Green, President,
, delivered the opinion of the Court:
The first question presented by this record is : Did the Us pendens, duly recorded by the plaintifl: White, bind the real estate of Joseph Perry ? When the plaintiff instituted his action of debt against Perry, lie had recorded a lis pendens stating, that the object of the suit was to obtain a judgment on certain specified' bonds, and ultimately to obtain a lien on all the lands owned by Perry, describing them. The county court held, that the recording of this lis pendens created a lien on Perry’s lands. The circuit court, I presume, held otherwise, as its decree was based on other grounds.
The appellee’s counsel contends, that section Í4 of chapter 139 of our Code was intended to enlarge the operation at common law of A lis pendens, extending it to [76] common law suits; and that it should therefore b liberally construed; and so construed, it would includ in its operations the ease before ns. This position i obviously erroneous. The purpose of this act wa to restrict, and not to enlarge, the operation of the com mon law rule of Hs pendens. It is not true, that thi rule of lis pendens was unknown to the common law anc was a rule applicable only to chancery causes. By the common law the lis pendens existed from the first momenl of the day the writ issued and bore leste, and of necessity the courts of chancery adoptdd the general doctrine ot lispendens but relaxed in some degree the severity of the common law rule and held, that no lis pendens existed till the service of t\\e.subpama, and bill filed. See Judge Green’s opinion in Newman v. Chapman, 2 Rand. 102, 103.
This rule is founded on the necessity of giving effect to the proceedings of the courts, as without it the admin-isfcration of justice might always bo defeated by successive alienations of the property in litigation; and it is obviously just as much a necessity in a common law, as in a chancery, suit. In defining this rule Judge Tucker in his Commentaries, vol. 2, p. 448 gives as an illustration of its application an action of detinue brought for the recovery of specific property, and stated that under the rule a purchaser pmd&nte Hie would be bound by the judgment in such a suit.
The doctrine of lis pendens, however necessary, is Syllabus 1, harsh in its effect'upon bona fide purchasers, and has always been confined in its operation to the extent of the policy, on which it was founded; that is to give full effect to the judgment or decree, which might bo rendered in the suit depending at the time of the purchase, (the Us pendens); and it applied only to proceedings directly relating to the thing or property in question. See French v. Loyal Co., 5 Leigh 681; Newman v. Chapman, 2 Rand. 102; Feigley v. Feigley, 7 Md. 537; Edmunds v. Crenshaw, 1 McCord Ch. 252; Jones v. Lusk, [77] Metc. (Ky.) 356; Lewis v. Mew, 1 Strob. Eq. 180; Clarkson v. Morgan, 6 B. Mon. 441.
This suit pending, at the time that the deed was made y Perry to the appellant in the case before ns, was an ction of debt to recover a personal judgment against ’erry. The object of this suit was-not to subject Perry’s ands to sale. The suit for that purpose was not insti-uted, till after the deed liad been made by Perry to f’olly and duly recorded. The rule', of Us -pendens has herefore no application in this case.
The appellant’s counsel insist, that the original bill in hiscause was brought-solely to enforce this supposed lien reatedby his Us -pendens ; and that what was called the mended bill was really filed for an entirely different ob-ict, to-wit: to set aside a deed as fraudulent in fact. If his position liad been well founded, the original bill ught to have been dismissed, and the amended bill ught not to have been permitted to be filed by the court, hit the record shows, that there is really no foundation >r this position of the appellant’s counsel. The original ill was not filed simply to setup the supposed lien created y the recording of a Us pende,ns. On the contrary its bject was to subject all the real estate of Perry to the itisfaotion of a judgment lion; and accordingly other ¡inors were made parties defendant.
It is true, the bill asked, that if the other real estate f Perry still owned by him should prove insufficient to tfcisfy the debts of Perry, which were liens on it, that the aids, which had been sold, or pretended to have been >ld, by him to Tolly, might in such a contingency be >ld, because, it was claimed a lion on them had been ■eated by the recording of the Us pendens. But the sale of ds land sold to Tolly, because bound by this Us pendens, as notthe primary object of f.lio bill. And when during the snding of the proceedings it affirmed,that the other lands
Perry named in the bill were insufficient in value to .tisfy the plaintiff’s judgment, the court properly permit-d him to amend his bill and seek to charge the lamb [78] which Perry bad conveyed to Tolly, but which tin amended bill alleged really belonged to Peny, so lar a¡ creditors were concerned, as the deed was fraudulent ant void as to them. This was only pursuing further th< main object of the original bill, to enforce against Perry’; lands the lien of the plaintiff’s judgment.
