Mr. Justice Murphy
delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff started this action in the superior court of Cook county to recover damages she sustained when the automobile she was driving collided with an automobile owned by defendant but driven by his servant Robert Lee. The accident occurred at the intersection of Ninetieth street and South Phillips avenue in Chicago. When the suit was started Lee was named as a defendant but later the action was dismissed as to him. Plaintiff and oLee were the only eyewitnesses to the accident. Other witnesses included police officers who testified to the damaged conditions of the automobiles and their location in the street after the collision. There was, testimony as to the length and course of certain tire marks on the pavement. The difference in the version of the eyewitnesses as to the circumstances surrounding the accident presented contested questions of fact as 'to the speed of defendant’s automobile as it approached the intersection and as to which automobile had the right of way across the intersection. The jury returned a verdict for plaintiff in the sum of $7500. The judgment entered thereon was affirmed by the Appellate Court. (328 Ill. App. 283.) We granted defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. The errors relied on for reversal are that plaintiff was permitted to ask improper questions in the examination of jurors on their voir dire and that the charge of wilful and wanton negligence as laid in the second count of the complaint should not have been submitted to the jury.
Before starting the impaneling of a jury, a hearing was had out of the presence of the jury to determine whether plaintiff might interrogate the jurors on their voir dire as to their interest in, and relationship to, an insurance company whose business was to insure against risks such as plaintiff’s claim. During such hearing it was admitted defendant had a public liability policy with a limitation of $5000, issued by the .Commercial Casualty Insurance Company. The court ruled such inquiry might be made, and approved the form and substance of the questions to be asked. They were as follows: “Have you ever had any interest in or been in any way affiliated with any company that makes a practice of, investigating or defending cases of this kind, or do you have any financial interest in such a company as that?” Second question: “Do you have any close friends or relatives associated with a company of thaf kind or financially interested in such a company?” The questions were asked of panels of four and all answers were in the negative. Other questions propounded by plaintiff included inquiries as to the juror’s residence and occupation, and, if the one being interrogated was a married woman, the inquiry extended to include the occupation and business of her husband. It developed in the examination of one woman juror that her husband had been in the employ of a life insurance company, and plaintiff challenged her peremptorily. Except for such information as might be imparted to the jurors by the two questions, there was nothing that occurred in the examination of the jurors or in the trial that would arouse any suspicion that defendant had public liability insurance.
Questions of similar import were considered by this court in Smithers v. Henriquez, 368 Ill. 588; Edwards v. Hill-Thomas Lime & Cement Co. 378 Ill. 180; Kavanaugh v. Parret, 379 Ill. 273, and Moore v. Edmonds, 384 Ill. 535. These cases are cited by both parties and their arguments indicate that they hold widely different views as to the principles of law announced in them. The arguments are directed to the results of each decision rather than to the law, and if the difference in the facts in the several cases is noted, the difference in the results is understandable. A principle of law that runs through all the cases is that, in an action of this kind where defendant carries public liability insurance, the plaintiff has the right, within certain limitations, to interrogate prospective jurors on their voir dire as to their interest and relationship to insurance companies that carry such insurance.
The purpose for which the questions are permitted to be asked is not different from the purpose which permits an inquiry of a prospective juror as to his association, acquaintanceship and relationship to the parties to the action, his present or past business experience and the many other subjects that are frequently developed in the impaneling of a jury. However, the propounding of a question that involves a reference to defendant’s insurance is placed on a different basis from most of the other questions. The reason is to protect the defendant against the inclination of jurors to cast the burden of damages, where there is insurance, upon the company whose business it is to insure against such risks. To avoid the possibility of such action on the part of juries, this court has placed certain conditions on which the right to ask the question may be exercised and has directed that the substance of the question shall be restricted to avoid, insofar as possible, the conveying of information to the jury that the defendant has insurance. It may be that under present day conditions of the general use of the automobile and the general practice of automobile owners carrying public liability insurance, the reason for the safe-guarding of such question has lost its force and that the matter is over-emphasized. But since we are dealing with a principle that involves insurance carried by a defendant to protect him against risks arising in various fields of endeavor, we will not, at this time, make any exception to distinguish automobile insurance from other classes of insurance carried for similar purposes.
