Appellate Case: 23-8065 Document: 010111063955 Date Filed: 06/12/2024 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT June 12, 2024 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court JAYLYN WESTENBROEK; HANNAH HOLTMEIER; ALLISON COGHAN; GRACE CHOATE; MADELINE RAMAR; MEGAN KOSAR, on behalf of themselves and derivatively on behalf of KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA FRATERNITY,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v. No. 23-8065 (D.C. No. 2:23-CV-00051-ABJ) KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA (D. Wyo.) FRATERNITY, an Ohio non-profit corporation, as Nominal Defendant and as a Direct Defendant; MARY PAT ROONEY, President of the Fraternity Council of KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA FRATERNITY, in her official capacity; KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA BUILDING CO., a Wyoming non-profit corporation,
Defendants - Appellees,
and
ARTEMIS LANGFORD,
Defendant,
--------------------------------
WOMEN’S DECLARATION INTERNATIONAL USA; OVER 450 KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA ALUMNAE; WOMEN’S LIBERATION FRONT; NATIONAL PANHELLENIC CONFERENCE; NATHANIEL R. JONES Appellate Case: 23-8065 Document: 010111063955 Date Filed: 06/12/2024 Page: 2
CENTER FOR RACE, GENDER AND SOCIAL JUSTICE; THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR TRANSGENDER EQUALITY; THE WOMANS CITY CLUB OF GREATER CINCINNATI; JIM OBERGEFELL; AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION OF OHIO FOUNDATION,
Amici Curiae. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before McHUGH, MURPHY, and FEDERICO, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Several aggrieved members of the University of Wyoming chapter of the
sorority Kappa Kappa Gamma1 (“Appellants”) filed this lawsuit against the sorority
and its president (“Appellees”) over the proper interpretation of the sorority’s
governing documents. Specifically, Appellants allege that Appellees violated their
fiduciary duties when, in 2015 and continuing to today, Kappa Kappa Gamma
(“Kappa”), an Ohio non-profit corporation, began interpreting “women” to include
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1. 1 Kappa Kappa Gamma’s Charter and other governing documents routinely refer to Kappa Kappa Gamma (“Kappa”) as a “Fraternity” because Kappa’s founding “pre-dates, by thirty years, use of the word ‘sorority’ to refer to” women’s Greek societies at colleges or universities. App. Vol. I at 9 n.1. The organization now routinely identifies as a sorority, and we adopt that nomenclature here.
2 Appellate Case: 23-8065 Document: 010111063955 Date Filed: 06/12/2024 Page: 3
“individuals who identify as women.” App. Vol. 1 at 51, 263. Applying Ohio state
case law that cautions against judicial interference into the internal affairs of
voluntary associations like sororities, the district court dismissed Appellants’ claims,
but did so without prejudice. Appellants nevertheless filed this appeal challenging the
district court’s dismissal of their claims. Appellees moved to dismiss this appeal for
lack of appellate jurisdiction. Because the district court has not issued a final order,
we grant Appellees’ motion and dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellants’ operative First Amended Verified Complaint asserted four claims:
Count I: a derivative claim for breach of fiduciary duty against Kappa President Mary
Pat Rooney for “violat[ing] [her] dut[y] of loyalty, care, and obedience/compliance,”
App. Vol. I at 74; Count II: a breach of contract claim against Kappa Kappa Gamma
Building Co.; Count III: a tortious interference with contract claim against Kappa and
Ms. Rooney; and Count IV: a direct claim for breach of fiduciary duty against Kappa
and Ms. Rooney based on the same fiduciary duty theory as Count I.2 On June 20,
2023, Appellees moved to dismiss the complaint. As relevant to this appeal,
Appellees argued (1) the district court could not exercise personal jurisdiction over
Ms. Rooney, (2) the derivative claim was deficient for both procedural and
substantive reasons, and (3) the direct claim should be dismissed for the same
2 The First Amended Verified Complaint is not entirely clear as to which Appellees are sued under which counts, and the district court order and the parties’ briefing differ at points in identifying the Appellees sued under each count. Given the limited purpose of this order, we need not resolve this dispute. 3 Appellate Case: 23-8065 Document: 010111063955 Date Filed: 06/12/2024 Page: 4
substantive reasons as its companion derivative claim, and further that it was subject
to dismissal for failure to allege a distinct injury felt by Appellants rather than an
injury that inured to all Kappa members.