The only question remaining to be considered is Was the deed, made by Perry and wife to Tolly, in fad made to delay, hinder and defraud the creditors o: Perry ?
Before examining this point we must determine, whether the testimony of Mrs. Perry can be considered, Syllabus 2. It was excepted to, because she was the widow of Joseph Perry the grantor in the deed assailed. It is true a wife cannot.be examined for, or against, her husband, except in an action, or suit, between them. See Code of West "Va., chapter 130, §23, page 620. This general rule laid down in the Codeis but the rule of the common law. It is analagous to that which excludes confidential communications between other parties bearing certain relation to each other. And Greenleafin his work on evidence, 12th edition, Vol. 1, part III, ch. II, § 338, p. 391, says “accordingly the wife, after the death of the husband, has been held competent to prove facts, coming to hei knowledge from other sources, and not by reason of hei situation as a wife, notwithstanding they related to flic transactions of her husband.” And for this position the following authorities are cited: Coffin v. Jones, 13 Pick 445; Williams v. Baldwin, 7 Vt. 506; Cornell v. Vanartsdalen, 4 Barr 364; Wells v. Tucker, 3 Binn. 366.
In the case in 13 Pick, the court appears to approve the position of Greenleaf, though the point is not decided It was also approved in the 'case in 7 Vt., where the widow was permitted to prove the contents of a letter addressed to her husband, and which she had seen. In the case in 4 Barr the widow was called upon to testify for the estate of her husband in a case, in which she had no interest, which would exclude her testimony, relating to [79] matters, which must necessarily come to her knowledge from other sources than confidential communications from her husband, though a portion of her testimony disclosed what her husband in her presence had said to the opposite party. Her evidence was hold admissible and the court in stating the rule uses language very similar to that of Greenleaf. In the case in 3 Binney the court permitted a widow to prove the delivery to her of a bond by her husband, as a donatio causa mortis, for the use of a third person. That she was a competent witness seems to have been affirmed by the court, who made no comment on her competency.
In Saunders v. Hendrix, 5 Ala. 226, a widow of a comaker of a promissory note was held to be a competent witness in a suit by a payee against the other joint maker to prove, that a credit endorsed was one hundred and not one thousand dollars, her testimony being against the i:m terest of her husband’s estate.
In the case of McGuire v. Malony 1 B. Mon. 224, the court went still further and held, that a widow, in a suit brought by her son against her husband’s administrator, was competent to prove the execution of an agreement by her husband, and also his signing the name of the son and that of the subscribing witness, who were dead, and whose marks were made for their signatures; and that she heard her husband and son make and acknowledge the ag'reemenl; and that her husband then handed the instrument to her and she had since kept it. The court says, “ that, so far as appears, the witness had no interest herself in the matter, about which she was called to testify ; and that her testimony could not affect the interest, person or the character of her deceased husband.”
It is nevertheless true, that the policy of the law, sub-serving the fundamental interests of society, so far protects that privacy and confidence, which are essential to the marriage relation, and necessarily spring from it, as not only not to allow, but to prevent, even after the termination of the coverture, any disclosure by the wife, [80] which implies a violation of the confidence, which was reposed in her as a wife.
The argument of counsel for appellaut would go much further, and seal the lips of the wife from disclosing any act, or declaration, of the husband, done or said in her presence, and especially in his own house. But neither the principles laid down by the elementary treatises referred to, nor any adjudged case, which has been seen, nor the reason and purpose of the law, require, or indeed authorize, such an extension of the rule.
