Wiswell, J.
Real action. Tbe question in dispute is as to tbe location of tbe divisional line between tbe land of tbe plaintiff and tbat of tbe defendant.
The plaintiff’s land is described as being in Morrill witb tbe town line between Morrill and Waldo as its easterly boundary, tbe defendant’s is' in Waldo with tbe same town line as its westerly boundary. Tbe verdict was for tbe plaintiff and tbe defendant brings tbe case to tbe law court upon exceptions and motion.
I. . Exceptions. A controversy existing as to tbe location of tbis town line between tbe towns of Morrill and Waldo, tbe selectmen of tbe latter town petitioned tbe Supreme Judicial Court at tbe October Term, 1887, for Waldo County, setting forth sucb controversy and praying tbat sucb line be run in accordance witb tbe provisions of R. S., c. 3, § 67. Further proceedings were bad thereon as required by tbis section, commissioners were appointed, who after giving notice of tbe time and place of their meeting to-all persons interested, and after bearing all sucb persons at tbe time and place appointed, proceeded to- ascertain and determine tbe line in dispute, and placed suitable monuments for tbe permanent establishment of sucb line. They subsequently made duplicate returns of their proceedings, as required by statute, and therein described tbe line in dispute as ascertained and determined by them.
Tbe land claimed by tbe plaintiff lies easterly of this line established by tbe commissioners and between tbat line and where she says tbe true line is, or was, prior to tbe proceedings referred to. Tbe defense offered in evidence a record of these proceedings and claimed tbat tbe line established by the commissioners as tbe town line between Morrill and Waldo was necessarily the- true line between tbe lands of these parties, or that it .was conclusive [215]*215evidence of the location of the true boundary line between them. The presiding justice refused to so rule, but did instruct the jury that the determination by the commissioners of the line between the towns was not conclusive as to the location of the boundary line between the lands of these parties.
We have no question as to the correctness of this ruling. The adjudication and determination of commissioners appointed in proceedings of this nature can in no way affect the ownership of private property, or determine controversies between individuals. Their determination is conclusive, if the proceedings are regular and sufficient, as to the location of the town line for all purposes. It is made so by the section referred to: “And such lines shall be deemed in every court and for every purpose the dividing line between such towns.” This provision is undoubtedly a wise one. It is a matter of great public importance that the boundaries of towns should be certain. Upon the location of a town’s territorial limits depends its right of taxation, the residence for various purposes of those living upon any territory in dispute, the obligation of the town to maintain and keep in repair its highways and bridges, and many other rights and liabilities. It is equally as important that these limits, when in dispute, should be finally determined by a tribunal constituted, and in a method provided, for that express purpose.
But this proceeding was never contemplated for the purpose of passing upon and determining private controversies. The constitution of this state guarantees to every one injured in his property, a remedy “by due course of law”, and in all controversies concerning property a trial by a jury and a right to be heard by himself or his counsel. This proceeding was not by due course of law for the settlement of controversies concerning property; these land owners were not parties to the proceedings; they were not heard and could have had no opportunity to be heard upon the question of their respective ownerships, because that question was not involved.
The case of Pitman v. Albany, 84 N. H. 577, much relied upon in support of the exception as’ to the conclusiveness of the determination by the commissioners, is not applicable to this question. [216]*216That was an action to recover for injuries caused by a defective highway. The court held that the judgment of a court, which was given by statute the power to make a final determination of the location of town lines, was final and conclusive as to the limits within which a town was under obligation to keep its highways in repair, and consequently as to the liability of the defendant town in that action. We have no question of this, but that case is no authority for the position here taken by counsel for the defendant.
II. Motion. The town' line in controversy is the line between Belmont and Morrill on the west and Belfast and Waldo on the east, the easterly line of Belmont and Morrill and the westerly line of Belfast and Waldo.
Belmont, which originally embraced the territory that is now the town of Morrill, was incorporated in 1814, the easterly line being thus described in the act of incorporation: “Beginning at a yellow birch tree, being the southwesterly corner of the town of Belfast; thence north, twenty-two degrees west, by the line of said Belfast, four miles and two hundred and ninety-two rods, to a maple tree, being the northwesterly corner of Belfast aforesaid; thence continuing the same course by unincorporated lands, two miles and one hundred and seven rods to a stake and stone.” The next line described, is north eighty-three degrees west by the plantation of Knox, showing that the easterly line of Belmont, the north half of which was subsequently incorporated into the town of Morrill, was coincident with the westerly line of Belfast, so far as the westerly line of Belfast extended northerly, and thenpe continued in the same course to the plantation of Knox.
Belfast was incorporated by the. Legislature of Massachusetts in 1773; its westerly line, commencing at a birch tree at the southwest corner of the town, is thus described in the Act of Incorporation, “from thence north twenty-two degrees west, three hundred and seventy-two chains to a rock maple tree, one rod westerly from a quarry of stones.”
