Mr. Justice Craig
delivered the opinion of the court:
In the construction of a will the important question always is, what was the intention of the testator? As was well said by Chief Justice Marshall in Kinlay v. King’s Lessee, 3 Pet. 346: “The intent of the testator is the cardinal rule in the construction of wills, and if that intent can be clearly perceived, and is not contrary to some positive rule of law, it must prevail, although in giving effect to it some words should be rejected, or so restrained in their application as materially to change the literal meaning of the particular sentence.” See, also, Decker v. Decker, 121 Ill. 341.
It will be presumed that a person, when he makes and publishes a will, intends to dispose of his whole estate, unless the presumption is rebutted by its provisions or evidence to the contrary. (Higgins v. Dwen, 100 Ill. 554; Missionary Society v. Mead, 131 id. 338.) Upon an examination of the will in this case nothing will be found tending, in the least, to establish an intention on the part of the testator to leave any portion of his property to descend as intestate estate. On the other hand, in view of the property owned by the testator, it is manifest from the language of the will that the testator intended to devise his entire estate. When the will was executed, and at the time of the testator’s death, he owned one hundred and eighty acres of land, and no more. Of this the testator, as is manifest from the will, attempted to devise one hundred acres to his son Joseph, forty acres to his son Edward, and forty acres to his daughter Ann Eliza Boyce, making one hundred and eighty acres,—all the land possessed by the testator. But while it is manifest that the testator intended to dispose of all the lands he possessed, yet the language of the will as found in the second and third clauses, if construed literally, as written, will defeat the plain intention of the testator. Shall that be done, or shall resort be had to extrinsic evidence to ascertain the real intent of the testator?
In the consideration of a question of this character in Decker v. Decker, supra, it was said : “While the general rule undoubtedly is that the intention of the testator is to be gathered from an inspection and consideration of the will, and from no other source, in case of latent ambiguity courts do, and must, listen to extrinsic evidence, —not for the purpose of contradicting or adding to the terms- of the will, * * * but for the purpose of determining the existence or non-existence of latent ambiguity, * * * and for the further purpose of enabling the court to look upon the will in the light of the facts and circumstances surrounding the testator at the time the will was made, whereby to determine the intention of the testator.”
Wigram on Extrinsic Evidence in the Interpretation of Wills, after citing cases to prove that extrinsic evidence may be resorted to, says, “they might be multiplied without end,” and adds: “They appear to justify the conclusion that every claimant under a will has a right to require that a court of construction, in the execution of its office, shall, by means of extrinsic evidence, place itself in the situation of the testator, the meaning of whose language it is called upon to declare.” Quoted with approval in Missionary Society v. Mead, 131 Ill. 362.
In Patch v. White, 117 U. S. 210, it is said : “A latent ambiguity in a will, which may be removed by extrinsic evidence, may arise, first, either when it names a person as the object of a gift or a thing as the subject of it, and there are two persons or things that answer such name or description ; or second, when the will contains a misdescription of the object or subject, as where there is no such person or thing in existence, or, if in existence, the person is not the one intended or the thing does not belong to the testator.” After citing cases the court concludes: “By merely striking out the words ‘six’ and ‘three’ from the description of the will, as not applicable (unless interchanged) to any lot which the testator owned, * * * the residue of the description, in view of the context, so exactly applies to the lot in question that we have no hesitation in saying that it was lawfully devised to Henry Walker.”
In Moreland v. Brady, 8 Ore. 803, in considering a question of this character, the court said: “We apprehend there can be no question of the admissibility of extraneous oral evidence to show the state and extent of the testator’s property, in order to place the court in the same position the testator was in at the time he made the will in question. This, we think, is unquestionably the rule established by the decided cases. This being done, it appears that the testator had no such lots as those described as lots 1 and 2, in the particular block named. This renders it certain that the lots named were erroneous, and the words describing them can have no possible operation, and must be rejected.”
In Decker v. Decker, supra, by the terms of the will the testator devised twenty acres off the west half of the north-east quarter of the north-east quarter of section 33, township 18, north, range 11, west. The evidence, however, showed that the testator never owned the northeast quarter of the north-east quarter of section 33, or any part of it, but he did own the north-west quarter of the north-east quarter of the section. It was held that there was a latent ambiguity in the devise, the descriptive words of the land devised being in part false, and that the false description might be stricken out and the devise sustained as embracing the land owned by the testator.