■The law will not permit, even after the death of the husband, any disclosure by the wiie, which seems to violate the confidence reposed in her as a wife, lest such permission might tend to impair the harmony of the marriage state, and affect injuriously the interests of society dependent on it. But where there is not even a seeming confidence, when the act done or declaration made by the husband, so far from being private or confidential, is designedly public at the time, and from its nature must have been intended to be afterwards public, there is no interest of the marriage relation, or of society, which in the absence of all interest of the husband, or wife, requires the latter to be precluded from testifying between other parties such act, or declaration, not affecting the character, or person, of her husband.”
Upon these authorities I am prepared to say, that the wife after the death of her husband is competent to 'prove facts coming to her knowledge from other sources and not by reason of her situation as wife, notwithstanding they relate to the transactions of her husband. But T am not prepared to say, that she is permitted to disclose every communication to her, or in her presence, made by her husband, which does not seem to violate the confidence reposed in her as a wife. I am not prepared to lay down such a proposition, because of the very great difficulty in determining in particular cases, whether such communications seem to violate the confidence reposed in her as a wife. But be this as it may, I can [81] safely in the (tase before us say, that Mrs. Perry ought not to have been permitted to testify to the most material fact deposed to by her, that is, that 'her husband in the presence of Tolly told her, lie had been paid by Mrs. Tolly for the land; for this declaration evidently affected the character of her late husband. The charge of the plaintiff is, that her husband fraudulently pretended, that he had received from Tolly the $1,000.00 which was the pretended consideration for his making the deed. The wife even after Ids death. could not testify, that her husband told hei, that this allegation in the deed, that the consideration was paid, was either true, or false ; for such testimony reflects directly on his character as an honest man.
The declaration of Mrs. Perry made to third persons .should of course be excluded; and while the declarations of Perry made to third persons may be used to prove his fraudulent purpose in making the deed, such declarations could not be used to prove the bioiuledge on the part of Tolly of such fraudulent purpose on Perry’s part; and such knowledge must he proved, before the deed can bo properly declared void as to creditors. The opinion of numerous witnesses, that from all they knew, they did not believe, that Tolly paid any money for this land, should of course be rejected.
When the case is stript of the large amount of irrelevant matter in the record, the pertinent testimony is not voluminous. The testimony of Joseph Perry was not' taken. Tolly’s statement is, that Joseph Perry sent for him, proposed to sell him this land for $1,000.00 cash, which proposition he accepted in good faith; that on the 18th day of October, 1875, be went to Perry’s house for the purpose of getting from Perry bis deed' for tbis land, and took a notary public along with him to write the deed. When he l§ft home for that purpose, he had the $1,000.00 in cash in his house to pay for this land; but lie forgot to take it along with him. After the deed was executed, ho says, he told Perry, ho would pay him [82] in a day or two; and the notary suggested, be should “give his bond for this $1,000.00, which he did. He thinks he said, that if he did not have enough money, he could get it from Mr. Stewart, or had a little in bank. Three or four days afterwards he paid this $1,000,00 bond oft. He paid it in cash to Joseph Perry, who was in his bed. Nobody was present but his wife. He states, that when his deposition was taken, he had the bond ; and he produces it uncancelled.
If these statements are true, the deed made by Perry ■and wife to Tolly was made for a valuable consideration and bona fide. But are these statements true ? p He told the witness, Bucher, that “ Perry was in a needy condition and proposed to let him have the land, and take the pay partin a little money and provisions for family use along at times.” This is inconsistent with his pre-. tence now, that the proposition made and accepted was, that the whole consideration was to bo paid in cash.
The notary, who drew the deed, testifies that the consideration expressed in the deed was $1,000.00. After the deed had been executed and acknowledged and handed over to Tolly, as no money had been paid, the notary-suggested the propriety of Tolly’s executing his bond to Perry for the $1,000.00. Tolly said, he had not the money with him; but that the required amount was then in the hands oí W. Stewart and in the bank of Lewisburg, and. he would pay it to Perry in a few days. ‘He executed his bond to Perry for the $1,000.00 payable on demand; and Perry handed it oyer to his wife.
