Campbell, J:
This case, which has been in this court once before, is now presented under a somewhat different state of facts.
On the 8th of March, 1872, the' Westchester Fire Insurance Company insured Earle & Kéynolds to the amount of two- thousand dollars on their fixed and movable machinery, situated in their woolen manufactory. A fire destroyed the [147]*147insured property in January, 1873, during the original term of the insurance.
The policy contained two clauses which are regarded as important in this suit. One was: “If the assured shall have, or shall hereafter make any other insurance upon the property hereby insured, or any part thereof, without the consent of this company written hereon, then, and in every such case, this policy shall be void.”
The other was: “The use of general terms, or any thing less than a distinct specific agreement, clearly expressed and endorsed upon this policy, shall not be construed as a waiver of any printed or written condition or restriction therein.”
There was inserted in the written part of the policy “§3,000 other insurance permitted.” Insurance was effected, at or about the same time, in other companies, for the aggregate sum of three thousand dollars.
In May, 1872, additional machinery, being knitting machinery of the value of three thousand dollars, was put in the factory.
In June, 18'72, the firm procured two thousand five hundred dollars further insurance in the American Central Insurance Company upon the entire machinery, new and old; and this was not preceded or followed by written consent of the Westchester Fire Insurance Company. This additional insurance is relied upon as a defense to the suit now before us, it being claimed that the original insurance policy was made void by the additional insurance, because the latter was not. formally consented to.
It is claimed. by Earle & Reynolds that the conduct of Mr. Atwater, the agent of the Westchester Fire Insurance Company, was such as to leave the policy in force, in spite •of the failure to have consent for further insurance endorsed.
Upon most of the facts outside of the writings there is a conflict of testimony. Earle and Reynolds were sworn in their own behalf, and Atwater for the Westchester Fire Insurance Company; and the finding of the jury is in [148]*148accordance with the testimony of the insured. The errors assigned refer to the rulings.
It is to be remarked that the consent actually inserted in the policy did not refer to insurance in particular companies, but allowed the three thousand dollars further insurance to be obtained any where. It must be assumed, therefore, that it was not designed to require consent to future insurance to be any more definite. In this respect the policy furnishes its own rule of construction.
It is also to be remarked that the circuit court charged the jury, at the request of the defendant below, that the mere fact that the agent Atwater did not dissent upon receiving knowledge or notice of the intention of plaintiffs below, would create no waiver or estoppel; and further, that it was not the duty of the insurance company, after such notice, to notify the insured that the additional insurance avoided the policy; and further, that the policy contemplated notice of the proposed additional insurance in advance; and that knowledge of the additional insurance would amount to-no more than knowledge that the insured had voluntarily terminated the policy.
The court refused to charge that Atwater had no authority to waive the condition, or make assurances that it could be waived, except in the manner provided in the policy; or to charge that there were no sufficient facts proved to constitute a waiver or estoppel.
The charges given, under which the recovery was had, were in substance as follows: that in order to escape the-condition the insured must show that the agent had done some act, or made some representation, or remained silent when he ought to have spoken, and thereby misled the insured, and induced them to rely on the policy to their injury, and by causing them to believe the policy remained in force, prevented their seeking other insurance; and that such conduct would preclude the company from setting up the condition; and that notice to the agent was notice to the* company.
[149]*149All the dealings in evidence were with Atwater, the agent at Grand Rapids, where the property was situated; and no other representativo of the company took any steps before the fire.
The testimony for the insured went to show that the property insured was worth about twice the amount of the whole insurance. It further showed -that the first application for further insurance was to Atwater, who said he would try and get it placed in some company of which he was agent, and that after waiting some time without his doing so, the risk was placed elsewhere. It is sworn that in this conversation Atwater said it would make no difference to the company, but did hot say in so many words that it need not be consented to in writing, though that inference was drawn from all that took place. There seems also to have been some talk about terms, as that appears to have been one of the reasons for preferring the other insurers.
Immediately after the new insurance was obtained, Earle and Reynolds (according to their testimony) wrote a letter to Atwater, informing him of the precise amount of the additional insurance on the machinery, and stating in detail all the policies which they held, including the one in controversy, amounting with the new policy to seven thousand five hundred dollars, which they said was all they cared to insure on the machinery. In the same letter they asked for terms of insurance on the stock in the building. This letter is sworn to have been left in Atwater’s office.
Very shortly thereafter Earle met Atwater, who at once referred to the new insurance, and asked why it had been placed with the other insurers aud not with him, and was told it was because it was got on cheaper terms. In this and in following conversations about the same time, no objection was made, and no suggestion offered, that any breach of condition had been created, or would be relied upon. At-water said he considered the risk of seven thousand five hundred dollars on the machinery then owned, as equivalent to the original five thousand dollars on what was owned before. [150]*150No further objection was over made, and proof of loss was made as required, to the adjusters.