Keeping in view the foregoing rules of construction, it seems plain that the testator did not intend to leave the two forty-acre tracts in the north-east quarter of section 22 to descend as intestate estate. He in plain words devised to Joseph one hundred acres of land, and then follows with a particular description,—that is, sixty acres off of the west side of the south-east quarter of section 22, and forty acres, being the north-west quarter of the south-east quarter of section 22. Thereby the forty-acre tract was made to overlap the north thirty acres of the sixty acres which were to be a part of the one hundred acres devised to Joseph. The east ten acres of the forty devised to Joseph the testator never owned, so that the general purpose to devise to Joseph one hundred acres would be defeated, and he would take but sixty acres under the devise, and the adjoining forty acres on the north of the sixty acres be left undevised, and the general intent for the disposition of the entire tract thus be defeated. It is also apparent that the purpose of the testator, as expressed in the will, was to give his son Edward L. Rodman forty acres of land. Indeed, the will says, “To my son Edward L. Rodman I will and bequeath forty acres of land.” The land is then described as the north-east quarter of the south-east quarter of section 22,—land which the testator never owned. But he did own forty acres lying directly north of the forty-acre tract described, which was known as the south-east quarter of the north-east quarter of section 22. If the will is to be construed as contended for by plaintiffs in error, the devise of forty acres of land to Edward will be defeated entirely and the intention of the testator will be disregarded.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Mr. Justice Craig
delivered the opinion of the court:
In the construction of a will the important question always is, what was the intention of the testator? As was well said by Chief Justice Marshall in Kinlay v. King’s Lessee, 3 Pet. 346: “The intent of the testator is the cardinal rule in the construction of wills, and if that intent can be clearly perceived, and is not contrary to some positive rule of law, it must prevail, although in giving effect to it some words should be rejected, or so restrained in their application as materially to change the literal meaning of the particular sentence.” See, also, Decker v. Decker, 121 Ill. 341.
It will be presumed that a person, when he makes and publishes a will, intends to dispose of his whole estate, unless the presumption is rebutted by its provisions or evidence to the contrary. (Higgins v. Dwen, 100 Ill. 554; Missionary Society v. Mead, 131 id. 338.) Upon an examination of the will in this case nothing will be found tending, in the least, to establish an intention on the part of the testator to leave any portion of his property to descend as intestate estate. On the other hand, in view of the property owned by the testator, it is manifest from the language of the will that the testator intended to devise his entire estate. When the will was executed, and at the time of the testator’s death, he owned one hundred and eighty acres of land, and no more. Of this the testator, as is manifest from the will, attempted to devise one hundred acres to his son Joseph, forty acres to his son Edward, and forty acres to his daughter Ann Eliza Boyce, making one hundred and eighty acres,—all the land possessed by the testator. But while it is manifest that the testator intended to dispose of all the lands he possessed, yet the language of the will as found in the second and third clauses, if construed literally, as written, will defeat the plain intention of the testator. Shall that be done, or shall resort be had to extrinsic evidence to ascertain the real intent of the testator?
In the consideration of a question of this character in Decker v. Decker, supra, it was said : “While the general rule undoubtedly is that the intention of the testator is to be gathered from an inspection and consideration of the will, and from no other source, in case of latent ambiguity courts do, and must, listen to extrinsic evidence, —not for the purpose of contradicting or adding to the terms- of the will, * * * but for the purpose of determining the existence or non-existence of latent ambiguity, * * * and for the further purpose of enabling the court to look upon the will in the light of the facts and circumstances surrounding the testator at the time the will was made, whereby to determine the intention of the testator.”
Wigram on Extrinsic Evidence in the Interpretation of Wills, after citing cases to prove that extrinsic evidence may be resorted to, says, “they might be multiplied without end,” and adds: “They appear to justify the conclusion that every claimant under a will has a right to require that a court of construction, in the execution of its office, shall, by means of extrinsic evidence, place itself in the situation of the testator, the meaning of whose language it is called upon to declare.” Quoted with approval in Missionary Society v. Mead, 131 Ill. 362.
In Patch v. White, 117 U. S. 210, it is said : “A latent ambiguity in a will, which may be removed by extrinsic evidence, may arise, first, either when it names a person as the object of a gift or a thing as the subject of it, and there are two persons or things that answer such name or description ; or second, when the will contains a misdescription of the object or subject, as where there is no such person or thing in existence, or, if in existence, the person is not the one intended or the thing does not belong to the testator.” After citing cases the court concludes: “By merely striking out the words ‘six’ and ‘three’ from the description of the will, as not applicable (unless interchanged) to any lot which the testator owned, * * * the residue of the description, in view of the context, so exactly applies to the lot in question that we have no hesitation in saying that it was lawfully devised to Henry Walker.”
