AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed February 8, 2017.
S In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-16-00068-CV
WHEEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC., Appellant V. EDGAR GONZALEZ, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 5 Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. CC-13-04344-E
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Bridges, Evans, and Schenck Opinion by Justice Bridges Appellee Edgar Gonzalez filed suit against appellant Wheel Technologies, Inc. (WTI) for
suit on sworn account, breach of oral contract, and quantum meruit. After a bench trial, the trial
court found in favor of Gonzales and awarded $31,103.01 in damages, $6,200 in attorney’s fees,
and $ 1,306.23 in costs. On appeal, WTI argues there was no evidence, or insufficient evidence,
to support the trial court’s judgment for a suit on sworn account. We affirm.
Background
The disputed fact in this case is whether Gonzales delivered wheels to WTI and WTI
failed to pay. Two witnesses testified during the bench trial: Gonzalez and Danny Blaser, the
president of WTI.
Gonzales testified he owned a business that provided tires to WTI, who then sold them as
part of insurance claims or to people who needed tire replacements. Gonzalez’s contact at WTI was Mike Owens, the general manager. When WTI needed a specific tire, Owens contacted
Gonzalez, who delivered the tire if he had it in stock. Because the exchanges often happened
after hours, WTI did not always have a check immediately available for payment or a receipt. At
those times, Gonzalez returned later for payment. Gonzalez explained WTI sometimes created a
credit memo, but it did not happen all the time. On other occasions, Owens handed him a check
at delivery.
Gonzalez created an accounting of every delivery he made to WTI, which included
payments made by WTI and any offsets. He also had debit memos that WTI sometimes created
and gave him when he received a check. These memos, however, were not created for every
transaction.
In 2011, WTI’s computer system crashed without a backup. Gonzalez and Owens spent a
couple hours discussing what orders were still unpaid. Although they reached an agreement,
Gonzales believed “There was still some doubts. I think we both took a generous approach.” He
further explained WTI was really busy during that time, and “things were not getting handled to
the detail that they should have.” Debit memos were missing, and there were some concerns
about WTI’s accountability.
Gonzalez testified WTI was usually behind on payments to him. When WTI got behind
on payments, he sent email updates to Owens. Gonzalez relied on his accounting for proof of
delivered goods to WTI and attached an updated balance sheet with each email regarding the
status of any open balance.
During the bench trial, the trial court admitted Gonzalez’s accounting, which reflected
WTI’s outstanding balance of $33,103.01. Gonzales admitted he had nothing from WTI
showing WTI received the goods. He requested such documentation in discovery but received
nothing.
–2– Blaser testified he did not deal directly with Gonzalez during any of the tire transactions. 1
He explained that most of WTI’s vendors required a purchase order for tires so a purchase order
would have to be generated “on our end” in order to sell the goods through its accounting
system. He explained, “It must come in the door first before I can sell it out the door.” WTI
could not sell inventory “we haven’t brought in through a purchase order.”
According to Blaser, purchase orders did not exist for those tires Gonzalez allegedly
delivered to WTI without payment. However, Blaser admitted WTI experienced a “computer
glitch” in which they lost two-and-a-half months of business records and relied on customers to
fill the information gap to repair the accounting. Blaser admitted WTI’s accounting could be
missing information. The accounting matched some of Gonzalez’s accounting for those orders
that had been paid, omitted others, and contained irrelevant information about orders Gonzalez
was not pursuing.
After the bench trial, the court found in favor of Gonzalez and awarded him $31,103.01
in damages, $6,200 in attorney’s fees, and $ 1,306.23 in costs.
Discussion
WTI argues that because Gonzalez failed to present any evidence that the wheels he
purportedly delivered to WTI were in fact delivered and that personal property had therefore
passed to WTI, there was no evidence, or insufficient evidence, to support the trial court’s final
judgment. Gonzalez responds the judgment should be upheld because WTI did not request
findings of fact and conclusions of law; therefore, the judgment implies all necessary findings to
support it.
When neither party requests findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is implied that the
trial court made all fact findings necessary to support its judgment. BMC Software Belgium,
1 At the time of trial, Owens had quit.
–3– N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002). Accordingly, we must imply a finding that
Gonzalez delivered the wheels to WTI. However, when the appellate record includes the
reporter’s and clerk’s records, as in this case, implied findings of fact may be challenged for
legal sufficiency. Id. In reviewing a legal sufficiency point, we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prevailing party and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary.
Id. Findings are legally sufficient if they are supported by more than a scintilla of evidence.
Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex.
1998).
In a bench trial, the trial court, as factfinder, is the sole judge of witness credibility.