On August 25, 2023, the district court granted the motion to dismiss in full,
but without prejudice. Relevant to this appeal, the district court held:
1. personal jurisdiction over Ms. Rooney was proper;3
3 Because we dismiss this appeal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, we need not consider whether the district court also lacked personal jurisdiction over Ms. Rooney under Wyoming’s fiduciary shield doctrine, which shields nonresident corporate agents from becoming subject to a court’s jurisdiction based solely upon acts taken by them on behalf of the corporation. See Ten Mile Indus. Park v. W. Plains Serv. Corp., 810 F.2d 1518, 1527 (10th Cir. 1987) (predicting Wyoming would adopt the fiduciary shield doctrine and no-imputed-contacts rule, and explaining that under those rules, corporate defendants’ contacts cannot be attributed to corporate officers (the no-imputed-contacts rule), and “[w]here the acts of individual principals of a corporation in the jurisdiction were carried out solely in the individuals’ corporate or representative capacity, the corporate structure will ordinarily insulate the individuals from the court’s jurisdiction” (the fiduciary shield doctrine)); but see Newsome v. Gallacher, 722 F.3d 1257, 1278–79 (10th Cir. 2013) (concluding that even if Oklahoma would follow the fiduciary shield doctrine, it would not apply under the facts of that case, and further questioning whether the doctrine would apply to a claim of breach of fiduciary duty). In Newsome, we discussed how, in a prior decision, Rusakiewicz v. Lowe, we expressed concern over whether Ten Mile definitively addressed the fiduciary shield doctrine, or rather solely established the no-imputed-contracts rule. See 722 F.3d at 1277 (citing Rusakiewicz v. Lowe, 556 F.3d 1095, 1102 (10th Cir. 2009)). But as we explained in Newsome, Rusakiewicz concerned a question of whether personal jurisdiction existed in Utah over the defendants in that matter, and it never approached the issue as a matter of Utah state law, even though the fiduciary shield doctrine arises under state law. See id. at 1277–78 (citing Rusakiewicz, 556 F.3d at 1102–03). Later in Newsome, we clarified that “Ten Mile’s statement about the fiduciary shield must be confined to the doctrine as applied in Wyoming.” Id. at 1278. Ultimately, the fiduciary shield doctrine is a creature of state law. See id. at 1275.
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Appellate Case: 23-8065 Document: 010111063955 Date Filed: 06/12/2024 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT June 12, 2024 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court JAYLYN WESTENBROEK; HANNAH HOLTMEIER; ALLISON COGHAN; GRACE CHOATE; MADELINE RAMAR; MEGAN KOSAR, on behalf of themselves and derivatively on behalf of KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA FRATERNITY,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v. No. 23-8065 (D.C. No. 2:23-CV-00051-ABJ) KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA (D. Wyo.) FRATERNITY, an Ohio non-profit corporation, as Nominal Defendant and as a Direct Defendant; MARY PAT ROONEY, President of the Fraternity Council of KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA FRATERNITY, in her official capacity; KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA BUILDING CO., a Wyoming non-profit corporation,
Defendants - Appellees,
and
ARTEMIS LANGFORD,
Defendant,
--------------------------------
WOMEN’S DECLARATION INTERNATIONAL USA; OVER 450 KAPPA KAPPA GAMMA ALUMNAE; WOMEN’S LIBERATION FRONT; NATIONAL PANHELLENIC CONFERENCE; NATHANIEL R. JONES Appellate Case: 23-8065 Document: 010111063955 Date Filed: 06/12/2024 Page: 2
CENTER FOR RACE, GENDER AND SOCIAL JUSTICE; THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR TRANSGENDER EQUALITY; THE WOMANS CITY CLUB OF GREATER CINCINNATI; JIM OBERGEFELL; AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION OF OHIO FOUNDATION,
Amici Curiae. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT* _________________________________
Before McHUGH, MURPHY, and FEDERICO, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Several aggrieved members of the University of Wyoming chapter of the
sorority Kappa Kappa Gamma1 (“Appellants”) filed this lawsuit against the sorority
and its president (“Appellees”) over the proper interpretation of the sorority’s
governing documents. Specifically, Appellants allege that Appellees violated their
fiduciary duties when, in 2015 and continuing to today, Kappa Kappa Gamma
(“Kappa”), an Ohio non-profit corporation, began interpreting “women” to include
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1. 1 Kappa Kappa Gamma’s Charter and other governing documents routinely refer to Kappa Kappa Gamma (“Kappa”) as a “Fraternity” because Kappa’s founding “pre-dates, by thirty years, use of the word ‘sorority’ to refer to” women’s Greek societies at colleges or universities. App. Vol. I at 9 n.1. The organization now routinely identifies as a sorority, and we adopt that nomenclature here.
