Western Towboat Company v. Vigor Marine LLC

• Court: District Court, W.D. Washington
• Decided: April 5, 2024
• Docket: 2:20-cv-00416
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 7 AT SEATTLE

8 WESTERN TOWBOAT COMPANY, Case No. C20-416-RSM 9 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART 10 DEFEDANT’S MOTION FOR ATTORNEY FEES AND COSTS 11 v. AND DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR POST-JUDGMENT 12 VIGOR MARINE, LLC, DISCOVERY

Defendant. 13

14 I. INTRODUCTION 15 This matter comes before the court on Defendant Vigor Marine, LLC (“Vigor”)’s Motion 16 for Attorney Fees and Costs, Dkt. #134. Plaintiff Western Towboat Company (“Western”) 17 opposes the Motion. Dkt. #136. If the Court grants Vigor’s attorney fees request, however, 18 Western has filed and asks the Court to consider its “Motion to Permit Post-Judgment 19 Discovery,” Dkt. #139. For the reasons stated below, the Court GRANTS IN PART Vigor’s 20 Motion and DENIES Western’s Motion. 21 II. BACKGROUND 22 This case arose out of the sinking of the YFD-70 Drydock (“drydock”), approximately 23 .92 nautical miles inside the Monterey Bay Marine Sanctuary on October 26, 2016. Dkt. #42-19 24 1 at 12; Dkt. #42-23 at 3. Vigor owns and operates shipyards that utilize drydocks; Western owns and operates tugboats, including the OCEAN RANGER. Dkt. #75 at 3. On April 14 ,206, Vigor 2 sold a decommissioned drydock to Amaya Curiel Corporation (“Amaya Curiel”). Dkt. #113 at 3 2. 4 On October 4, 2016, Western and Vigor entered into an agreement (“the Tow 5 Agreement”) providing that Western tow the Drydock from Seattle to Amaya Curiel’s shipyard 6 in Ensenada, Mexico. Id. The Tow Agreement stated that Vigor would pay a lump sum hire of 7 $142,800 in additional to fuel charges. Id. The Tow Agreement also required Vigor to “use due 8 diligence to tender the [drydock] in a seaworthy condition.” Id. 9 On October 7, 2016, the tow commenced from Seattle with Western’s tug OCEAN 10 RANGER towing the drydock. Id. at 3. By early morning of October 26, 2016, the drydock was 11 about .92 mils inside the border of the Monterey Bay Marine Sanctuary, at which point the 12 OCEAN RANGER released the drydock, and the drydock sank. Id. 13 In a letter dated January 19, 2021, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric 14 Administration (“NOAA”) advised Vigor, Western, and Amaya Curiel of their potential liability 15 under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (“NMSA”) for damages arising from the drydock’s 16 sinking in the Marine Sanctuary and invited them to “work cooperatively” with NOAA to 17 complete an injury assessment, develop restoration actions, and assist with restoring injured 18 sanctuary resources. Id. In response to NOAA’s investigation, Vigor chartered a research vessel 19 and a Remote Operated Vehicle to survey the ocean floor to confirm the drydock’s location. Id. 20 Western filed this action against Vigor on March 16, 2020, alleging breach of maritime 21 contract to recover the $187,462.01 Vigor owed Western for its tug services under the Tow 22 Agreement. Dkt. #1. Western also sought a declaratory judgment that Western was not 23 responsible for the sinking of the drydock in the Marine Sanctuary, thereby exculpating it from 24 1 liability to the United States in any forthcoming enforcement action under the NMSA. Id. at ¶¶ 24-26. Vigor counterclaimed for breach of maritime contract based on Western’s alleged failure 2 to render reasonable assistance in the event the drydock became “disabled . . . or otherwise unable 3 to continue the voyage,” causing Vigor to incur costs to cooperate with NOAA and creating 4 potential liability to the United States under the NMSA. Dkt. #15 at ¶¶ 26-38. Vigor also 5 counterclaimed for general maritime negligence based on Western’s failure to exercise 6 reasonable care in towing the sinking drydock into the Marine Sanctuary and for unjust 7 enrichment on the costs Vigor expended to cooperate with NOAA. Id. at ¶¶ 33-35, 40-45. 