A principle on which the right to conduct such examination of jurors depends is that the examination must be made in good faith. That is the holding in each of the cases cited. And in all cases there is the ever recurring inquiry as to whether plaintiff asked the question to determine whether the jurors were, by reason of financial interest in or relationship to an insurance company, so defense-minded as to render them unsuitable for jury service or, on the other hand, as to whether the purpose was to covertly convey to the jury information that an insurance company was standing in the background. If it is for the latter purpose, the effort deserves the severest condemnation.
It is clear there must be good faith shown as to defendant’s risk being insured. If defendant has no insurance then any interrogation of jurors that would give them information or create a suspicion in their minds as to defendant being insured would be highly improper. Good faith also extends to the probability of there being jurors who may be called that would be unsuitable to plaintiff for jury service by reason of interest in, connection with, or relationship to, an insurance company. If there is no reasonable probability of any of the jurors who are to be called being connected in some way or interested in the company, then the inquiry should not be made. 1 The facts in the Kavanaugh case were of this character and it was held that the question should not have been asked. In the Edwards case the only showing was that defendant had insurance and that the insurance company was conducting the defense for the defendant. But it did not appear that there was any probability that any of the jurors to be called were connected with or interested in insurance.
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Mr. Justice Murphy
delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff started this action in the superior court of Cook county to recover damages she sustained when the automobile she was driving collided with an automobile owned by defendant but driven by his servant Robert Lee. The accident occurred at the intersection of Ninetieth street and South Phillips avenue in Chicago. When the suit was started Lee was named as a defendant but later the action was dismissed as to him. Plaintiff and oLee were the only eyewitnesses to the accident. Other witnesses included police officers who testified to the damaged conditions of the automobiles and their location in the street after the collision. There was, testimony as to the length and course of certain tire marks on the pavement. The difference in the version of the eyewitnesses as to the circumstances surrounding the accident presented contested questions of fact as 'to the speed of defendant’s automobile as it approached the intersection and as to which automobile had the right of way across the intersection. The jury returned a verdict for plaintiff in the sum of $7500. The judgment entered thereon was affirmed by the Appellate Court. (328 Ill. App. 283.) We granted defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. The errors relied on for reversal are that plaintiff was permitted to ask improper questions in the examination of jurors on their voir dire and that the charge of wilful and wanton negligence as laid in the second count of the complaint should not have been submitted to the jury.
Before starting the impaneling of a jury, a hearing was had out of the presence of the jury to determine whether plaintiff might interrogate the jurors on their voir dire as to their interest in, and relationship to, an insurance company whose business was to insure against risks such as plaintiff’s claim. During such hearing it was admitted defendant had a public liability policy with a limitation of $5000, issued by the .Commercial Casualty Insurance Company. The court ruled such inquiry might be made, and approved the form and substance of the questions to be asked. They were as follows: “Have you ever had any interest in or been in any way affiliated with any company that makes a practice of, investigating or defending cases of this kind, or do you have any financial interest in such a company as that?” Second question: “Do you have any close friends or relatives associated with a company of thaf kind or financially interested in such a company?” The questions were asked of panels of four and all answers were in the negative. Other questions propounded by plaintiff included inquiries as to the juror’s residence and occupation, and, if the one being interrogated was a married woman, the inquiry extended to include the occupation and business of her husband. It developed in the examination of one woman juror that her husband had been in the employ of a life insurance company, and plaintiff challenged her peremptorily. Except for such information as might be imparted to the jurors by the two questions, there was nothing that occurred in the examination of the jurors or in the trial that would arouse any suspicion that defendant had public liability insurance.
Questions of similar import were considered by this court in Smithers v. Henriquez, 368 Ill. 588; Edwards v. Hill-Thomas Lime & Cement Co. 378 Ill. 180; Kavanaugh v. Parret, 379 Ill. 273, and Moore v. Edmonds, 384 Ill. 535. These cases are cited by both parties and their arguments indicate that they hold widely different views as to the principles of law announced in them. The arguments are directed to the results of each decision rather than to the law, and if the difference in the facts in the several cases is noted, the difference in the results is understandable. A principle of law that runs through all the cases is that, in an action of this kind where defendant carries public liability insurance, the plaintiff has the right, within certain limitations, to interrogate prospective jurors on their voir dire as to their interest and relationship to insurance companies that carry such insurance.