Upon this testimony, which the jury had the right to believe, and which they appear to have believed, it is beyond question that Earle and Reynolds relied, and had reason to rely on the validity of their insurance, and to assume that nothing had been done to destroy it. If Atwater himself had been the insurer, it would be difficult to find a plainer case of estoppel. It would have been a direct fraud to repudiate an obligation after such conduct as could not have failed to induce the insured to rest satisfied with their policies.
The controversy is reduced to the inquiry, whether, with the written conditions of the policy in view, Atwater had authority, or Earle and Reynolds were justified in assuming he had authority to bind the company by such conduct 'as would have bound himself.
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Campbell, J:
This case, which has been in this court once before, is now presented under a somewhat different state of facts.
On the 8th of March, 1872, the' Westchester Fire Insurance Company insured Earle & Kéynolds to the amount of two- thousand dollars on their fixed and movable machinery, situated in their woolen manufactory. A fire destroyed the [147]*147insured property in January, 1873, during the original term of the insurance.
The policy contained two clauses which are regarded as important in this suit. One was: “If the assured shall have, or shall hereafter make any other insurance upon the property hereby insured, or any part thereof, without the consent of this company written hereon, then, and in every such case, this policy shall be void.”
The other was: “The use of general terms, or any thing less than a distinct specific agreement, clearly expressed and endorsed upon this policy, shall not be construed as a waiver of any printed or written condition or restriction therein.”
There was inserted in the written part of the policy “§3,000 other insurance permitted.” Insurance was effected, at or about the same time, in other companies, for the aggregate sum of three thousand dollars.
In May, 1872, additional machinery, being knitting machinery of the value of three thousand dollars, was put in the factory.
In June, 18'72, the firm procured two thousand five hundred dollars further insurance in the American Central Insurance Company upon the entire machinery, new and old; and this was not preceded or followed by written consent of the Westchester Fire Insurance Company. This additional insurance is relied upon as a defense to the suit now before us, it being claimed that the original insurance policy was made void by the additional insurance, because the latter was not. formally consented to.
It is claimed. by Earle & Reynolds that the conduct of Mr. Atwater, the agent of the Westchester Fire Insurance Company, was such as to leave the policy in force, in spite •of the failure to have consent for further insurance endorsed.
Upon most of the facts outside of the writings there is a conflict of testimony. Earle and Reynolds were sworn in their own behalf, and Atwater for the Westchester Fire Insurance Company; and the finding of the jury is in [148]*148accordance with the testimony of the insured. The errors assigned refer to the rulings.
It is to be remarked that the consent actually inserted in the policy did not refer to insurance in particular companies, but allowed the three thousand dollars further insurance to be obtained any where. It must be assumed, therefore, that it was not designed to require consent to future insurance to be any more definite. In this respect the policy furnishes its own rule of construction.
It is also to be remarked that the circuit court charged the jury, at the request of the defendant below, that the mere fact that the agent Atwater did not dissent upon receiving knowledge or notice of the intention of plaintiffs below, would create no waiver or estoppel; and further, that it was not the duty of the insurance company, after such notice, to notify the insured that the additional insurance avoided the policy; and further, that the policy contemplated notice of the proposed additional insurance in advance; and that knowledge of the additional insurance would amount to-no more than knowledge that the insured had voluntarily terminated the policy.
The court refused to charge that Atwater had no authority to waive the condition, or make assurances that it could be waived, except in the manner provided in the policy; or to charge that there were no sufficient facts proved to constitute a waiver or estoppel.
The charges given, under which the recovery was had, were in substance as follows: that in order to escape the-condition the insured must show that the agent had done some act, or made some representation, or remained silent when he ought to have spoken, and thereby misled the insured, and induced them to rely on the policy to their injury, and by causing them to believe the policy remained in force, prevented their seeking other insurance; and that such conduct would preclude the company from setting up the condition; and that notice to the agent was notice to the* company.
[149]*149All the dealings in evidence were with Atwater, the agent at Grand Rapids, where the property was situated; and no other representativo of the company took any steps before the fire.
The testimony for the insured went to show that the property insured was worth about twice the amount of the whole insurance. It further showed -that the first application for further insurance was to Atwater, who said he would try and get it placed in some company of which he was agent, and that after waiting some time without his doing so, the risk was placed elsewhere. It is sworn that in this conversation Atwater said it would make no difference to the company, but did hot say in so many words that it need not be consented to in writing, though that inference was drawn from all that took place. There seems also to have been some talk about terms, as that appears to have been one of the reasons for preferring the other insurers.