8 On June 21, 2021, this Court concluded as a matter of law that Western failed to exercise 9 prudent seamanship by releasing the drydock inside the Marine Sanctuary. Dkt. #77. 10 Accordingly, the Court granted summary judgment on Western’s counterclaim for maritime 11 negligence. Id. at 38. The Court likewise concluded that, to the extent the parties sought 12 preemptive relief from liability to the United States under the NMSA, such claims were properly 13 dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Id. Furthermore, in its Order on the parties’ 14 post-trial briefing, the Court concluded that Vigor could not collect from Western those costs 15 already reimbursed by Vigor’s insurers. Dkt. #108 at 10. 16 Between June 28 and July 7, 2021, the Court conducted a bench trial on the parties’ 17 crossclaims for breach of contract under the Tow Agreement and the question of Vigor’s 18 comparative negligence with respect to the drydock’s sinking. Dkts. #91-94, #96. On October 19 27, 2021, the parties presented their oral arguments. Dkt. #109. On December 16, 2021, the 20 Court issued its Bench Order, Findings of Fact, and Conclusions of Law pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. 21 P. 52(a). Dkt. #113. On Western’s breach of contract claim, the Court found that Western could 22 not recover the lump sum hire owed under the Tow Agreement due to its negligence contributing 23 to the drydock’s sinking. Id. at 30-33. On Vigor’s breach of contract counterclaim, the Court 24 1 found that Western did not breach the Tow Agreement for failure to render reasonable assistance to the Tow when it developed a list. Id. at 33-34. Finally, on Vigor’s negligence counterclaim, 2 the Court limited Vigor’s recovery by 60% to account for its contribution of fault, thus awarding 3 Vigor $40,000 in damages of the $100,000 Vigor sustained because of the drydock’s sinking in 4 the Marine Sanctuary. Id. at 34-35. 5 On January 13, 2022, Vigor filed a Motion for Attorney Fees. Dkt. #117. On January 6 21, 2022, Western filed its own Motion for Attorney Fees. Dkt. #120. On May 12, 2023, this 7 Court granted Vigor’s Motion for Attorney Fees and denied Western’s Motion, concluding that 8 Vigor was the substantially prevailing party and entitled to recover its reasonable attorney fees 9 under the Tow Agreement. Dkt. #133. 10 On June 1, 2023, Vigor again filed a Motion for Attorney Fees and Costs, requesting 11 $1,461,393.90 in attorney fees and $111,063.13 in costs. Dkt. #134. In its Response, Western 12 argues that the Court should deny Vigor’s Motion. Dkt. 136. However, if the Court grants Vigor’s 13 Motion, Western has also filed a “Motion to Permit Post-Judgment Discovery” to clarify Vigor’s 14 submissions, or, if the Court denies discovery, requests an evidentiary hearing instead. Id. at 14- 15 15; Dkt. #139. 16 III. DISCUSSION 17 Washington law generally provides for an award of attorney’s fees when authorized by 18 contract, statute, or a recognized ground of equity. Labriola v. Pollard Grp., Inc., 152 Wn.2d 19 828, 839 (2004). Whether a specific statute, contractual provision, or recognized ground in 20 equity authorizes an award of fees is a question of law. Tradewell Grp., Inc. v. Mavis, 71 Wn. 21 App. 120, 126 (1993). 22 Vigor argues that the requested fees and costs are reasonable due to the complexity of the 23 case, especially with the potential NOAA liability that was not dismissed until just before trial. 24 1 Dkt. #134 at 3. Furthermore, Vigor states that it already “excluded over $190,000.00 in time/legal fees that were spent/incurred cooperating with NOAA or preparing for and negotiating 2 resolution of Vigor’s potential liability to the Federal Government arising out of the drydock’s 3 sinking.” Id. 4 Western argues that there are no fees to award because Vigor’s underwriters already paid 5 these fees, and this Court should determine that Vigor cannot recover fees paid by insurance just 6 as the Court ruled concerning damages and costs. Dkt. #136 at 1-2. Western further argues that 7 these fees are “wildly disproportionate to the scope of litigation” because Vigor “overstaffed” 8 what was “only a $187,000 contract claim and a Vigor counterclaim[.]” Id. at 7-8. Western also 9 argues that Vigor failed to segregate its claims, charged unreasonable costs, and is wrongfully 10 attempting to collect fees that its attorneys wrote-off. Id. at 10-14. The Court addresses 11 Western’s arguments in turn below. 