The purpose for which the questions are permitted to be asked is not different from the purpose which permits an inquiry of a prospective juror as to his association, acquaintanceship and relationship to the parties to the action, his present or past business experience and the many other subjects that are frequently developed in the impaneling of a jury. However, the propounding of a question that involves a reference to defendant’s insurance is placed on a different basis from most of the other questions. The reason is to protect the defendant against the inclination of jurors to cast the burden of damages, where there is insurance, upon the company whose business it is to insure against such risks. To avoid the possibility of such action on the part of juries, this court has placed certain conditions on which the right to ask the question may be exercised and has directed that the substance of the question shall be restricted to avoid, insofar as possible, the conveying of information to the jury that the defendant has insurance. It may be that under present day conditions of the general use of the automobile and the general practice of automobile owners carrying public liability insurance, the reason for the safe-guarding of such question has lost its force and that the matter is over-emphasized. But since we are dealing with a principle that involves insurance carried by a defendant to protect him against risks arising in various fields of endeavor, we will not, at this time, make any exception to distinguish automobile insurance from other classes of insurance carried for similar purposes.
A principle on which the right to conduct such examination of jurors depends is that the examination must be made in good faith. That is the holding in each of the cases cited. And in all cases there is the ever recurring inquiry as to whether plaintiff asked the question to determine whether the jurors were, by reason of financial interest in or relationship to an insurance company, so defense-minded as to render them unsuitable for jury service or, on the other hand, as to whether the purpose was to covertly convey to the jury information that an insurance company was standing in the background. If it is for the latter purpose, the effort deserves the severest condemnation.
It is clear there must be good faith shown as to defendant’s risk being insured. If defendant has no insurance then any interrogation of jurors that would give them information or create a suspicion in their minds as to defendant being insured would be highly improper. Good faith also extends to the probability of there being jurors who may be called that would be unsuitable to plaintiff for jury service by reason of interest in, connection with, or relationship to, an insurance company. If there is no reasonable probability of any of the jurors who are to be called being connected in some way or interested in the company, then the inquiry should not be made. 1 The facts in the Kavanaugh case were of this character and it was held that the question should not have been asked. In the Edwards case the only showing was that defendant had insurance and that the insurance company was conducting the defense for the defendant. But it did not appear that there was any probability that any of the jurors to be called were connected with or interested in insurance. There are statements in the opinion of the Moore case indicating there was a showing as to the possibility of some of the jurors who had been called being interested in insurance companies whose business it was to insure risks such as were involved in that case, but a factor in that decision was that defendant’s counsel had invited or acquiesced with the procedure that led to the asking of the question and therefore could not make complaint.
The subjects mentioned on which there must be a showing of good faith are not intended to include all that may arise in the impaneling of a jury. The ones stated have been mentioned to demonstrate the necessity of showing that the purpose for asking the question is based on something more than a mere surmise. As a matter of practice it is proper to state at this time that the determination of the question of good faith is for the trial court and unless there has been an abuse of that discretion his conclusion should not be disturbed in a court of review. Another point of practice about which counsel in this case seem to be confused is the manner in which the question of good faith may be presented to the court. The cases indicate that the trial courts and the bar generally accepted the statement in the Smithers case, that the filing of an affidavit and a preliminary hearing on the question was commendable, as the announcement of a rule of practice. The showing may be made by affidavit or by testimony of witnesses or a combination of both. To accomplish the purpose of the inquiry, it appears necessary that there be a hearing outside the presence of the jury.
We do not intend by the suggestions made to prescribe a practice that may develop into an interminable hearing as to the interest and occupation of prospective jurors, nor do we intend to adopt any particular form of question or substance to the exclusion of others. .....
