DeNNY, C.J.
The intent of the testator is the polar star that must-guide the courts in the interpretation of a will.
VonCannon v. Hudson Belk Co.,
236 N.C. 709, 73 S.E. 2d 875, and cited cases. This intent is to be gathered from a consideration of the will from its four corners, and such intent should be given effect unless contrary to some rule of law or at variance with public policy.
House v. House,
231 N.C. 218, 56 S.E. 2d 695;
Williams v. Rand,
223 N.C. 734, 28 S.E. 2d 247;
Heyer v. Bulluck,
210 N.C. 321, 186 S.E. 356.
In order to understand conditions as they existed at the time A. J. Furr executed his will, we think it appropriate to note these further
facts: A. J. Furr was born 3 March 1842 and later married Julia E. Furr, to which union the plaintiffs and their ancestors were born. Julia E. Furr died 15 October 1891. On 19 April 1893, A. J. Furr married Lenora Allen. To this union no children were born, but Lenora Allen Furr helped the testator, A. J. Furr, rear the children born of his first marriage. Lenora Furr was bom 22 July 1865, and was nearly 23% years younger than her husband, A. J. Furr. When A. J. Furr executed his will, all his children were grown and had homes of their own. He made a small bequest to each of them, to be paid out of his estate. The primary objects of his bounty were his young wife, who was only 41 years of age at the time of his death, and Sherwood T. Creel, a young orphan boy he and his second wife were rearing. He gave all of his property to his wife for life, subject to the legacies made to his children, and the remainder at her death to Sherwood T. Creel on certain conditions; or, if Sherwood T. Creel should predecease his wife, then he gave to his wife the right .to dispose of the estate devised to Sherwood T. Creel “by her Last Will and Testament as though it were her property.” Sherwood T. Creel died shortly after the death of A. J. Furr and during the lifetime of the testator’s wife. Young Creel having never married, the testator’s wife, Lenora Furr, became vested with the power to dispose of the estate involved in the manner set out in the will of A. J. Furr.
Since the holder of the power of appointment held the life estate in the land involved, her power was one in gross, which is defined in 41 Am. Jur., Power, § 5, at page 809, as follows: “* * A power in gross exists where the person to whom it is given has an estate in the land, but the estate to be created under or by virtue of the power is not to take effect in possession until after the determination of the estate to which it relates. * * *”
Even so, the power to dispose of the. estate devised to Sherwood T, Creel did not enlarge the life estate of Lenora Furr so as to give her a fee in the lands involved. Her life estate was property, but her right to dispose of the property in the manner authorized by the will of A. J. Furr was only a power.
Hardee v. Rivers,
228 N.C. 66, 44 S.E. 2d 476;
Holland v. Smith,
224 N.C. 255, 29 S.E. 2d 888;
Smith v. Mears,
218 N.C. 193, 10 S.E. 2d 659.
On 13 October 1907, Lenora Furr married George W. Scott and lived with him as his wife until 26 June 1940, when George W. Scott died.
On 11 June 1946, some years after the death of her last husband, Lenora Furr Scott executed a deed to Clarence Hasty and wife for the 83% acre tract of land, which deed purported to convey a fee simple title to the premises. Thereafter, on 23 October 1950, she executed a deed to Claude W. Drake and wife for the 48-65/100 acre tract in
which she reserved a life estate. Later, on 11 June 1955, she executed another deed purporting to convey to Claude W. Drake and wife a fee simple title to the 48-65/100 acre tract in which she did not reserve her life estate.
Lenora Furr Scott died on 31 May 1957 at the age of nearly 92, leaving a last will and testament dated 1 May 1952 in which she devised all of her “real estate of every kind and description that I may die seized of or privileged to dispose of by will or otherwise, to Claude DraKe, absolutely and in fee simple.”
The facts in this case raise two questions which must be resolved on this appeal. (1) Did the deeds executed by the donee of the power of appointment constitute a release of the power? (2) If so, were the deeds valid to convey a fee simple title to the property involved? In our opinion, both questions must be answered in the negative.