In Moreland v. Brady, 8 Ore. 803, in considering a question of this character, the court said: “We apprehend there can be no question of the admissibility of extraneous oral evidence to show the state and extent of the testator’s property, in order to place the court in the same position the testator was in at the time he made the will in question. This, we think, is unquestionably the rule established by the decided cases. This being done, it appears that the testator had no such lots as those described as lots 1 and 2, in the particular block named. This renders it certain that the lots named were erroneous, and the words describing them can have no possible operation, and must be rejected.”
In Decker v. Decker, supra, by the terms of the will the testator devised twenty acres off the west half of the north-east quarter of the north-east quarter of section 33, township 18, north, range 11, west. The evidence, however, showed that the testator never owned the northeast quarter of the north-east quarter of section 33, or any part of it, but he did own the north-west quarter of the north-east quarter of the section. It was held that there was a latent ambiguity in the devise, the descriptive words of the land devised being in part false, and that the false description might be stricken out and the devise sustained as embracing the land owned by the testator.
Keeping in view the foregoing rules of construction, it seems plain that the testator did not intend to leave the two forty-acre tracts in the north-east quarter of section 22 to descend as intestate estate. He in plain words devised to Joseph one hundred acres of land, and then follows with a particular description,—that is, sixty acres off of the west side of the south-east quarter of section 22, and forty acres, being the north-west quarter of the south-east quarter of section 22. Thereby the forty-acre tract was made to overlap the north thirty acres of the sixty acres which were to be a part of the one hundred acres devised to Joseph. The east ten acres of the forty devised to Joseph the testator never owned, so that the general purpose to devise to Joseph one hundred acres would be defeated, and he would take but sixty acres under the devise, and the adjoining forty acres on the north of the sixty acres be left undevised, and the general intent for the disposition of the entire tract thus be defeated. It is also apparent that the purpose of the testator, as expressed in the will, was to give his son Edward L. Rodman forty acres of land. Indeed, the will says, “To my son Edward L. Rodman I will and bequeath forty acres of land.” The land is then described as the north-east quarter of the south-east quarter of section 22,—land which the testator never owned. But he did own forty acres lying directly north of the forty-acre tract described, which was known as the south-east quarter of the north-east quarter of section 22. If the will is to be construed as contended for by plaintiffs in error, the devise of forty acres of land to Edward will be defeated entirely and the intention of the testator will be disregarded. If, therefore, by any of the recognized rules of construction the will may be so construed as to give the language of the testator effect, and thus carry out the evident intention not only to dispose of his entire estate, but to give to his sons, Joseph and Edward, the land intended to be devised to them, it is the duty of the court to adopt that construction.
Redfleld on Wills (p. 469) says: “Where the testator misdescribes his estate, as being in different localities from the fact, putting one estate in the locality of another, and vice versa, it was held, that where sufficient appeared upon the face of the will, as applied to the subject matter, to show that such misdescription was a mere mistake, either in the testator or the person who drew up the will, that it would not have the effect to defeat the obvious intention of the testator.”
While words cannot be added to a will, yet in arriving at the intention of the testator, as has been shown by the authorities, so much as is false in the description of the premises devised may be stricken out, and, after striking out the false description, if enough remains to' identify the premises intended to be devised, the will may be read and construed with the false words eliminated therefrom. Adopting that rule here, the second and third clauses will read as follows:
“Second—To my son Joseph L. Rodman I will and bequeath one hundred acres of land (100)—sixty acres (60) off of the west side of the south-east quarter of section twenty-two (22), forty acres (40) being the............. quarter of the........quarter of section twenty-two (22).
“Third—To my son Edward L. Rodman I will and bequeath forty acres of land, being the............ quarter of the............ quarter of section twenty-two (22).”
Bearing in mind that the testator owned two forty-acre tracts in the north-east quarter of section 22, and reading the two clauses of the will in the light of surrounding circumstances, we think all difficulty is removed in regard to the lands devised by these two provisions of the will. The testator, owning two quarters of a quarter of section 22, devised one quarter to his son Joseph and the other quarter to his son Edward, and the two sons took and held the two tracts undivided.
The circuit court, in its decree, held that the two forty-acre tracts were devised by the will, the south-west forty to Joseph and the south-east forty to Edward. In this respect we think the court erred, but as the error was one which did not affect plaintiffs in error, they having no interest whatever in the premises, the error was one which did no harm, and hence no ground for reversing the decree.
The decree of the circuit court will be affirmed.
Decree affirmed.