Higgins: “Since the effective date of G.S. 48A, does a father’s legal liability for the support of his son born on January 13, 1953, continue until the son becomes twenty-one years of age, by reason óf a consent judgment dated. June 11, 1970, providing that
‘payments for child support shall continue until such time
as said minor child reaches his majority or is otherwise emancipated?’ ”
(Emphasis supplied.) At the time the
Shoaf
judgment was entered, an infant became emancipated at age 21. However, the 1971 General Assembly made minors adults at age 18 effective 5 July 1971, by enactment of G.S. 48A-1 providing: “The common-law definition of minor insofar as it pertains to the age of the minor is hereby repealed and abrogated.”, and G.S. 48A-2 providing that “A minor is any person who has not reached the age of 18 years.” The minor in
Shoaf
reached 18 years of age prior to the effective date of the legislation. Subsequent to the effective date, defendant in
Shoaf
made two payments and then refused to make any more. Plaintiff in
Shoaf
obtained an order citing defendant to appear and show cause why he should not be cited for contempt. The district court ordered defendant to make payments until the child became 21. We affirmed, with one dissent, holding that it was obviously the intent of the parties that the father support his son until he reached age 21, since it was presumed that both parties knew that the boy “would reach his majority” at age 21, the age of majority at the time the consent order was entered. The Supreme Court, however, held that when parents invoke the jurisdiction of the court in custody and support of children, the minor becomes a ward of the court, and “[t]he court thereafter has authority to force the parent to discharge the legal obligation to support a minor child until he reaches legal age”, and during minority changed conditions always justify the court entering an order changing the obligations of parents with respect to children. The court held that the clear wording of the judgment did not require or permit an interpretation that the father intended the support to continue despite any change in the law. The General Assembly alone has the authority to determine the age of majority. It did so and made the effective date 5 July 1971, beyond which time the defendant Shoaf had no obligation to support his son. When the legal duty of support ended at age 18, the father’s obligation under the consent order ended, the General Assembly having changed the conditions by fixing a different date upon which liability to support a child terminated. The Shoaf order by its own provisions carried no obligation to furnish support beyond the date the child reached his majority. In this situation, the Washington Court (see
Waymire v. Waymire,
10 Wash. App. 262) has held that the Legislature was “without power to set aside, annul, or change the liability upon a judgment affecting solely the rights of private parties
by the enactment of a general law,” and, therefore, the statute changing majority from 21 to 18 could not have retrospective application to a judgment providing for support of minors “until such time as she shall reach age twenty-one years, become self-supporting or married, whichever shall first occur, ...”
Waymire v. Waymire,
10 Wash. App. 262, 517 P. 2d 219 (1973), reh. denied 8 February 1974, rev. denied 18 March 1974.
The Florida Legislature in changing the age of majority to 18 specifically provided that it should have only prospective application and should not affect existing rights and obligations. In holding a father subject to contempt for refusing to furnish support beyond age 18 where the consent order provided for support to “majority,” the Florida Supreme Court said that to apply the statute retroactively would cause review of innumerable cases, disrupt family budgets, education and other plans. The Court said further: “It is hardly conceivable that husband-petitioner herein could have anticipated the age reduction by the Legislature and intended support only to the reduced age of 18 . . .”
Daugherty v. Daugherty,
308 So. 24 (Fla. 1975), reh. denied, 5 March 1975.
The order before us is entirely different than the order in
Shoaf
and that in
Waymire
and
Daugherty.
By the terms of the order, to the entry of which defendant consented, defendant was obligated to pay $35 per week for the child’s support to 11 September 1972. The child would have attained age 18 on 8 May 1972. The order then provided for the payment of $2,000 per year on college expenses for each year the child remained in school up to four years. Obviously, the child would attain age 21 prior to the completion of four years of college so that the defendant consented to the entry of an order obligating him to furnish educational expense for his son not only beyond the present age of majority but beyond the then age of majority.