12 A. Fees Paid by Insurance 13 Western first argues that there are no fees to award Vigor because “Vigor’s underwriters 14 have paid everything above $100,000.” Id. at 1-2. Concerning damages, this Court determined 15 that Vigor’s insurance had paid for damages over Vigor’s $100,000 deductible, and because the 16 insurance procured was agreed upon by both parties, thus mutually beneficial, Vigor was only 17 entitled to its deductible less its 60% negligence contribution. Dkt. #115. Western argues that 18 Vigor’s attorney fees and costs were already accounted for in these damages. Dkt. #136 at 1-2. 19 Vigor contends that the Tow Agreement’s clause limiting recoverable damages to the insurance 20 deductible did not limit a separate clause allowing for the prevailing party to recover attorney 21 fees and costs. Dkt. #134 at 4. 22 Many courts have held that where insurance policies did not define “damages” or “losses” 23 or were otherwise ambiguous, a reasonable person would consider damages an insured is required 24 1 to pay in a civil action to include attorney fees, thus an insurer would have to cover the fees. See City of Ypsilanti v. Appalachian Ins. Co., 547 F. Supp. 823 (E.D. Mich. 1982); St. Paul Fire and 2 Marine Ins. Co. v. Hebert Const., Inc., 450 F. Supp. 2d 1214, 1234-35 (W.D. Wash. 2006); 3 Sokolowski ex rel. M.M.&P. Pension Plan v. Aetna Life & Cas. Co., 670 F. Supp. 1199, 1210 4 (S.D.N.Y. 1987). However, these cases addressed ambiguities in insurance contracts, which 5 courts view in favor of the insured, and insurance companies can contractually limit coverage if 6 they so choose, including from covering attorney fees. See Sullivan County, Tenn. V. Home 7 Indem. Co., 925 F.2d 152, 153 (6th Cir. 1991) (holding that an attorneys’ fees award is not a sum 8 insured is legally obligated to pay as damages because of the insurance policy’s specific 9 limitations); see also Board of Cty. Com’rs, etc. v. Guarantee Ins. Co., 90 F.R.D. 405, 407 (D. 10 Colo. 1981) (holding that where the policy defined damages, it was not unambiguous that the 11 policy did not cover other claims). 12 Clause 8 of the Tow Agreement provided that Western and Vigor mutually contracted 13 and considered insurance, which the parties would look to for covering damages. Dkt. #40-1 at 14 4. This is why the Court found that payments by Vigor’s insurers did not comprise benefits from 15 a wholly independent source solely arranged for by Vigor, thus concluding that the collateral 16 source rule applied to Vigor’s damages. Dkt. #108 at 10. Vigor and Western were required to 17 procure insurance per the Tow Agreement, which paid for the wreckage site survey or directly 18 reimbursed Vigor. Id. at 8. However, the Tow Agreement provided in a completely different 19 clause, Clause 15, that “the substantially prevailing party [would be] entitled to recover its 20 reasonable legal fees and costs.” Dkt. #40-1 at 7. Looking within the four corners of the Tow 21 Agreement, Clause 15 is several pages down from Clause 8 and in no way appears to be limited 22 by Clause 8. Dkt. #40-1. Thus, it is no major leap in logic to conclude that Western and Vigor 23 contemplated that, though a party’s damages would be limited by insurance, deductibles, and 24 1 degree of fault (all provided for in Clause 8), the prevailing party would be entitled to recover attorney fees without a supposed windfall. See gen. Abendroth v. Benjamin Ryan Cmtys. LLC, 2 2022 Wl 277713 at *7 (Jan. 31, 2022). Just as insurance companies can limit coverage to not 3 include attorney’s fees, Western could have included attorney’s fees and costs under Clause 8 4 and limited recovery to what insurance did not pay. Western’s own-provided Tow Agreement 5 clearly contemplates both parties being required to procure insurance, limiting damage recovery, 6 and clearly and separately provides that the prevailing party at court may obtain attorney fees 7 and costs. