By the Court,
WHITMAN, J.:
The appellant seeks an injunction against respondent, to restrain it from prosecuting the business of telegraphy in the State of Nevada, claiming to be the present proprietor of the exclusive right thereto, as lessee of the assignee of one Watson, franchisee under an Act of the Legislature of the Territory of Nevada.
This appeal is from an order of the District Court refusing a temporary injunction. Several objections are made to the present validity of the franchise, all of which, with the exception of these immediately hereafter noted, are fully obviated by the certificate of the Governor, made conclusive by the terms of the Act referred to. It is claimed that the lessor of appellant, the California State Telegraph Company, did not succeed to the rights of Watson; the proof on the point shows that it did. Finally, it is objected that as the Act in question is an attempt to regulate commerce between States, it is an invasion, of the exclusive powers of Congress over such matters. Admitting for the present, that such was the intention and effect of the statute, and without any minute recital of Authorities, or extended argument, suffice it to say, that upon careful review of the cases touching the question, the conclusion reached in Ex parte Crandall, (1 Nev. 294) is still maintained, and that not only the weight of authority but principle sustains the opinion, that the authority of Congress as.to such regulation is not exclusive, but that a State may properly enact laws regulating commerce between itself and other States, in the. absence of Congressional legislation^ subject always to the paramount authority of that body when exercised upon the matter. .
The last published case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, where the point was involved, makes the distinction that in some cases of the' regulation of commerce the power of Congress is exclusive; in others, not. That seems to be an admission of the proposition that in the strict use of terms it is not an [107]*107exclusive power. ( Crandall v. State of Nevada, 6 Wallace, 35.) This investigation in the present case becomes material only in view of the plaintiff’s right to bring any action, as Congress has passed an Act (14 U. S. Stats, at Large, 221) which, if held to be a regulation of commerce, brings the parties within an undisputed rule. Whatever doubts may have existed as to the power of the several States to regulate commerce between their own citizens and the citizens of other States, in the absence of legislation on that subject by the Congress of the United States, it has never been seriously questioned, that when Congress in the exercise of its constitututional right, does legislate on that particular subject, its authority is paramount, and its enactments supersede all'State legislation thereon. Conceding, then, plaintiff’s right of action, unless defeated by the Act of Congress cited, it becomes material to inquire whether such Act is a regulation of commerce. The Act is as follows:
“ An Act to Aid in the Construction or Telegrapii Lines, and to Secure to the Government the Use or tiie same eor Postal, Military, and other Purposes.
“ Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That any telegraph company .now organized, or which may hereafter be organized, under the laws of any State in this Union, shall have the right to construct, maintain, and operate lines of telegraph through and over any portion of the public domain of the United States, over and along any of the military or post roads of the United States, which have been, or may hereafter be declared such by Act of Congress, and over, under, or across the navigable streams or waters of the United States: provided, that such lines., of telegraph shall be so constructed and maintained as not to obstruct the navigation of such streams and waters, or interfere with the ordinary travel on such military or post roads, and any of such companies shall have i¿he right to take and use from such public lands the necessary stone, timber, and other materials, for its posts, piers, stations, and other needful uses in the construction, maintenance, and operation of said lines of telegraph, [108]*108and may preempt and use such portion of the unoccupied public lands subject to preemption through which its said lines of telegraph may be located as may be necessary for its -stations, not exceeding forty acres for each station, but such stations shall not be within fifteen miles of each other.
“ Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That telegraphic communications between the several departments of the Government of the United States and their officers and agents shall, in their transmission over the lines of any of said companies, have priority over all other business, and shall be sent at rates to be annually fixed by the Postmaster-General.
“ Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That the rights and privileges hereby granted shall not be transferred by any company acting under this Act to any other corporation, association, or person: provided, however, that the United States may at any time after the expiration of five' years from the date of the .passage of this Act, for postal, military, or other purposes, purchase all the telegraph lines, property, and effects, of any or all of said companies, at an appraised value, to be ascertained by five competent, disinterested persons, two of whom shall be selected by the Postmaster-General of the United States, two by the company interested, and one by the four so previously selected.
“ Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That before any telegraph company shall exercise any of the powers or privileges conferred by this Act, such company shall file their written acceptance with the Postmaster-General, of the restrictions and obligations required by this Act.”
Congress has power “ to regulate commerce with-foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes.” (U. S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.)