In this jurisdiction, the donee of a power of appointment exercisable by deed or will, may be released in the manner set out in G.S. 39-33. However, the release of such power is not limited to the manner provided in G.S. 39-33. See G.S. 39-34.
It is stated in American Law of Property, Yol. V, § 23.29, at page 539:
“* * * The Restatement lists three methods by which a release may be effected but it should be noted that there is no implication that other forms of release may not be utilized. The methods listed are (1) by the donee’s delivering, to some person who would be adversely affected by an exercise of the power, an instrument for consideration or under seal, (2) by the donee’s joining with some or all of the takers in default in a conveyance of the appointive interest and (3) by the donee’s contracting, with some person who would be adversely affected by an exercise of the power, not to exercise it.”
None of the deeds executed by the donee herein was joined in by or executed to any person who would have been adversely affected by the exercise of the power. Therefore, we hold there was no release or estoppel as there was in the case of
VonCannon v. Hudson Belk Co., supra.
It is generally held that where a power is to be executed by will, it cannot be executed by any act to take effect in the lifetime of the donee.
Reid v. Boushall,
107 N.C. 345, 12 S.E. 324; 4 Kent Com. 331;
Newton v. Bullard,
181 Ga. 448, 182 S.E. 614;
Green v. Green,
90 U.S. 486, 23 L. Ed. 75.
In 72 C.J.S., Powers, § 38, page 435, it is said: “A power must be exercised in accordance with the terms of the grant of power, and so,
when a certain mode of executing it is prescribed by the donor, the donee has no authority to execute it in any other mode. * * *”
Likewise, in 96 C.J.S., Wills, § 1070(d), page 727, we find this statement: “A testamentary power may be exercised only in such mode and manner as may be designated or prescribed by the will creating and conferring the power, and an attempt to exercise it in any other mode or manner is ineffectual. * *”
Lamkin v. Safe Deposit & Trust Co.,
192 Md. 472, 64 A. 2d 704;
Fidelity Union Trust Co. v. Caldwell,
137 N.J.Eq. 362, 44 A. 2d 842;
Matter of Kennedy,
279 N.Y. 255, 18 N.E. 2d 146;
De Charette v. De Charette,
264 Ky. 525, 94 S.W. 2d 1018.
In
Newton v. Bullard, supra,
the donee was conveyed a life estate in certain lands by deed and the same instrument conferred upon the donee, Julia S.
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DeNNY, C.J.
The intent of the testator is the polar star that must-guide the courts in the interpretation of a will.
VonCannon v. Hudson Belk Co.,
236 N.C. 709, 73 S.E. 2d 875, and cited cases. This intent is to be gathered from a consideration of the will from its four corners, and such intent should be given effect unless contrary to some rule of law or at variance with public policy.
House v. House,
231 N.C. 218, 56 S.E. 2d 695;
Williams v. Rand,
223 N.C. 734, 28 S.E. 2d 247;
Heyer v. Bulluck,
210 N.C. 321, 186 S.E. 356.
In order to understand conditions as they existed at the time A. J. Furr executed his will, we think it appropriate to note these further
facts: A. J. Furr was born 3 March 1842 and later married Julia E. Furr, to which union the plaintiffs and their ancestors were born. Julia E. Furr died 15 October 1891. On 19 April 1893, A. J. Furr married Lenora Allen. To this union no children were born, but Lenora Allen Furr helped the testator, A. J. Furr, rear the children born of his first marriage. Lenora Furr was bom 22 July 1865, and was nearly 23% years younger than her husband, A. J. Furr. When A. J. Furr executed his will, all his children were grown and had homes of their own. He made a small bequest to each of them, to be paid out of his estate. The primary objects of his bounty were his young wife, who was only 41 years of age at the time of his death, and Sherwood T. Creel, a young orphan boy he and his second wife were rearing. He gave all of his property to his wife for life, subject to the legacies made to his children, and the remainder at her death to Sherwood T. Creel on certain conditions; or, if Sherwood T. Creel should predecease his wife, then he gave to his wife the right .to dispose of the estate devised to Sherwood T. Creel “by her Last Will and Testament as though it were her property.” Sherwood T. Creel died shortly after the death of A. J. Furr and during the lifetime of the testator’s wife. Young Creel having never married, the testator’s wife, Lenora Furr, became vested with the power to dispose of the estate involved in the manner set out in the will of A. J. Furr.