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Clause 15 of the Tow Agreement allows for 8 Vigor’s attorney fees and costs recovery and is not subject to the same limitation as damages 9 provided by Clause 8. 10 Western further argues that Vigor should not be awarded attorney fees due to insurance 11 paying the fees because the Tow Agreement provided that “the substantially prevailing party 12 [would be] entitled to recover its reasonable legal fees and costs.” Dkt. #40-1 at 7 (emphasis 13 added). Western argues that “its” refers to Vigor recovering fees, not underwriters, and Vigor 14 was already provided these fees by insurance. Dkts. #136 at 4-7, 13, #152. Western also argues 15 that Vigor attempts to recover attorney fees that were “write-offs” from Schwabe and are not 16 recoverable. 17 This Court is unconvinced by any of these arguments. The parties’ Tow Agreement 18 provided that the prevailing party (here, Vigor) could recover reasonable attorney fees and costs 19 with no limitations as to what was paid by underwriters. Dkt. #40-1 at 7. “Furthermore, 20 concerning whether [Vigor] incurred the expenses itself is irrelevant to our resolution of this 21 issue, as evidenced by cases which recognize that attorney fees may be awarded to a party who 22 received the assistance of pro bono counsel.” Frank Coluccio Constr. Co., Inc. v. King County, 23 136 Wn. App. 751, 780 (2007) (citing Blair v. Wash. State Univ., 108 Wn.2d 558, 570-71 24 1 (1987)). Concerning “write-offs,” when asked by this Court during oral argument on March 22, 2024, if Vigor was claiming the fees listed in document A2 of $196,937.00 for 308.50 hours of 2 work, Vigor’s attorney said no. Dkt. #152. However, Vigor’s requested attorney fees of 3 $1,461,393.90 includes these fees. See Dkts. #134, #140. Therefore, these “write-off” fees are 4 not part of this discussion, and the Court accordingly deducts these fees from the total award. 5 B. Reasonableness of Fees 6 District courts have broad discretion to determine the reasonableness of fees. Gates v. 7 Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1398 (9th Cir. 1992). To make this determination, courts determine 8 the “lodestar amount,” which is calculated by multiplying the number of hours reasonably 9 expended by a reasonable hourly rate. Camacho v. Bridgeport Fin., Inc., 523 F.3d 973, 978 (9th 10 Cir. 2008). The lodestar figure is presumptively a reasonable fee award. Id. at 977. The court 11 may adjust the lodestar figure up or down based upon the factors listed in Kerr v. Screen Extras 12 Guild, Inc., 526 F.2d 67, 70 (9th Cir.1975). The court need not consider the Kerr factors, 13 however, unless necessary to support the reasonableness of the fee award. Cairns v. Franklin 14 Mint Co., 292 F.3d 1139, 1158 (9th Cir. 2002).1 In the Ninth Circuit, “the determination of a 15 16 reasonable hourly rate ‘is not made by reference to the rates actually charged the prevailing 17 party.’” Welch v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 480 F.3d 942, 946 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Mendenhall 18 v. Nat’l Transp. Safety Bd., 213 F.3d 464, 471 (9th Cir. 2000)). “Rather, billing rates should be 19 established by reference to the fees that private attorneys of an ability and reputation comparable 20 to that of prevailing counsel charge their paying clients for legal work of similar complexity.” 