2 Appellate Case: 23-8065 Document: 010111063955 Date Filed: 06/12/2024 Page: 3
“individuals who identify as women.” App. Vol. 1 at 51, 263. Applying Ohio state
case law that cautions against judicial interference into the internal affairs of
voluntary associations like sororities, the district court dismissed Appellants’ claims,
but did so without prejudice. Appellants nevertheless filed this appeal challenging the
district court’s dismissal of their claims. Appellees moved to dismiss this appeal for
lack of appellate jurisdiction. Because the district court has not issued a final order,
we grant Appellees’ motion and dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellants’ operative First Amended Verified Complaint asserted four claims:
Count I: a derivative claim for breach of fiduciary duty against Kappa President Mary
Pat Rooney for “violat[ing] [her] dut[y] of loyalty, care, and obedience/compliance,”
App. Vol. I at 74; Count II: a breach of contract claim against Kappa Kappa Gamma
Building Co.; Count III: a tortious interference with contract claim against Kappa and
Ms. Rooney; and Count IV: a direct claim for breach of fiduciary duty against Kappa
and Ms. Rooney based on the same fiduciary duty theory as Count I.2 On June 20,
2023, Appellees moved to dismiss the complaint. As relevant to this appeal,
Appellees argued (1) the district court could not exercise personal jurisdiction over
Ms. Rooney, (2) the derivative claim was deficient for both procedural and
substantive reasons, and (3) the direct claim should be dismissed for the same
2 The First Amended Verified Complaint is not entirely clear as to which Appellees are sued under which counts, and the district court order and the parties’ briefing differ at points in identifying the Appellees sued under each count. Given the limited purpose of this order, we need not resolve this dispute. 3 Appellate Case: 23-8065 Document: 010111063955 Date Filed: 06/12/2024 Page: 4
substantive reasons as its companion derivative claim, and further that it was subject
to dismissal for failure to allege a distinct injury felt by Appellants rather than an
injury that inured to all Kappa members.
On August 25, 2023, the district court granted the motion to dismiss in full,
but without prejudice. Relevant to this appeal, the district court held:
1. personal jurisdiction over Ms. Rooney was proper;3
3 Because we dismiss this appeal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, we need not consider whether the district court also lacked personal jurisdiction over Ms. Rooney under Wyoming’s fiduciary shield doctrine, which shields nonresident corporate agents from becoming subject to a court’s jurisdiction based solely upon acts taken by them on behalf of the corporation. See Ten Mile Indus. Park v. W. Plains Serv. Corp., 810 F.2d 1518, 1527 (10th Cir. 1987) (predicting Wyoming would adopt the fiduciary shield doctrine and no-imputed-contacts rule, and explaining that under those rules, corporate defendants’ contacts cannot be attributed to corporate officers (the no-imputed-contacts rule), and “[w]here the acts of individual principals of a corporation in the jurisdiction were carried out solely in the individuals’ corporate or representative capacity, the corporate structure will ordinarily insulate the individuals from the court’s jurisdiction” (the fiduciary shield doctrine)); but see Newsome v. Gallacher, 722 F.3d 1257, 1278–79 (10th Cir. 2013) (concluding that even if Oklahoma would follow the fiduciary shield doctrine, it would not apply under the facts of that case, and further questioning whether the doctrine would apply to a claim of breach of fiduciary duty). In Newsome, we discussed how, in a prior decision, Rusakiewicz v. Lowe, we expressed concern over whether Ten Mile definitively addressed the fiduciary shield doctrine, or rather solely established the no-imputed-contracts rule. See 722 F.3d at 1277 (citing Rusakiewicz v. Lowe, 556 F.3d 1095, 1102 (10th Cir. 2009)). But as we explained in Newsome, Rusakiewicz concerned a question of whether personal jurisdiction existed in Utah over the defendants in that matter, and it never approached the issue as a matter of Utah state law, even though the fiduciary shield doctrine arises under state law. See id. at 1277–78 (citing Rusakiewicz, 556 F.3d at 1102–03). Later in Newsome, we clarified that “Ten Mile’s statement about the fiduciary shield must be confined to the doctrine as applied in Wyoming.” Id. at 1278. Ultimately, the fiduciary shield doctrine is a creature of state law. See id. at 1275.
4 Appellate Case: 23-8065 Document: 010111063955 Date Filed: 06/12/2024 Page: 5
2. the derivative claim for breach of fiduciary duty was doomed because (a) Ohio
law does not permit courts to interfere with the management and internal
affairs of a voluntary association, and (b) the First Amendment did not permit
the district court to “invade [Kappa’s] freedom of expressive association,”
App. Vol. II at 99; and
3. the direct claim for breach of fiduciary duty did not state a claim because
(a) Appellants did not allege any distinct injury they experienced or any special
duty owed to them alone (rather than Kappa members writ large), and (b) there
was no breach of fiduciary duty for the same reasons the district court
dismissed the derivative claim.