Since the holder of the power of appointment held the life estate in the land involved, her power was one in gross, which is defined in 41 Am. Jur., Power, § 5, at page 809, as follows: “* * A power in gross exists where the person to whom it is given has an estate in the land, but the estate to be created under or by virtue of the power is not to take effect in possession until after the determination of the estate to which it relates. * * *”
Even so, the power to dispose of the. estate devised to Sherwood T, Creel did not enlarge the life estate of Lenora Furr so as to give her a fee in the lands involved. Her life estate was property, but her right to dispose of the property in the manner authorized by the will of A. J. Furr was only a power.
Hardee v. Rivers,
228 N.C. 66, 44 S.E. 2d 476;
Holland v. Smith,
224 N.C. 255, 29 S.E. 2d 888;
Smith v. Mears,
218 N.C. 193, 10 S.E. 2d 659.
On 13 October 1907, Lenora Furr married George W. Scott and lived with him as his wife until 26 June 1940, when George W. Scott died.
On 11 June 1946, some years after the death of her last husband, Lenora Furr Scott executed a deed to Clarence Hasty and wife for the 83% acre tract of land, which deed purported to convey a fee simple title to the premises. Thereafter, on 23 October 1950, she executed a deed to Claude W. Drake and wife for the 48-65/100 acre tract in
which she reserved a life estate. Later, on 11 June 1955, she executed another deed purporting to convey to Claude W. Drake and wife a fee simple title to the 48-65/100 acre tract in which she did not reserve her life estate.
Lenora Furr Scott died on 31 May 1957 at the age of nearly 92, leaving a last will and testament dated 1 May 1952 in which she devised all of her “real estate of every kind and description that I may die seized of or privileged to dispose of by will or otherwise, to Claude DraKe, absolutely and in fee simple.”
The facts in this case raise two questions which must be resolved on this appeal. (1) Did the deeds executed by the donee of the power of appointment constitute a release of the power? (2) If so, were the deeds valid to convey a fee simple title to the property involved? In our opinion, both questions must be answered in the negative.
In this jurisdiction, the donee of a power of appointment exercisable by deed or will, may be released in the manner set out in G.S. 39-33. However, the release of such power is not limited to the manner provided in G.S. 39-33. See G.S. 39-34.
It is stated in American Law of Property, Yol. V, § 23.29, at page 539:
“* * * The Restatement lists three methods by which a release may be effected but it should be noted that there is no implication that other forms of release may not be utilized. The methods listed are (1) by the donee’s delivering, to some person who would be adversely affected by an exercise of the power, an instrument for consideration or under seal, (2) by the donee’s joining with some or all of the takers in default in a conveyance of the appointive interest and (3) by the donee’s contracting, with some person who would be adversely affected by an exercise of the power, not to exercise it.”
None of the deeds executed by the donee herein was joined in by or executed to any person who would have been adversely affected by the exercise of the power. Therefore, we hold there was no release or estoppel as there was in the case of
VonCannon v. Hudson Belk Co., supra.
It is generally held that where a power is to be executed by will, it cannot be executed by any act to take effect in the lifetime of the donee.
Reid v. Boushall,
107 N.C. 345, 12 S.E. 324; 4 Kent Com. 331;
Newton v. Bullard,
181 Ga. 448, 182 S.E. 614;
Green v. Green,
90 U.S. 486, 23 L. Ed. 75.
In 72 C.J.S., Powers, § 38, page 435, it is said: “A power must be exercised in accordance with the terms of the grant of power, and so,
when a certain mode of executing it is prescribed by the donor, the donee has no authority to execute it in any other mode. * * *”
Likewise, in 96 C.J.S., Wills, § 1070(d), page 727, we find this statement: “A testamentary power may be exercised only in such mode and manner as may be designated or prescribed by the will creating and conferring the power, and an attempt to exercise it in any other mode or manner is ineffectual. * *”