The land in dispute is a strip about eighty-seven rods long, [217]*217thirteen rods wide at the southerly end and nineteen rods at the northerly end, and lies easterly of the line as located by the commissioners and between that line and what the plaintiff claims is the location of the original line. The line claimed by the plaintiff is obtained by commencing at the southwest corner of Belfast and running from thence north, sixteen and one-half degrees west past the land in controversy. The surveyor called by the plaintiff obtained this course by taking the southwest corner of Belfast, about which there is apparently no controversy, and a monument known as the Hatch monument which is claimed to be on the line between Belfast and Belmont. The surveyor testified that the difference between the course given in the acts of incorporation, north twenty-two degrees west, and the course ran by him, north sixteen and one-half degrees west, would about correspond with the variation in the compass to be expected between the time that the course was first given and the time of his survey. This is not contradicted. The jury found that this line was the true one. The line located by the commissioners, which is claimed by the defendants to be the true one, commences at a point claimed by the defendant to be the northwest corner of Belfast, and extends north twenty-one degrees west.
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Wiswell, J.
Real action. Tbe question in dispute is as to tbe location of tbe divisional line between tbe land of tbe plaintiff and tbat of tbe defendant.
The plaintiff’s land is described as being in Morrill witb tbe town line between Morrill and Waldo as its easterly boundary, tbe defendant’s is' in Waldo with tbe same town line as its westerly boundary. Tbe verdict was for tbe plaintiff and tbe defendant brings tbe case to tbe law court upon exceptions and motion.
I. . Exceptions. A controversy existing as to tbe location of tbis town line between tbe towns of Morrill and Waldo, tbe selectmen of tbe latter town petitioned tbe Supreme Judicial Court at tbe October Term, 1887, for Waldo County, setting forth sucb controversy and praying tbat sucb line be run in accordance witb tbe provisions of R. S., c. 3, § 67. Further proceedings were bad thereon as required by tbis section, commissioners were appointed, who after giving notice of tbe time and place of their meeting to-all persons interested, and after bearing all sucb persons at tbe time and place appointed, proceeded to- ascertain and determine tbe line in dispute, and placed suitable monuments for tbe permanent establishment of sucb line. They subsequently made duplicate returns of their proceedings, as required by statute, and therein described tbe line in dispute as ascertained and determined by them.
Tbe land claimed by tbe plaintiff lies easterly of this line established by tbe commissioners and between tbat line and where she says tbe true line is, or was, prior to tbe proceedings referred to. Tbe defense offered in evidence a record of these proceedings and claimed tbat tbe line established by the commissioners as tbe town line between Morrill and Waldo was necessarily the- true line between tbe lands of these parties, or that it .was conclusive [215]*215evidence of the location of the true boundary line between them. The presiding justice refused to so rule, but did instruct the jury that the determination by the commissioners of the line between the towns was not conclusive as to the location of the boundary line between the lands of these parties.
We have no question as to the correctness of this ruling. The adjudication and determination of commissioners appointed in proceedings of this nature can in no way affect the ownership of private property, or determine controversies between individuals. Their determination is conclusive, if the proceedings are regular and sufficient, as to the location of the town line for all purposes. It is made so by the section referred to: “And such lines shall be deemed in every court and for every purpose the dividing line between such towns.” This provision is undoubtedly a wise one. It is a matter of great public importance that the boundaries of towns should be certain. Upon the location of a town’s territorial limits depends its right of taxation, the residence for various purposes of those living upon any territory in dispute, the obligation of the town to maintain and keep in repair its highways and bridges, and many other rights and liabilities. It is equally as important that these limits, when in dispute, should be finally determined by a tribunal constituted, and in a method provided, for that express purpose.
But this proceeding was never contemplated for the purpose of passing upon and determining private controversies. The constitution of this state guarantees to every one injured in his property, a remedy “by due course of law”, and in all controversies concerning property a trial by a jury and a right to be heard by himself or his counsel. This proceeding was not by due course of law for the settlement of controversies concerning property; these land owners were not parties to the proceedings; they were not heard and could have had no opportunity to be heard upon the question of their respective ownerships, because that question was not involved.
The case of Pitman v. Albany, 84 N. H. 577, much relied upon in support of the exception as’ to the conclusiveness of the determination by the commissioners, is not applicable to this question. [216]*216That was an action to recover for injuries caused by a defective highway. The court held that the judgment of a court, which was given by statute the power to make a final determination of the location of town lines, was final and conclusive as to the limits within which a town was under obligation to keep its highways in repair, and consequently as to the liability of the defendant town in that action. We have no question of this, but that case is no authority for the position here taken by counsel for the defendant.
II. Motion. The town' line in controversy is the line between Belmont and Morrill on the west and Belfast and Waldo on the east, the easterly line of Belmont and Morrill and the westerly line of Belfast and Waldo.