21 Id. (internal quotation omitted). “Affidavits of the plaintiffs’ attorney and other attorneys 22 regarding prevailing fees in the community, and rate determinations in other cases, particularly 23 1 Additionally, numerous courts have subsequently held that the bulk of these factors are subsumed in the lodestar 24 calculation. See, e.g., Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 898-900, 104 S. Ct. 1541, 79 L. Ed. 2d 891 (1984). 1 those setting a rate for the plaintiffs’ attorney, are satisfactory evidence of the prevailing market rate.” United Steelworkers of Am. v. Phelps Dodge Corp., 896 F.2d 403, 407 (9th Cir. 1990). 2 “The party seeking fees bears the burden of documenting the hours expended in the litigation and 3 must submit evidence supporting those hours…” Welch, 480 F.3d at 945-46 (citing Hensley v. 4 Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433 (1983)). It is reasonable for a district court to conclude that the 5 party seeking attorney’s fees fails to carry its burden of documenting the hours expended when 6 that party engages in “block billing” because block billing makes it more difficult to determine 7 how much time was spent on particular activities. Welch, 480 F.3d at 948. The district court 8 “should exclude any hours ‘that are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.’” McCown 9 v. City of Fontana, 565 F.3d 1097, 1102 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434). 10 The Court finds that the hourly rates for Vigor’s attorneys are reasonable based on the 11 experience, skill, and education of each attorney and paralegal. See Dkts. #135, #141, #142. 12 Western does not oppose the hourly rates. See gen. Dkt. #136. Western contends that Vigor’s 13 claimed fees are “wildly disproportionate” because this case was “only a $187,000 contract 14 claim” that Vigor “overwork[ed] and overstaff[ed]” with 7 individuals, including 5 Schwabe 15 shareholders, as opposed to Western’s 2 attorneys. Id. at 7-8. 16 However, as mentioned before, the Court did not dismiss the issue of potential liability 17 under NMSA until less than a week from trial. See Dkt. #77. Until then, this “specter of 18 astronomical damages . . . [because of] future liability to the United States under the NMSA” 19 was a live issue. Dkt. #77 at 11-12. Given the complexity of the issues right up until trial, the 20 Court concludes that Vigor’s reported hours and fees are reasonable. 21 The Court also disagrees with Western’s argument that Vigor cannot collect fees from 22 before March 16, 2020, when Western filed its Complaint against Vigor. See Dkt. #136 at 10. 23 Western attempts to use Clause 15 to enforce this limit, stating that “[t]he parties submit . . . with 24 1 respect to any litigation arising out of this agreement, with the substantially prevailing party entitled to recover its reasonable legal fees and cost.” Dkt. #40-1 at 7. Western takes this “with 2 respect to” provision out of context. Id. Clause 15 actually states that the parties submit to the 3 jurisdiction of courts in Seattle, Washington “with respect to any litigation arising out of this 4 agreement[.]” Id. The “with respect to” limitation refers to court jurisdiction, not the collection 5 of fees. Id. Vigor claims attorney fees from February 13, 2017, “after Western demanded that 6 Vigor defend and indemnify it for any and all proceedings related to the sinking of the Drydock— 7 the same claims that Western filed in this Court.” Dkt. #140 at 6. The Court agrees with Vigor 8 that these fees were incurred in connection to the litigation in this Court and are recoverable 9 under the Tow Agreement. 10 The Court also agrees with Vigor that a $204.77 charge to the Washington Athletic Club 11 while the case was on appeal, a $121 dinner charge during trial, and $5,050 in fees for preparing 12 the notice of appeal documents should be removed, as conceded by Vigor during oral argument. 13 Dkts. #135, #152. 