Fulgham v. Fischer, 349 S.W.3d 153, 157 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.). As long as the
evidence falls within the “zone of reasonable disagreement,” we will not substitute our judgment
for that of the factfinder. Id. (citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005)).
In a suit on a sworn account, when the defendant files a sworn denial, the plaintiff has the
burden to prove all essential elements of the claim. Oro-Castillo v. Nat’l Specialty Servs.,
No. 05-01-01319-CV, 2002 WL 971913, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 13, 2002, no pet.) (not
designated for publication). The essential elements are: (1) sale and delivery of the merchandise
and (2) the amount of the account is just. Id. A sworn account “must show with reasonable
certainty the nature of each item, the date, and the charge therefor.” See Hassler v. Tex. Gypsum
Co., 525 S.W.2d 53, 55 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1975, no writ). WTI challenges the first element.
This case essentially came down to a “he said, he said” between two parties’ explanations
of accounting. Blaser testified WTI always created a purchase order when it received a delivery
and because WTI had no record of any outstanding purchase orders owed to Gonzalez, then it
never received the tires. Gonzalez testified to the contrary.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed February 8, 2017.
S In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-16-00068-CV
WHEEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC., Appellant V. EDGAR GONZALEZ, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 5 Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. CC-13-04344-E
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Bridges, Evans, and Schenck Opinion by Justice Bridges Appellee Edgar Gonzalez filed suit against appellant Wheel Technologies, Inc. (WTI) for
suit on sworn account, breach of oral contract, and quantum meruit. After a bench trial, the trial
court found in favor of Gonzales and awarded $31,103.01 in damages, $6,200 in attorney’s fees,
and $ 1,306.23 in costs. On appeal, WTI argues there was no evidence, or insufficient evidence,
to support the trial court’s judgment for a suit on sworn account. We affirm.
Background
The disputed fact in this case is whether Gonzales delivered wheels to WTI and WTI
failed to pay. Two witnesses testified during the bench trial: Gonzalez and Danny Blaser, the
president of WTI.
Gonzales testified he owned a business that provided tires to WTI, who then sold them as
part of insurance claims or to people who needed tire replacements. Gonzalez’s contact at WTI was Mike Owens, the general manager. When WTI needed a specific tire, Owens contacted
Gonzalez, who delivered the tire if he had it in stock. Because the exchanges often happened
after hours, WTI did not always have a check immediately available for payment or a receipt. At
those times, Gonzalez returned later for payment. Gonzalez explained WTI sometimes created a
credit memo, but it did not happen all the time. On other occasions, Owens handed him a check
at delivery.
Gonzalez created an accounting of every delivery he made to WTI, which included
payments made by WTI and any offsets. He also had debit memos that WTI sometimes created
and gave him when he received a check. These memos, however, were not created for every
transaction.
In 2011, WTI’s computer system crashed without a backup. Gonzalez and Owens spent a
couple hours discussing what orders were still unpaid. Although they reached an agreement,
Gonzales believed “There was still some doubts. I think we both took a generous approach.” He
further explained WTI was really busy during that time, and “things were not getting handled to
the detail that they should have.” Debit memos were missing, and there were some concerns
about WTI’s accountability.
Gonzalez testified WTI was usually behind on payments to him. When WTI got behind
on payments, he sent email updates to Owens. Gonzalez relied on his accounting for proof of
delivered goods to WTI and attached an updated balance sheet with each email regarding the
status of any open balance.
During the bench trial, the trial court admitted Gonzalez’s accounting, which reflected
WTI’s outstanding balance of $33,103.01. Gonzales admitted he had nothing from WTI
showing WTI received the goods. He requested such documentation in discovery but received
nothing.
–2– Blaser testified he did not deal directly with Gonzalez during any of the tire transactions. 1
He explained that most of WTI’s vendors required a purchase order for tires so a purchase order
would have to be generated “on our end” in order to sell the goods through its accounting
system. He explained, “It must come in the door first before I can sell it out the door.” WTI
could not sell inventory “we haven’t brought in through a purchase order.”
According to Blaser, purchase orders did not exist for those tires Gonzalez allegedly
delivered to WTI without payment. However, Blaser admitted WTI experienced a “computer
glitch” in which they lost two-and-a-half months of business records and relied on customers to
fill the information gap to repair the accounting. Blaser admitted WTI’s accounting could be
missing information. The accounting matched some of Gonzalez’s accounting for those orders
that had been paid, omitted others, and contained irrelevant information about orders Gonzalez
was not pursuing.
After the bench trial, the court found in favor of Gonzalez and awarded him $31,103.01
in damages, $6,200 in attorney’s fees, and $ 1,306.23 in costs.