Immediately after the new insurance was obtained, Earle and Reynolds (according to their testimony) wrote a letter to Atwater, informing him of the precise amount of the additional insurance on the machinery, and stating in detail all the policies which they held, including the one in controversy, amounting with the new policy to seven thousand five hundred dollars, which they said was all they cared to insure on the machinery. In the same letter they asked for terms of insurance on the stock in the building. This letter is sworn to have been left in Atwater’s office.
Very shortly thereafter Earle met Atwater, who at once referred to the new insurance, and asked why it had been placed with the other insurers aud not with him, and was told it was because it was got on cheaper terms. In this and in following conversations about the same time, no objection was made, and no suggestion offered, that any breach of condition had been created, or would be relied upon. At-water said he considered the risk of seven thousand five hundred dollars on the machinery then owned, as equivalent to the original five thousand dollars on what was owned before. [150]*150No further objection was over made, and proof of loss was made as required, to the adjusters.
Upon this testimony, which the jury had the right to believe, and which they appear to have believed, it is beyond question that Earle and Reynolds relied, and had reason to rely on the validity of their insurance, and to assume that nothing had been done to destroy it. If Atwater himself had been the insurer, it would be difficult to find a plainer case of estoppel. It would have been a direct fraud to repudiate an obligation after such conduct as could not have failed to induce the insured to rest satisfied with their policies.
The controversy is reduced to the inquiry, whether, with the written conditions of the policy in view, Atwater had authority, or Earle and Reynolds were justified in assuming he had authority to bind the company by such conduct 'as would have bound himself.
This case does not show that the condition against further insurance without written consent endorsed on the policy, is one which is imposed by the charter of the company; which has in some cases required all contracts to be in writing, and to be signed by the company officers. — See Insurance Co. v. Colt, 20 Wallace, 560; Spitzer v. St. Mark’s Insurance Co., 6 Duer’s R., 6; Blanchard v. Atlantic Ins. Co., 33 N. H., 9; Couch v. City Fire Ins. Co., 38 Conn., 181.
Neither is this shown to be a mutual company, under whose by-laws, brought home to the members, and binding them, an agent or officer cannot deviate from the condition, as has been held in some cases. — American Ins. Co. v. Gilbert, 27 Mich., 429; Van Buren v. St. Joseph Co. Village Fire Ins. Co., 28 Mich. R., 398; Barrett v. Union Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 7 Cush., 175; Forbes v. Agawam Mut. Ins. Co., 9 Gush., 471; Hale v. Mechanic’s Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 6 Gray, 173; Stark Co. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Hurd, 19 Oh., 149.
Neither is this a case where the consent was, under the policy, to be given by any one but Atwater, or where his [151]*151written endorsement would not bind the company. — Security Ins. Co. v. Fay, 22 Mich., 467; Continental Life Ins. Co. v. Willets, 24 Mich., 268.
We need not, therefore, consider the correctness of any of those decisions which rest upon the disabilities of agents or officers arising from want of power, plainly notified or known, to act in the business. By the terms of the present policy Atwater was to countersign it, and any policy which he countersigned would have bound the company to an innocent holder, whether he had or had not violated his duty to his principal. Earle & Reynolds were to deal with him, and with no one else.
It was held in Hibernia Insurance Co. v. O’Connor, 29 Mich. R. 241, that delivery by an agent, of a policy and renewal certificate, as-valid and effective instruments, made them good and binding without being countersigned by him, although countersigning was required by their terms. Such delivery was held a waiver of the formal condition. And it has been more than once held by this court, that where an agent in giving a policy has, by his own conduct, misled parties into making applications or accepting conditions under a misapprehension as.to their literal accuracy, the company is estopped by his action. — Michigan State Ins. Co. v. Lewis, 30 Mich., 41; Continental Insurance Co. v. Horton, 28 Mich., 173; Peoria Ins. Co. v. Perkins, 16 Mich., 380; Ætna Live Stock, Fire and, Tornado Ins. Co. v. Olmstead, 21 Mich., 246 ; N. A. Fire Ins. Co. v. Throop, 22 Mich., 146; Peoria M. & F. Ins. Co. v. Hall, 12 Mich., 202 ; Niagara Fire Ins. Co. v. De Graff, 12 Mich., 124. — See also to the same doctrine, Insurance Co. v. Mahone, 21 Wal., 152; Mitler v. L. Insurance Co., 12 Wal., 285; Ins. Co. v. Slaughter, 12 Wal., 404; Ins. Co. v. Wilkinson, 13 Wal., 222.