Lamkin v. Safe Deposit & Trust Co.,
192 Md. 472, 64 A. 2d 704;
Fidelity Union Trust Co. v. Caldwell,
137 N.J.Eq. 362, 44 A. 2d 842;
Matter of Kennedy,
279 N.Y. 255, 18 N.E. 2d 146;
De Charette v. De Charette,
264 Ky. 525, 94 S.W. 2d 1018.
In
Newton v. Bullard, supra,
the donee was conveyed a life estate in certain lands by deed and the same instrument conferred upon the donee, Julia S. Newton, the power to appoint by will the person or persons to take the remainder. The donee, on 8 November 1894, executed a deed purporting to sell and convey the premises to Otis M. Newton. Thereafter, on 13 June 1902, Otis M. Newton purported to convey the premises by deed to W. H. Bullard. Julia S. Newton died in 1928 leaving a last will and testament in which she devised the property to Otis M. Newton. The Supreme Court of Georgia said:
* * Since the deed from Mary F. Newton conferred the power to make an appointment by will only, Julia F.
(sic)
Newton, the conferee, was limited strictly to this method, and her effort to exercise the power otherwise than by a will was nugatory.
Porter v. Thomas,
23 Ga. 467 (3);
Fleming v. Fountain,
73 Ga. 575;
Wilder v. Holland,
102 Ga. 44, 29 S.E. 134. Accordingly, the deed executed by Julia S. Newton to Otis M. Newton in 1894 was void except as a conveyance of the life estate, and such life estate was all that was conveyed by Otis M. Newton to W. H. Bullard by his deed to Bullard executed in 1902.
Howard v. Henderson,
142 Ga. 1, 4, 82 S.E. 292. Each of the two instruments last referred to attempted to convey more than a life estate, but each was ineffectual for such purpose; and at the time of the deed to Bullard there was no contingency under which Otis M. Newton, the grantor, could ever acquire an additional interest, except that the power of appointment vested in Julia S. Newton might be exercised in his favor. This was a mere possibility, which could not be conveyed. Code 1933, §§ 96-102, 29-103;
Dailey v. Springfield,
144 Ga. 395, 87 S.E. 479, Ann. Cas. 1917D, 943. It is true that Julia S. Newton had theretofore attempted to exercise the power in favor of Otis M. Newton by means of a deed, and also that she had executed her will naming him as. the appointee in terms of the power; but since the deed was to that extent void, and since the
will was revocable at any time, no legal title or interest in remainder passed to Otis M. Newton by either of these instruments. Some moral duty may have rested upon Julia S. Newton to make an appointment by will in accordance with her previous deed; but this duty was unenforceable in law, and its existence did not inure to Otis M. Newton as an interest in the property.
“Otis M. Newton died in 1915, while the will continued to be subject to change or revocation until the death of Julia S. Newton in 1928. * * Notwithstanding the will was never revoked and was duly probated after the death of Julia S. Newton, it did not take effect until her death. * * * Since Otis M. Newton was dead at that time, no title or interest ever vested in him by virtue of the appointment as finally made in the will. What, then, became of the remainder interest? ‘If a legatee shall die before the testator, or if dead when the will is executed, but shall have issue living at the death of the testator, such legacy, if absolute and without remainder or limitation, shall not lapse, but shall vest in the issue in the same proportions- as if 'inherited directly from their deceased ancestor.’ Code 1933, § 113-812. * * *”
The Court further held:
“There is no merit in the contention that since Otis M. Newton would have been estopped to assert an after-acquired title as against his grantee, Bullard, Mary Marlin Newton, as his sole heir at law, should be likewise estopped. *”
We hold that the deeds executed by Lenora Furr Scott, purporting to convey the fee simple title to the tracts of land involved, were ineffectual to convey any interest in said tracts of land other than the life estate held by the grantor.
We further hold that the last will and testament of Lenora Furr Scott, in which she devised to Claude Drake in fee simple all the real estate of every kind and description of which she died seized or privileged to dispose of by will or otherwise, vested in Claude Drake the fee simple title to the two tracts of land involved.
The plaintiffs have no right, title or interest in the said lands, and the judgment entered below to the contrary is
Reversed.