Discussion
WTI argues that because Gonzalez failed to present any evidence that the wheels he
purportedly delivered to WTI were in fact delivered and that personal property had therefore
passed to WTI, there was no evidence, or insufficient evidence, to support the trial court’s final
judgment. Gonzalez responds the judgment should be upheld because WTI did not request
findings of fact and conclusions of law; therefore, the judgment implies all necessary findings to
support it.
When neither party requests findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is implied that the
trial court made all fact findings necessary to support its judgment. BMC Software Belgium,
1 At the time of trial, Owens had quit.
–3– N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002). Accordingly, we must imply a finding that
Gonzalez delivered the wheels to WTI. However, when the appellate record includes the
reporter’s and clerk’s records, as in this case, implied findings of fact may be challenged for
legal sufficiency. Id. In reviewing a legal sufficiency point, we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prevailing party and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary.
Id. Findings are legally sufficient if they are supported by more than a scintilla of evidence.
Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex.
1998).
In a bench trial, the trial court, as factfinder, is the sole judge of witness credibility.
Fulgham v. Fischer, 349 S.W.3d 153, 157 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.). As long as the
evidence falls within the “zone of reasonable disagreement,” we will not substitute our judgment
for that of the factfinder. Id. (citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005)).
In a suit on a sworn account, when the defendant files a sworn denial, the plaintiff has the
burden to prove all essential elements of the claim. Oro-Castillo v. Nat’l Specialty Servs.,
No. 05-01-01319-CV, 2002 WL 971913, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 13, 2002, no pet.) (not
designated for publication). The essential elements are: (1) sale and delivery of the merchandise
and (2) the amount of the account is just. Id. A sworn account “must show with reasonable
certainty the nature of each item, the date, and the charge therefor.” See Hassler v. Tex. Gypsum
Co., 525 S.W.2d 53, 55 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1975, no writ). WTI challenges the first element.
This case essentially came down to a “he said, he said” between two parties’ explanations
of accounting. Blaser testified WTI always created a purchase order when it received a delivery
and because WTI had no record of any outstanding purchase orders owed to Gonzalez, then it
never received the tires. Gonzalez testified to the contrary. As the judge of witness credibility,
the trial court was free to believe Gonzalez’s testimony that he delivered the tires and relied on
–4– his accounting, which was admitted without objection 2, for proof that he delivered the tires to
WTI. See Fulgham, 349 S.W.3d at 157; see also Valley Steel Prods. Co. v. Howell, 775 S.W.2d
34, 37 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, no writ) (concluding invoices and other documents
provided more than a scintilla of evidence goods were delivered in suit on sworn account).
Further, Blaser admitted he could not say for sure Owens always created a purchase order upon
receipt of tires because Blaser was never personally involved in any of the transactions. Rather,
Gonzalez testified there were many times in which the deliveries occurred after hours so checks
and other documentation were not always ready when he made a delivery.
Further, Gonzalez testified WTI was usually behind on payments. He provided emails in
which Owens acknowledged the late payments and wanted to work towards a solution. In one
particular email, Owens said, “I spoke to Danny about getting you paid and he agreed, so there’s
money to be had this week.” The emails never said Gonzalez was not entitled to payment
because WTI did not receive the goods. Rather, the trial court could reasonably infer the emails
indicated Gonzalez delivered the tires.
It is undisputed WTI suffered a computer crash in which it lost data and relied on its
customers to recreate and fill in the gaps. Gonzalez testified “there was still some doubts. I
think we both took a generous approach.” He further explained WTI was really busy during that
time and “things were not getting handled to the detail that they should have,” so debit memos
were missing and there was some concern about WTI’s accountability.
Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, the trial court heard
more than a scintilla of evidence supporting Gonzalez’s suit on sworn account. Formosa
2 Although WTI argues Gonzalez’s accounting suffered from deficiencies such as not uniformly describing the wheels and inserting question marks in the “comments” column, WTI did not object to the document’s admission. To the extent WTI attempts to challenge the admissibility of the accounting, its argument shall not be considered. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
–5– Plastics Corp. USA, 960 S.W.2d at 48. We overrule WTI’s sole issue. The judgment of the trial
court is affirmed.
/David L. Bridges/ DAVID L. BRIDGES JUSTICE
160068F.P05
–6– S Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
WHEEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC., On Appeal from the County Court at Law Appellant No. 5, Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. CC-13-04344-E. No. 05-16-00068-CV V. Opinion delivered by Justice Bridges. Justices Evans and Schenck participating. EDGAR GONZALEZ, Appellee
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.
It is ORDERED that appellee EDGAR GONZALEZ recover his costs of this appeal from appellant WHEEL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Judgment entered this 8th day of February, 2017.
–7–