It has been held that all of those conditions and provisions which involve forfeitures are to be construed strictly. Such is the common-law rule in regard to forfeitures, and it is a wholesome and sound rule. Parties may contract [152]*152very much, as they choose, so long as they keep within the law; and it may be assumed there is some r'eason for each condition adopted. But there is great hardship in allowing parties to keep money which they have not fairly earned, and great wrong in favoring blind conditions, or those which parties do not fully understand, where they are not in actual fault. A close construction is the only just one.
In Insurance Co. v. Colt, 20 Wal., 560, it was held that although by a corporation charter all contracts, policies, etc., were required to be in writing or in print, sealed by the corporation and signed by the president and attested by the secretary or other officer appointed for that purpose, yet this only applied to the executed contracts and policies, and that an agent could bind the company by a preliminary contract, which they would be compelled to perform. In that case the policy was not made out until after the fire, but it was held to relate back to, and to be in performance of, the preliminary bargain. The decision refers to several analogous cases, and rests upon the analogies of specific performance, where, although land can only be conveyed by deed, yet an agreement for a conveyance need not bo itself of the same character as a specialty.
In Insurance Co. v. Webster, 6 Wal., 129, a policy on which after its delivery a memorandum was endorsed that it should take effect upon the approval of a general agent named, was held valid and effectual until disapproved.
In Peck v. New London Co. Mutual Ins. Co., 22 Conn., 575, where a charter required the consent of the directors to further insurance, it was held that consent given by an agent should be regarded as their consent, and that every agent might, if necessary, stand as a secretary for that purpose.
So it was held in Hatton v. Beacon Ins. Co., 16 Q. B. U. C., 316, that where an agent stated that an endorsement was unnecessary, it was a waiver of a condition requiring endorsement.
It is very-well settled that, except where prevented by [153]*153the operation of the statute of frauds, or some other equivalent prohibition, a policy of insurance may be made or changed by parol. — Sanborn v. Fireman’s Ins. Co., 16 Gray, 448; Kelly v. Com’th Ins. Co., 10 Bosworth, 82; Audubon v. Excelsior Ins. Co., 27 N. Y., 219; Baxter v. Massasoit Ins. Co., 13 Allen, 320.
The fact that a policy is written does not prevent its change by subsequent parol agreement. Any written contract not within the statute of frauds may be changed by parol. — Seamen v. O’Hara, 29 Mich., 66. And this has been aioplied to the enlargement, and continuance of policies. — Kennebec Co. v. Augusta, Ins. Co., 6 Gray, 209; Trustees 1st Baptist Ch. v. Brooklyn F. I. Co., 19 N. Y., 305.
The powers of Atwater in the present ease do not appear to bo restricted in any way. The condition literally applied would prevent any unendorsed consent by the company itself, by resolution of its board, or by act of its officers, as effectually as by any one else. And the case seems to settle down to the simple question whether a person who has agreed that he will only contract by writing in a certain way, precludes himself from making a parol bargain to change it. The answer is manifest. A written bargain is of no higher legal degree than a parol one. Either may vary or discharge the other, and there can be no more force in an agreement in writing not to agree by parol, than in a parol agreement not to agree in writing. Every such agreement is _ ended by the new one which contradicts it.
We think the case was properly laid before the jury upon the important issues.
The evidence concerning the purchase of the additional machinery was proper as part of the res gestee. It was the occasion for the new insurance, and while it would not have validated this without some consent or action of the agent or company, it furnished a very good reason for such consent. The error assigned, on which it is claimed the [154]*154court erred in refusing to charge that the purchase did not affect the condition, is not founded on the record. The request for that charge was not separate, but asked a charge that the policy was made void unless there was written consent, and this addition concerning the purchase was a part of that general request which the court rightly refused.
Objection was also made that some answers to the interrogatories in a deposition of Earle’s were not responsive. We do not think this was the fact.
Error is also assigned upon a refusal to charge ' that if the jury believed Mr. Atwater’s testimony they must find for defendant. The court told them that if they considered it-a square denial of Earle’s testimony, and believed it, they should so find, but remarked that counsel had claimed it was not, and so it was left for them to determine.
It certainly belonged to the jury to settle this question, where there was a dispute about it. But we do not think a court is bound to present any such proposition to a jury as will confine them to considering one witness more than another. There may be no objection to it if the case is plain and if the court finds it will simplify matters to do so. But it is a very different thing to hold that a court is obliged to do it. The duty of the court is ended when the jury have been properly charged upon the law as applicable to the facts, and it is more important that they consider the facts themselves in the light of all the testimony, than by singling out witnesses whom they may believe wholly, or partially, or not at all, according as they are convinced.
We find no error in the record, and the judgment must be affirmed, with costs.
The other Justices concurred.