The district court also dismissed Counts II and III (breach of contract and tortious
interference with contract), but Appellants do not appeal the dismissals of those
claims.4
Although Appellees had requested dismissal with prejudice, the district court
dismissed the complaint without prejudice. The court explained Appellees had made
no attempt to show that amendment of the complaint would be futile. And the district
court included a footnote advising Appellants of the detail that would be needed to
make a second amended complaint viable.
Rather than amending the complaint or seeking an order from the district court
dismissing the complaint with prejudice, Appellants brought this appeal. In response,
4 Artemis Langford also filed a motion to dismiss, which the district court denied as moot. 5 Appellate Case: 23-8065 Document: 010111063955 Date Filed: 06/12/2024 Page: 6
Appellees moved to dismiss the appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction. In essence,
Appellees argue that because the district court expressly denied their request to
dismiss the claims with prejudice, and further because the district court offered
guidance to Appellants regarding how to amend the complaint, there is no final,
appealable order. Appellants respond that the district court’s order is final and
appealable because the court’s legal conclusions “cannot [be] cure[d]” in an amended
complaint. Appellants’ Opp’n to Appellees’ Mot. to Dismiss Appeal at 1.
We deferred ruling on the motion to dismiss the appeal to our plenary
consideration. We now hold that we lack subject matter jurisdiction over this appeal
due to the absence of a final order by the district court. Accordingly, we dismiss the
appeal.
II. DISCUSSION
Except in limited circumstances that are not present here, this court’s appellate
jurisdiction is limited to review of final decisions. See 28 U.S.C. § 1291; United
States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 690 (1974) (“The finality requirement of 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291 embodies a strong congressional policy against piecemeal reviews, and
against obstructing or impeding an ongoing judicial proceeding by interlocutory
appeals.”); Albright v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am., 59 F.3d 1089, 1092 (10th Cir.
1995) (“Under § 1291, we have jurisdiction only over ‘final’ decisions of the district
court—that is, those decisions that ‘leave[] nothing for the court to do but execute the
judgment.’” (alteration in original) (quoting Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229,
233 (1945))).
6 Appellate Case: 23-8065 Document: 010111063955 Date Filed: 06/12/2024 Page: 7
This court has endorsed a “‘practical’ approach to finality” where a district
court’s dismissal order is “ambiguous in ways that undermine any clear
determination of finality.” Moya v. Schollenbarger, 465 F.3d 444, 450 (10th Cir.
2006) (quoting 15A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice &
Procedure § 3914.6 (3d ed.)). However, “when the dismissal order expressly grants
the plaintiff leave to amend, that conclusively shows that the district court intended
only to dismiss the complaint; the dismissal is thus not a final decision” and
accordingly is not appealable. Id. at 451.
Here, although the district court did not expressly grant leave to amend, there
is no ambiguity regarding the court’s intent. First, the district court provided
guidance in its dismissal order explaining how Appellants could properly plead their
claims in a future second amended complaint. Second, the district court expressly
denied Appellees’ request for an order dismissing the claims with prejudice. Third,
the district court highlighted the absence of any discussion in the motion to dismiss
about whether amendment would be futile. Under these circumstances, the order
“clearly shows that the district court did not consider its . . . order to be a final order
disposing of the entire action.” Trotter v. Regents of Univ. of N.M., 219 F.3d 1179,
1183 (10th Cir. 2000). “Consequently, we need not look beyond the text of the
district court’s order to determine its intent.” Pauly v. Vasquez, 690 F. App’x 626,
628 (10th Cir. 2017) (unpublished).
This court has endorsed a process for appealing an otherwise non-final
dismissal of a complaint, explaining that “where a district court dismisses but grants
7 Appellate Case: 23-8065 Document: 010111063955 Date Filed: 06/12/2024 Page: 8
leave to amend, the plaintiff may notify the district court of his or her decision to
stand on the original complaint and, once a final order or judgment is entered, appeal
the grounds for dismissal.” Moya, 465 F.3d at 451 n.9. Because Appellants did not
avail themselves of this process, we cannot conclude that this court has jurisdiction
over this matter. In the district court, Appellants may stand on their existing
complaint and seek a dismissal with prejudice so that they may perfect an appeal, or
they may amend the complaint and pursue further proceedings in the district court.
III. CONCLUSION
We GRANT Appellees’ motion and DISMISS this appeal for lack of appellate
jurisdiction.
Entered for the Court
Carolyn B. McHugh Circuit Judge