The statement of Tolly, that he had this $1,000.00 in cash in his house at that time, and a few days after-wards paid it in cash to Perry is utterly inconsistent with this statement of the notary, and is highly improbable. Tolly went to Perry’s house with the notary that morning to get his deed ; an,d it is very improbable? that he would have forgotten to take with him the money, which was to pay for the land, as the purchase was to be altogether for cash, as he says. And if he [83] had forgotten to take the money with him, he would, it seems to me, have then so said to Perry; but instead of' so saying he and Perry acted precisely, as if there had been no understanding, that any money was to be paid for the land at that time, and as though their further understanding had been, that no bonds or obligations were to be executed for the consideration. It was not till after the whole business had been closed and the deed delivered, that anything was said about the payment for the land; and the statement of the notary strongly implies, that but for his suggestion, that a bond should be given, neither Perry nor Tolly would have said a word about this $1,000.00, which Tolly says was to be paid in cash.
Perry was in very needy circumstances, and both the conduct of Tolly and Perry are inconsistent with any understanding, that $1,000.00 was to be paid Perry, when he executed this deed. Being called upon by the notary Tolly executed his bond for this $1,000.00 payable on demand, and said he would pay it in a few days out of moneys then in the hands of Stewart and in the bank at Lewisburg. But it is proven ho had no money then in Stewart’s hands. He had then in the bank of Lewisburg $500.00; but not one. cent of it was paid to Perry, it being checked out to different parties, and only $150.00 drawn in cash by Tolly, and that not for more than a month after this transaction.
Tolly says,, that a few days after this deed was made, he paid Perry $1,000.00 in caph no one being present except his wife. The law will not permit her statement to be read. If it could be read, it would not help to establish the truth of this statement of Tolly’s. When this $1,000.00 was said to have been paid to Perry, he was in a very needy condition; he remained afterwards to his death in the same needy condition, having but $75.00 worth of personal property at his death. And ■after the time when Perry is alleged to have received this money, we find his family living on corn bread and [84] colíeo; and Tolly is giving him two bushels of meal to live upon and $1.00 to buy medicino. Can we believe, that Perry had in his house then nearly $1,000.00 in cash, and that Tolly knew it? Yet if Tolly paid him this $1,000.00, he must have then had a large portion of it on hand in cash; for we do not find, that he paid any debts out of it, and he had a pension, out of which he probably paid his current expenses; on the contrary we find, that very small debts, and debts of a high obligation, went entirely unpaid.
The evidence forces on my mind the conviction, that the statement of Tolly, that he paid Perry this $1,000.00 in cash, is untrue.
There is some evidence, which makes it highly probable, that Tolly did give, a small amount of money to Mrs. Perry; and that this small amount was paid over to her, and not to her husband, and was paid to her for the purpose of defrauding his creditors. When a constable was about to serve warrants on Perry for two small sums, Mrs. Perry said in Tolly’s presence, that she would claim the benefit of the exemption law, as they did not have $200.00 worth of personal property; and Tolly remarked, if she had the money, he paid her, in her pocket, that that was nobody’s business. And she did take the oath required by law accordingly; and when cautioned to give in all money on hand, she swore, that her husband had but fifty cents and no bonds, and that perhaps she had this fifty cents about her, and produced it. After her husband’s death she had a $100.00 note ; and she deposes, that it was a portion of the money paid by Tolly, which is highly probable, as from the evidence it is difficult to conceive, where else she obtained it. -But, as the evidence shows, that she was in much want after her husband’s death, it is very probable, that this $100.00 was given- her by Tolly after her husband’s death.
It may be said, that the production by Tolly of the $1,000.00 bond, ho gave Perry, is evidence of its pay-[85] mcnt. Certainly it would bo strong evidence ordinarily ; but under the circumstances developed in this case it amounts to but little. Tolly in bis answer says, the whole of the purchase money was paid by him in cash, and the bond taken up, cancelled and destroyed. And yet after Perry’s death he produces this bond uncancelled; and in producing it simply says, he has it, without saying where or how he got possession- of it. This bond, when it was executed, passed immediately into the hands of Mrs Perry, where, it is not improbable, it may have remained till after her husband’s death, and may have been delivered to Tolly, when he paid Mrs. Perry the $100.00, which we have seen was probably after her husband’s death.