What is commerce ? “ Commerce is intercourse,” say writers and judges. There is no need to attempt here any definition of the word “ intercourse,” nor to consider whether it was used with or without limitation: and if with limitation, what; for the Supreme. Court of the United States, by one of its ablest members, has given a plain and comprehensive exposition of the term “ commerce,” less general than the mere word “ intercourse ” used, without qualifica[109]*109tion, but sufficient to include all the ramifications of commerce. Says Marshall, C. J.: “ It describes the'commercial intercourse between nations, and parts of nations, in all its branches, and is regulated by prescribing rules for carrying on that intercourse.” ( Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheaton, 1.) Is telegraphy any branch of commercial intercourse ? To ask the question is to answer it. So interwoven has the custom of communication by telegraph become with "trade and traffic, that to separate it without serious disturbance of vast trade relations and financial transactions, would be a task as difficult as to cut the pound of flesh- without a single drop of blood. It is the life and soul of civilized commercial transactions; many of the most important are daily ruled by telegraph.
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By the Court,
WHITMAN, J.:
The appellant seeks an injunction against respondent, to restrain it from prosecuting the business of telegraphy in the State of Nevada, claiming to be the present proprietor of the exclusive right thereto, as lessee of the assignee of one Watson, franchisee under an Act of the Legislature of the Territory of Nevada.
This appeal is from an order of the District Court refusing a temporary injunction. Several objections are made to the present validity of the franchise, all of which, with the exception of these immediately hereafter noted, are fully obviated by the certificate of the Governor, made conclusive by the terms of the Act referred to. It is claimed that the lessor of appellant, the California State Telegraph Company, did not succeed to the rights of Watson; the proof on the point shows that it did. Finally, it is objected that as the Act in question is an attempt to regulate commerce between States, it is an invasion, of the exclusive powers of Congress over such matters. Admitting for the present, that such was the intention and effect of the statute, and without any minute recital of Authorities, or extended argument, suffice it to say, that upon careful review of the cases touching the question, the conclusion reached in Ex parte Crandall, (1 Nev. 294) is still maintained, and that not only the weight of authority but principle sustains the opinion, that the authority of Congress as.to such regulation is not exclusive, but that a State may properly enact laws regulating commerce between itself and other States, in the. absence of Congressional legislation^ subject always to the paramount authority of that body when exercised upon the matter. .
The last published case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, where the point was involved, makes the distinction that in some cases of the' regulation of commerce the power of Congress is exclusive; in others, not. That seems to be an admission of the proposition that in the strict use of terms it is not an [107]*107exclusive power. ( Crandall v. State of Nevada, 6 Wallace, 35.) This investigation in the present case becomes material only in view of the plaintiff’s right to bring any action, as Congress has passed an Act (14 U. S. Stats, at Large, 221) which, if held to be a regulation of commerce, brings the parties within an undisputed rule. Whatever doubts may have existed as to the power of the several States to regulate commerce between their own citizens and the citizens of other States, in the absence of legislation on that subject by the Congress of the United States, it has never been seriously questioned, that when Congress in the exercise of its constitututional right, does legislate on that particular subject, its authority is paramount, and its enactments supersede all'State legislation thereon. Conceding, then, plaintiff’s right of action, unless defeated by the Act of Congress cited, it becomes material to inquire whether such Act is a regulation of commerce. The Act is as follows:
“ An Act to Aid in the Construction or Telegrapii Lines, and to Secure to the Government the Use or tiie same eor Postal, Military, and other Purposes.
“ Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That any telegraph company .now organized, or which may hereafter be organized, under the laws of any State in this Union, shall have the right to construct, maintain, and operate lines of telegraph through and over any portion of the public domain of the United States, over and along any of the military or post roads of the United States, which have been, or may hereafter be declared such by Act of Congress, and over, under, or across the navigable streams or waters of the United States: provided, that such lines., of telegraph shall be so constructed and maintained as not to obstruct the navigation of such streams and waters, or interfere with the ordinary travel on such military or post roads, and any of such companies shall have i¿he right to take and use from such public lands the necessary stone, timber, and other materials, for its posts, piers, stations, and other needful uses in the construction, maintenance, and operation of said lines of telegraph, [108]*108and may preempt and use such portion of the unoccupied public lands subject to preemption through which its said lines of telegraph may be located as may be necessary for its -stations, not exceeding forty acres for each station, but such stations shall not be within fifteen miles of each other.
“ Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That telegraphic communications between the several departments of the Government of the United States and their officers and agents shall, in their transmission over the lines of any of said companies, have priority over all other business, and shall be sent at rates to be annually fixed by the Postmaster-General.
“ Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That the rights and privileges hereby granted shall not be transferred by any company acting under this Act to any other corporation, association, or person: provided, however, that the United States may at any time after the expiration of five' years from the date of the .passage of this Act, for postal, military, or other purposes, purchase all the telegraph lines, property, and effects, of any or all of said companies, at an appraised value, to be ascertained by five competent, disinterested persons, two of whom shall be selected by the Postmaster-General of the United States, two by the company interested, and one by the four so previously selected.
“ Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That before any telegraph company shall exercise any of the powers or privileges conferred by this Act, such company shall file their written acceptance with the Postmaster-General, of the restrictions and obligations required by this Act.”
Congress has power “ to regulate commerce with-foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes.” (U. S. Const., Art. I, Sec. 8.)
What is commerce ? “ Commerce is intercourse,” say writers and judges. There is no need to attempt here any definition of the word “ intercourse,” nor to consider whether it was used with or without limitation: and if with limitation, what; for the Supreme. Court of the United States, by one of its ablest members, has given a plain and comprehensive exposition of the term “ commerce,” less general than the mere word “ intercourse ” used, without qualifica[109]*109tion, but sufficient to include all the ramifications of commerce. Says Marshall, C. J.: “ It describes the'commercial intercourse between nations, and parts of nations, in all its branches, and is regulated by prescribing rules for carrying on that intercourse.” ( Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheaton, 1.) Is telegraphy any branch of commercial intercourse ? To ask the question is to answer it. So interwoven has the custom of communication by telegraph become with "trade and traffic, that to separate it without serious disturbance of vast trade relations and financial transactions, would be a task as difficult as to cut the pound of flesh- without a single drop of blood. It is the life and soul of civilized commercial transactions; many of the most important are daily ruled by telegraph. The banker, the - merchant, the farmer, the broker, all traders depend upon the telegraph for speedy information and means of intercourse in their various business and traffic. If the ship that carries the cargo comes within the' constitutional power of Congress to regulate commerce, as it confessedly does, as a means of commercial intercourse, certainly the instrumentality through which is directed the lading, sailing, and unlading of the ship, the purchase and sale of the cargo, and all the minutise of the venture and the voyage, is equally a means, only of a higher and more advanced grade.
Commerce, though it would be seriously crippled, could exist without telegraphy, as it might without many of its favoring incidents ; but it is one of the adaptations of modern science, so simple in its grandeur as to be already accepted almost without wonder, but which the slightest reflection teaches is of such vast utility that it can hardly be too highly prized, nor can any unlawful infringement upon its free use and enjoyment be too carefully guarded against.
Does the Act of Congress attempt to regulate this branch of commercial intercourse? On the part of appellant it is claimed not, because no specific rules are prescribed for its exercise. The Act gives to any telegraph company the right to construct, maintain, and operate telegraph lines on the public lands of the United States, and along the post and military roads, upon evidence of acceptance of its terms under speeified restrictions, and for certain compensation, which is the-priority of Government messages, and [110]*110the privilege of purchase, at option, by the United States, at any time after the expiration of five years. To that extent, then, there is regulation; the right is given by rule, and limited by rule, certainly as much regulated as the licensing or registering of vessels. By obtaining a license under certain terms, an owner may navigate his vessel between specified State ports, and traverse designated watei’S. A register gives other and greater privileges, under other and peculiar restrictions; both are regulations of commerce. In the particular matter in question, the Congress could undoubtedly exercise greater power, and still further regulate, but any. regulation is sufficient to supercede State legislation, and the right granted to all overrules any exclusive privilege given by any State or Territory to one. Has the defendant brought itself within the Act ? As a matter of fact it may have done so — probably has, but it failed to make the requisite proof in the District Court.
It is possible that the letter from the Postmaster-General would have been sufficient, had his signature been authenticated; but the regular and proper mode would require a certified copy of the acceptance, filed under the seal of the department. This, not that the Court might judge of the sufficiency of the acceptance, but that it might be satisfied that the United States Government, through the agent appointed, held in the records of the postal department, what it considered • an acceptance under the Act of Congress, and that consequently the party filing the same had complied therewith, and was qualified to act thereunder. Without this proof, defendant stood in Court a trespasser upon the exclusive franchise of appellant, as only by virtue" of lawful proceeding could any right be acquired against it. Right upon the other points considered, the District Court erred in this, and unless the case was held open for further evidence, should have granted the temporary injunction, “ or injunction pending the suit.”
Its order is reversed, and the cause remanded.