Belmont, which originally embraced the territory that is now the town of Morrill, was incorporated in 1814, the easterly line being thus described in the act of incorporation: “Beginning at a yellow birch tree, being the southwesterly corner of the town of Belfast; thence north, twenty-two degrees west, by the line of said Belfast, four miles and two hundred and ninety-two rods, to a maple tree, being the northwesterly corner of Belfast aforesaid; thence continuing the same course by unincorporated lands, two miles and one hundred and seven rods to a stake and stone.” The next line described, is north eighty-three degrees west by the plantation of Knox, showing that the easterly line of Belmont, the north half of which was subsequently incorporated into the town of Morrill, was coincident with the westerly line of Belfast, so far as the westerly line of Belfast extended northerly, and thenpe continued in the same course to the plantation of Knox.
Belfast was incorporated by the. Legislature of Massachusetts in 1773; its westerly line, commencing at a birch tree at the southwest corner of the town, is thus described in the Act of Incorporation, “from thence north twenty-two degrees west, three hundred and seventy-two chains to a rock maple tree, one rod westerly from a quarry of stones.”
The land in dispute is a strip about eighty-seven rods long, [217]*217thirteen rods wide at the southerly end and nineteen rods at the northerly end, and lies easterly of the line as located by the commissioners and between that line and what the plaintiff claims is the location of the original line. The line claimed by the plaintiff is obtained by commencing at the southwest corner of Belfast and running from thence north, sixteen and one-half degrees west past the land in controversy. The surveyor called by the plaintiff obtained this course by taking the southwest corner of Belfast, about which there is apparently no controversy, and a monument known as the Hatch monument which is claimed to be on the line between Belfast and Belmont. The surveyor testified that the difference between the course given in the acts of incorporation, north twenty-two degrees west, and the course ran by him, north sixteen and one-half degrees west, would about correspond with the variation in the compass to be expected between the time that the course was first given and the time of his survey. This is not contradicted. The jury found that this line was the true one. The line located by the commissioners, which is claimed by the defendants to be the true one, commences at a point claimed by the defendant to be the northwest corner of Belfast, and extends north twenty-one degrees west.
The defendant urges that the verdict was manifestly wrong, and that the line established by the commissioners is unquestionably the correct one. He invokes the well-recognized rule that where a line described in a deed or charter by course or distance, and that indicated by monuments established in the original survey and location of the tract or township do not correspond, the latter being the best evidence of the true line must govern, however much they may differ. This is undoubtedly true whenever the monuments are certain or are capable of being made certain. In this case the only monuments mentioned in the two acts of incorporation, which were put into the case, are the birch tree at the southwest corner of Belfast, called a yellow birch tree- in the charter of Belmont, the maple tree at the northwest corner of Belfast, called a rock maple in the charter of Belfast, and therein further described as being one rod westerly from a quarry of stone, [218]*218and the stake and stone at the termination of the easterly line of of what was originally Belmont on the southerly line of Knox plantation. There appears to be no controversy as to the southwest corner of Belfast, but there is dispute as to the northwest corner of Belfast. The maple or rock maple tree is no longer there. The starting point of the commissioners’ line is fifty-four feet westerly of the place where the surveyor called by the plaintiff makes the northwest corner of Belfast. Both places claimed to be corners are marked by stone monuments, but neither of them are of great antiquity; — the one claimed by the plaintiff has been placed there more recently than the other. Nor does the. stake and stone, mentioned as a monument in the Belmont charter, at the termination ,of its easterly line, now exist and no evidence is introduced as to its location.
The defense strongly relies upon evidence which, it is claimed, satisfactorily determines the location of. a bee.ch tree mentioned as á monument at the northwest corner of a six thousand acre tract of land, which it is said in argument was subsequently incorporated as the town of Waldo. But the act incorporating the town of Waldo was not put in evidence, and this beech tree is not referred td as a monument in any act of incorporation that was put into the case. The Legislature has the exclusive .authority to create all municipal corporations and to establish their boundaries.
The legislative acts incorporating the original town of Belmont and the town of Belfast, give the course of this line as north twenty-two degrees west; and both acts further describe the line by reference to certain monuments. If the locations of these monuments could be established and they indicated a line varying from the one described by course, the monuments would control, the course must yield; but if the monuments cannot be found or their locations established, their resort must be had to the course as the only other description of the boundary given in the charters. The identity of these monuments, and the places where they were originally located, being in dispute, were questions of fact for the jury.
Considerable evidence was also introduced upon both si,des show[219]*219ing a recognition of one line or the other, monuments erected since the line was first located, fences, occupation, etc. This evidence was admissible as having some tendency to show where the line was first established, but its value and weight were also for the jury-
The question was as to where the town line between these towns was originally established. The plaintiff relied upon the course, given in the acts of incorporation, upon certain monuments and certain acts of recognition. The defendant relied upon other monuments and upon other evidence that the line is where he claims it to be. After a careful examination of all the evidence and the plans, we do not feel satisfied that the verdict was so clearly wrong as to justify disturbance.
Motion and Exceptions overruled.