That the order is of the type enforceable by contempt is, we think, clear. It fits the pattern prescribed by Justice Sharp, now Chief Justice, in
Bunn v. Bunn,
262 N.C. 67, 136 S.E. 2d 240 (1964), where “the court adopts the agreement of the parties as its own determination of their respective rights and obligations and orders the husband (father) to pay the specified amounts as alimony (child support).” See also
Shoaf v. Shoaf, supra; Parker v. Parker,
13 N.C. App. 616, 186 S.E. 2d 607 (1972). However, the question of whether such an order can be enforced by contempt beyond the time of the existence of a
statutory duty of support is a question which has not been answered in this jurisdiction. The precise question was before the Michigan Court in
Ovaitt v. Ovaitt,
43 Mich. App. 628, 204 N.W. 2d 753 (1972). There the father had agreed to contribute $100 each month for each child for each month that the child was in attendance at an accredited college or university, the support payments to continue so as to provide four years of college for each child. The agreement was incorporated verbatim in a divorce judgment entered on 31 August 1965. The parties agreed that at the time of the entry of the judgment, both knew that the children would be more than 21 years of age by the time they completed four academic years of college. The parties also agreed that in the absence of a specific agreement providing for child support beyond majority, the court was without authority to order post-majority support payments.
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MORRIS, Judge.
Plaintiff earnestly contends that the court erred in refusing to enforce the consent order of 10 September 1970, with respect to educational expenses of Marco White. On the other hand, defendant contends that the court properly applied
Shoaf v. Shoaf, supra,
in holding that, as a matter of law, defendant was relieved from any further obligation of support of any kind for his son after his son attained age 18.
The question presented here was not before the Court in
Shoaf.
There the question was, as stated by Justice Higgins: “Since the effective date of G.S. 48A, does a father’s legal liability for the support of his son born on January 13, 1953, continue until the son becomes twenty-one years of age, by reason óf a consent judgment dated. June 11, 1970, providing that
‘payments for child support shall continue until such time
as said minor child reaches his majority or is otherwise emancipated?’ ”
(Emphasis supplied.) At the time the
Shoaf
judgment was entered, an infant became emancipated at age 21. However, the 1971 General Assembly made minors adults at age 18 effective 5 July 1971, by enactment of G.S. 48A-1 providing: “The common-law definition of minor insofar as it pertains to the age of the minor is hereby repealed and abrogated.”, and G.S. 48A-2 providing that “A minor is any person who has not reached the age of 18 years.” The minor in
Shoaf
reached 18 years of age prior to the effective date of the legislation. Subsequent to the effective date, defendant in
Shoaf
made two payments and then refused to make any more. Plaintiff in
Shoaf
obtained an order citing defendant to appear and show cause why he should not be cited for contempt. The district court ordered defendant to make payments until the child became 21. We affirmed, with one dissent, holding that it was obviously the intent of the parties that the father support his son until he reached age 21, since it was presumed that both parties knew that the boy “would reach his majority” at age 21, the age of majority at the time the consent order was entered. The Supreme Court, however, held that when parents invoke the jurisdiction of the court in custody and support of children, the minor becomes a ward of the court, and “[t]he court thereafter has authority to force the parent to discharge the legal obligation to support a minor child until he reaches legal age”, and during minority changed conditions always justify the court entering an order changing the obligations of parents with respect to children. The court held that the clear wording of the judgment did not require or permit an interpretation that the father intended the support to continue despite any change in the law. The General Assembly alone has the authority to determine the age of majority. It did so and made the effective date 5 July 1971, beyond which time the defendant Shoaf had no obligation to support his son. When the legal duty of support ended at age 18, the father’s obligation under the consent order ended, the General Assembly having changed the conditions by fixing a different date upon which liability to support a child terminated. The Shoaf order by its own provisions carried no obligation to furnish support beyond the date the child reached his majority. In this situation, the Washington Court (see
Waymire v. Waymire,
10 Wash. App. 262) has held that the Legislature was “without power to set aside, annul, or change the liability upon a judgment affecting solely the rights of private parties
by the enactment of a general law,” and, therefore, the statute changing majority from 21 to 18 could not have retrospective application to a judgment providing for support of minors “until such time as she shall reach age twenty-one years, become self-supporting or married, whichever shall first occur, ...”
Waymire v. Waymire,
10 Wash. App. 262, 517 P. 2d 219 (1973), reh. denied 8 February 1974, rev. denied 18 March 1974.
The Florida Legislature in changing the age of majority to 18 specifically provided that it should have only prospective application and should not affect existing rights and obligations. In holding a father subject to contempt for refusing to furnish support beyond age 18 where the consent order provided for support to “majority,” the Florida Supreme Court said that to apply the statute retroactively would cause review of innumerable cases, disrupt family budgets, education and other plans. The Court said further: “It is hardly conceivable that husband-petitioner herein could have anticipated the age reduction by the Legislature and intended support only to the reduced age of 18 . . .”
Daugherty v. Daugherty,
308 So. 24 (Fla. 1975), reh. denied, 5 March 1975.
The order before us is entirely different than the order in
Shoaf
and that in
Waymire
and
Daugherty.