These deductions may be perhaps regarded as uncharitable ; but the conduct both of Tolly and Mrs. Perry has been such as justly to give rise to suspicions. A portion of her evidence, on the principle we have laid down, should be regarded as competent testimony; but if it were all considered, it would not relieve either box-, or Tolly, from the imputation of fraud, which the the other testimony throws on them.
She says, she gave this bond to Tolly by the direction of her husband, when he told her that Tolly had paid it off. But there are so many inconsistencies in her statement and conduct; that she must but regarded as a witness, who is unworthy of belief on oath. After being warned by the justice she deliberately swore, that she and her husband liad but fifty cents in money, which she produced ; and yet in the face of this she deliberately deposes in this case, that she then had in her possession a considerable sum of money, more than $100.00, which Tolly had paid her husband; and the testimony of the constable shows, that to this false swearing before the justice she was encouraged by Tolly. If it had been true, that Tolly had paid her - husband $1,000.00 which he gave her, she certainly could have told with tolerable accuracy, .what became of it; but she is [86] unable to name a single person, to whom any portion of was paid. She says, it Avas spent in paying for necessaries. But this statement is obviously untrue; as no such sum could have been so expended, when the poor manner, in which Perry’s family lived, is considered, and when it is remembered, he also had a pension, which also went to pay for necessaries.
Tolly in his deposition says, that he believed, that •Perry had, when this deed was made to him, enough land left to pay all his debts. But this the record shows is not true. He was a near neighbor and knew, that Perry was much embarrased; knew the exact amount of the plaintiff’s claim, and that suit had been brought for it. Perry’s other lands did not sell for enough to pay the plaintiff’s debt by about $900.00; and his other debts exceeded $800.00. Nor is there any reason to believe, that Perry’s other lands were sacrificed, as Tolly alleges. They were sold by a commissioner in a suit, in which Tolly was a party. He was abundantly able to prevent their sacrifice, and was interested in so doing ; yet neither he, nor any one else, objected to this sale; and it was confirmed. We must assume, that these lands did not sell at a grossly inadequate price.
It is true, that the law does not presume fraud; nor is it to be assumed on doubtful evidence, or circumstances of mere suspicion ; but it must be distinctly proven. Syllabus 3. Hord's adm'r v. Colbert et al., 28 Gratt. 49; Herring et al. v. Wickham et al., 29 Gratt. 628. It need not however be proven by direct and positive proof; but like any other fact may be proven by circumstantial evidence; and from the very nature of the case it can rarely ever be proven in any other manner. And if the facts and circumstances surrounding the case, and distinctly proven, are such as to lead a reasonablejman to the conclusion, that fraud in fact existed, this is all the proof thereof, which the law requires. Lockhard & Ireland v. Beckley et al., 10 W. Va. 87.
In order to justify the setting aside of a conveyance, [87] as fraudulent in part as to creditors, the fraud on the part of the grantor must not only be proven, but the' grantee must be proven to be a party to such fraud, or cognizant of it; but when this is once satisfactorily established by evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, the deed must be declared void in toto, as to creditors, though some consideration may have been paid by the grantee. He must be not only a purchaser for valuable consideration, but he must be a bona fide purchaser, or his deed is invalid as to creditors of the grantor. See Garland v. Rives, 4 Rand. 282; and Stanard, Judge, in Hunters v. Waite, 3 Gratt. 68.
The evidence in this case satisfies me, that the deed oí October 18, 1875, executed by Perry and wife to Tolly was executed by the grantor, for the purpose of delaying, hindering and defrauding the creditors of the grantor, Perry, and especially the appellee White; and that the grantee in this deed, Tolly, was a party to this fraud fully concurring therein; and that this deed should therefore be declared null and void in toto, as to all the creditors of Perry; and that it should be so declared even though some consideration was paid by Tolly to Mrs. Perry for this land. He was not a bona fide purchaser ; and the deed to him is therefore a nullity, as against all creditors of the grantor.
The decree of the circuit court of November 16, 1877, must therefore be affirmed ; and the appellees must recover of the appellant their costs in this suit expended, and $80.00 damages; and this cause must be remanded to the circuit court of Greenbrier county, to be further proceeded with.
The Other Judges CONCURRED.
Decree Affirmed.