14 Western also argues that Vigor has failed to segregate fees related to NOAA liability after 15 this Court removed that issue and appellate-related fees. Dkt. #136 at 13. Vigor claims that it 16 has already segregated and removed over $190,000 in fees. Dkts. #134 at 3-4. Upon independent 17 review, the Court finds evidence of unclear NOAA-related billings after the Court’s judgment 18 separating this issue on June 21, 2021, and appellate related work other than those already 19 conceded, as well as some evidence of block billing and redundant work. See gen. Dkt. #135. 20 Accordingly, the Court will impose a 10% reduction on Vigor’s award. See Moreno v. City of 21 Sacramento, 534 F.3d 1106, 1112-13 (9th Cir. 2008) (holding that a 10% haircut without specific 22 explanation is not error). 23 24 1 The Court also finds that Vigor’s litigation-related expert fees of $24,000.000 to Heger Drydock and $28,001.50 to K&L Gates are reasonable and awardable under the Tow Agreement. 2 See Dkt. #135-4. Though Clause 8 contemplated limiting any losses or damages not covered by 3 insurance by degree of fault, the Court has already concluded that the limitations of Clause 8 do 4 not apply to the later and separate provision allowing for attorney fees and costs concerning 5 litigation under Clause 15. Therefore, the Court concludes that these fees are properly awarded 6 to Vigor. 7 Finally, the Court finds that a further 20% reduction is appropriate due to the 8 disproportionality between the fee request and damages awarded at trial. In Washington, a fee 9 award may be reduced where it is disproportionate to the trial results. See e.g., Singleton v. Frost, 10 108 Wn.2d 723, 731 (1987). Here, Vigor’s net award at trial was its $100,000 insurance 11 deductible less $60,000 for Vigor’s comparative fault of 60%, thus a $40,000 award. See Dkts. 12 #113, #115. The Court finds that Vigor’s attorney fees and costs are disproportionate to the 13 results obtained, especially considering Vigor’s attributable negligence. Therefore, the Court 14 finds a 20% discount factor is appropriate in order to balance the fees with the results obtained 15 in this case. 16 In sum, the Court concludes that Vigor’s requested attorney fees and costs of 17 $1,572,457.03 shall be reduced by the following: 18 1) The conceded fees from document A2 of $196,937.00, the $204.77 charge to the 19 Washington Athletic Club, the $121 dinner charge, and $5,050 in fees for preparing 20 the notice of appeal documents (leaving a total of $1,370,144.26 in requested fees); 21 2) A 10% reduction due to lack of clarity, block billing, and unproperly requested fees 22 ($137,014.43 from the total requested amount); 23 24 1 3) A 20% reduction for disproportionality ($274,028.85 from the total requested amount). 2 This amounts to a $959,100.98 award to Vigor for attorney fees and costs. 3 C. Western’s Motion for Post-Judgment Discovery 4 Western filed a Motion for Post-Judgment Discovery to allow for limited, additional 5 discovery for sixty days related to Vigor’s attorney fees. Dkt. #139. In its Motion, Western 6 includes a list of seven questions pertaining to what documents and information it seeks in post- 7 judgment discovery to answer said questions. Id. at 5. Western’s questions involve if insurance 8 paid Vigor’s fees, why Vigor paid for fees to K&L Gates and Heger Drydock, and if the awarded 9 deductible at trial included attorney fees. Id. The Court concludes that, given its foregoing 10 reasoning for reducing and awarding Vigor’s request, it considered and accounted for these 11 questions in awarding Vigor’s fees, thus there is no need for further discovery. Therefore, the 12 Court denies Western’s Motion. 13 IV. CONCLUSION 14 For the foregoing reasons, Defendant Vigor’s Motion for Attorney Fees and Costs, Dkt. 15 #134, is GRANTED IN PART. Defendant Vigor is awarded attorney fees and costs in the 16 amount of $959,100.98 for substantially prevailing against Defendant Western. Plaintiff 17 Western’s Motion for Post-Judgment Discovery, Dkt. #139, is DENIED. 18

19 DATED this 5th day of April, 2024. 20 21 A 22 RICARDO S. MARTINEZ UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 23 24