Before this case was called for trial plaintiff filed an affidavit upon which she founded her request to interrogate the jurors on the matter of insurance. She stated on information and belief that the automobile driven by Robert Lee and involved in the accident was owned by defendant, that defendant held a public liability insurance policy on the same issued by the Commercial Casualty Insurance Company, that by the terms of said policy defendant was insured for damages that might be imposed on account of such collision. She further stated on information and belief that the insurance company had employed investigators and investigated the accident, that it had engaged attorneys, including Samuel Levin who appeared as attorney of record for the defendant, and that the company would otherwise use its facilities and resources in the defense of defendant. She stated on information and belief that the insurance company employed “numerous persons” in its offices at 120 South La Salle Street, Chicago, and had many other persons acting as investigators, agents and brokers for it in Cook county. She stated “that this affiant has reasonable grounds for believing that persons who are interested in said insurance company financially or otherwise may be among the panel of jurors called into the jury box from which the jurors to hear the above case will be selected; that said panel may also include close friends or relatives of persons employed by, connected with, or stockholders of said insurance company; that plaintiff has reasonable cause for fearing that she cannot secure an impartial and disinterested jury to hear and try her case or a fair trial unless her attorneys are permitted to question the prospective jurors on their voir dire examination concerning said plaintiff’s [jurors’] interest or connection with said company or the persons employed by said company.”
Attorney Levin, after examining index cards of the jury commissioners as pertained to the jurors that were to be called in the case, was sworn and testified that defendant had a public liability policy issued by the Commercial Casualty Insurance Company covering the car involved in the accident, that the company’s limit of liability was $5,000 and that if any damage should be imposed above such amount the company would not be liable for it. He stated that he appeared as attorney for Rudek to defend him against any excess above the policy limitation. He did not testify but the facts indicate that he was engaged by the insurance company to assist in the defense so that the company would not have any liability on its policy. He stated there was no stockholder of the Commercial Casualty Insurance Company residing in the State of Illinois and that as far as he was informed and advised there was no one on the jury panel who had been called as a prospective juror in this case that was a stockholder, officer, agent, broker or employee of the company or' anyone financially interested in the company or otherwise, and that as far as he was able to ascertain it was his belief that there was no one on the jury panel who knew- anyone connected with the stockholders of the company.
The fact that defendant carried insurance was conceded, but to conform with the requirement of good faith it was necessary that there be something shown that would indicate there was a reasonable possibility that one or more of the jurors to be called in the case was interested in or related in some way to the Commercial Casualty Insurance Company. Such proof could not be made by the statement of. conclusions, and to say that the company has “numerous persons employed at its office” and that it “has many other persons acting as investigators, agents and brokers in Cook county” is resting the claim on the merest shadow of possibility. The jurors were not named and no facts were stated showing that plaintiff knew who the jurors would be. There were no facts upon which a finding of good faith could be made as to the jurors’ connection with the insurance company. In the quoted part of the affidavit it is said affiant has “reasonable grounds for believing” that persons who are interested in the company may be among the panel of jurors called into the jury box. Affiant did not set forth what her reasonable grounds were and without them the court had no way of determining whether she was justified in her belief that persons interested in the insurance company would be called into the jury box. If plaintiff’s affidavit had been sufficient to show good faith for the asking of the question, it is clear that defendant’s testimony did not refute it for it is subject to the criticism made as to plaintiff’s affidavit.
Defendant contends that under no circumstances could plaintiff be permitted to interrogate the jurors on their voir dire as to whether they had any close friends or relatives associated with or financially interested in such a company. It is conceivable that a plaintiff might be able to state facts that would support a voir dire interrogation as to the jurors’ close friends and relatives, but this, like the other question, must be based on facts showing a reasonable probability that some one or more of the jurors to be called had close friends or relatives connected with an insurance company, and that by reason of such condition the juror might be biased or prejudiced against plaintiff’s claim. Defendant should have the opportunity to refute the facts which were given to support such probability. For the reasons indicated, the court erred in permitting plaintiff to ask the questions, and the evidence was such that the cause should have been submitted to the jury without the possibility of prejudice that would be created by such questions.
Defendant contends there was no evidence on which the jury could base a finding that there was wilful and wanton negligence, and contends that under the authority of Greene v. Noonan, 372 Ill. 286, the question of such negligence should not have been submitted to the jury. Since the cause has to be remanded for a new trial, we will not discuss or comment upon the evidence of the various witnesses. It has been examined and we find that there was no error in submitting such question to the jury.
For the reasons assigned, the judgments of the superior and Appellate courts are reversed and the cause is remanded to the superior court of Cook county for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.