By the terms of the order, to the entry of which defendant consented, defendant was obligated to pay $35 per week for the child’s support to 11 September 1972. The child would have attained age 18 on 8 May 1972. The order then provided for the payment of $2,000 per year on college expenses for each year the child remained in school up to four years. Obviously, the child would attain age 21 prior to the completion of four years of college so that the defendant consented to the entry of an order obligating him to furnish educational expense for his son not only beyond the present age of majority but beyond the then age of majority.
That the order is of the type enforceable by contempt is, we think, clear. It fits the pattern prescribed by Justice Sharp, now Chief Justice, in
Bunn v. Bunn,
262 N.C. 67, 136 S.E. 2d 240 (1964), where “the court adopts the agreement of the parties as its own determination of their respective rights and obligations and orders the husband (father) to pay the specified amounts as alimony (child support).” See also
Shoaf v. Shoaf, supra; Parker v. Parker,
13 N.C. App. 616, 186 S.E. 2d 607 (1972). However, the question of whether such an order can be enforced by contempt beyond the time of the existence of a
statutory duty of support is a question which has not been answered in this jurisdiction. The precise question was before the Michigan Court in
Ovaitt v. Ovaitt,
43 Mich. App. 628, 204 N.W. 2d 753 (1972). There the father had agreed to contribute $100 each month for each child for each month that the child was in attendance at an accredited college or university, the support payments to continue so as to provide four years of college for each child. The agreement was incorporated verbatim in a divorce judgment entered on 31 August 1965. The parties agreed that at the time of the entry of the judgment, both knew that the children would be more than 21 years of age by the time they completed four academic years of college. The parties also agreed that in the absence of a specific agreement providing for child support beyond majority, the court was without authority to order post-majority support payments. The Court, in a well-reasoned opinion, concluded that the agreement between the parties providing for post-majority support, which was incorporated into the divorce judgment, served to provide the Court with enforcement power which it would not have in the absence of the agreement. In doing so, the Court said that “the court has jurisdiction to make an order or judgment for support and college expenses for the children of the parties who are minors at the time of entry of such order or judgment. We find no statutory prohibition against continuing such order or judgment provisions for support and other benefits beyond minority. Further, we believe in the present technological age in which we live that it is not unreasonable to extend support to include provisions for a college education for the minor children of the parties even though such requirement would extend beyond the children’s minority.”
A similar result was reached by the Ohio Court in the earlier case of
Robrock v. Robrock,
167 Ohio St. 479, 150 N.E. 2d 421 (1958). There the father had agreed to pay all necessary tuition for his children, if either of them should desire to secure a college education, in a college or university mutually agreed úpon among the child affected, the father, and the mother. Plain-; tiff moved that defendant be cited for contempt for failure to pay for tuition for his daughter’s attending college, the agree-, ment with respect thereto having been incorporated in and madb a part of the judgment granting plaintiff a divorce from defendant. The Court, in reversing the trial court, and holding that the
defendant’s failure to pay his daughter’s tuition was a basis for the charges in contempt, said:
“It is entirely possible, perhaps probable, that a wife may be willing to give up, by way of agreement with her husband, much to which she would be entitled in consideration of the husband doing more than he might be required to do for their children. To disregard such agreements when incorporated in a divorce decree, at least so far as the power of the court to enforce them is concerned, would discourage the settlement of differences between husband and wife or reduce such agreements, when made, to cloaks to be put on or shed at will.
A trial court, even though satisfied in every respect as to the fairness of an agreement, in considering the incorporation of that agreement in a divorce decree, should not be required to separate items in the agreement that the court has the present power to enforce from those it does not have the power to enforce arid include in the decree only •the former. Nor should such court be required to find itself in the position of saying to a wife, ‘Now, of course, the obligations you assume, being such as I have the power to impose, will be enforced against you, but this court will not be able to enforce the obligations your husband is here assuming because I do not have the power to impose them.’ ”
Robrock v. Robrock, supra,
pp. 427-428.
Undoubtedly the equities in the case before us lie with the plaintiff. She should not have to resort to a separate action in contract where her only means of collection would be a judgment upon which execution would probably result in nothing. Certainly the contempt route is more conducive to successful action than a civil judgment which the debtor can disregard with little difficulty and no punishment.
We are in agreement with the reasoning of and the result reached by the Michigan and Ohio Courts and, having already concluded that
Shoaf
has no application to the facts presented here, we hold that the judgment of the trial court must be reversed and the matter remanded for the entry of a judgment in accordance with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
Judges Britt and Arnold concur.