IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-14-00053-CR
WESLEY THEODORE BURNS, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 361st District Court Brazos County, Texas Trial Court No. 11-02209-CRF-361
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Wesley Burns appeals from a conviction for the offense of misapplication of
fiduciary property. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 32.45 (West 2011). Burns complains that the
abstract portion of the jury charge was erroneous because it included definitions of terms
that were not authorized by the indictment, that the evidence was insufficient, and that
he received ineffective assistance of counsel. Because we find no reversible error, we
affirm the judgment of the trial court. Because the sufficiency of the evidence is relevant
in our analysis of Burns’ first issue, we will address the sufficiency issue first. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his second issue, Burns complains that the evidence was insufficient for the jury
to have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Burns was the person who did not abide
by an agreement to deposit cash into the victim’s account that was accepted on the
victim’s behalf. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 32.45(a)(2)(A). The Court of Criminal
Appeals has expressed our standard of review of a sufficiency issue as follows:
In determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support a conviction, a reviewing court must consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational fact finder could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979); Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). This “familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. “Each fact need not point directly and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as the cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction.” Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.
Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
The Court of Criminal Appeals has also explained that our review of “all of the
evidence” includes evidence that was properly and improperly admitted. Conner v. State,
67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). And if the record supports conflicting
inferences, we must presume that the factfinder resolved the conflicts in favor of the
prosecution and therefore defer to that determination. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. at 326.
Further, direct and circumstantial evidence are treated equally: “Circumstantial evidence
is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial
evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d at 13.
Burns v. State Page 2 Finally, it is well established that the factfinder is entitled to judge the credibility of
witnesses and can choose to believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented by the
parties. Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
Burns argues that the evidence was insufficient for any reasonable juror to have
found that Burns unlawfully appropriated property; however, neither the indictment nor
the jury charge authorized the jury to find Burns guilty on this basis. Burns also argues
that the evidence was insufficient for the jury to have found that Burns was the individual
who misapplied the property in question. Section 32.45(a)(2)(A) of the Penal Code
defines “misapply” as dealing with property contrary to “an agreement under which the
fiduciary holds the property.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 32.45(a)(2)(A).
Background Facts
Burns was the property manager for Galindo Properties, and his duties included
depositing rents the same day they were received and not accepting cash payments as
rent. However, testimony was presented regarding multiple individuals who paid Burns
personally in cash for rent and other expenses, and those payments were not deposited
into Galindo’s account nor were they accounted for in Galindo’s accounting system.
There were other individuals employed by Galindo during the same time period as Burns
who were allowed by Burns to accept rental payments by cash, check, or money order or
who were occasionally allowed to make deposits at the bank. One person who
occasionally made deposits at the bank testified that the deposits never contained cash
when she made them.
Burns v. State Page 3 When asked about the missing money, Burns denied knowing where the missing
money was but admitted to an investigator that he would have been the last person to
possess the money. At trial, Burns testified that he was responsible for ensuring that the
cash was deposited and that there was money that had not been deposited, although he
denied knowing where the money had gone.
Analysis
The jury was presented with evidence of Burns and other employees having access
to cash payments, evidence that Burns personally accepted or was the last person in
possession of those payments, and evidence that those payments were not accounted for
in Galindo’s accounting records or bank statements as having been deposited. It was
within the jury’s province as the factfinder to determine which testimony it believed or it
did not believe, and the jury determined that Burns was the individual who misapplied
the money. The evidence was sufficient for a reasonable juror to have determined beyond
a reasonable doubt that Burns was the individual who misapplied the cash payments.
We overrule issue two.1
Jury Charge Error
In his first issue, Burns complains that he suffered egregious harm because the jury
charge erroneously included the definitions of “appropriation,” “deception,” “effective
consent,” “steal,” and “theft.” Burns argues that the inclusion of these definitions
1Burns does not challenge the amount of the money misapplied, that he was acting in a fiduciary capacity, or that an agreement existed between Galindo and himself to deposit the money into Galindo’s account. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 32.45.
Burns v. State Page 4 allowed the jury to convict him of the offense of misapplication of property by theft,
which was an offense for which he was not charged. The State does not dispute that these
definitions should not have been included in the jury charge.
In reviewing a jury-charge issue, this Court’s first duty is to determine whether
error exists in the jury charge. Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
If error is found, the appellate court must analyze that error for harm. Middleton v. State,
125 S.W.3d 450, 453-54 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). We agree with Burns that the inclusion of
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IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-14-00053-CR
WESLEY THEODORE BURNS, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 361st District Court Brazos County, Texas Trial Court No. 11-02209-CRF-361
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Wesley Burns appeals from a conviction for the offense of misapplication of
fiduciary property. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 32.45 (West 2011). Burns complains that the
abstract portion of the jury charge was erroneous because it included definitions of terms
that were not authorized by the indictment, that the evidence was insufficient, and that
he received ineffective assistance of counsel. Because we find no reversible error, we
affirm the judgment of the trial court. Because the sufficiency of the evidence is relevant
in our analysis of Burns’ first issue, we will address the sufficiency issue first. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his second issue, Burns complains that the evidence was insufficient for the jury
to have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Burns was the person who did not abide
by an agreement to deposit cash into the victim’s account that was accepted on the
victim’s behalf. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 32.45(a)(2)(A). The Court of Criminal
Appeals has expressed our standard of review of a sufficiency issue as follows:
In determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support a conviction, a reviewing court must consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational fact finder could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979); Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). This “familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. “Each fact need not point directly and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as the cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction.” Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.
Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
The Court of Criminal Appeals has also explained that our review of “all of the
evidence” includes evidence that was properly and improperly admitted. Conner v. State,
67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). And if the record supports conflicting
inferences, we must presume that the factfinder resolved the conflicts in favor of the
prosecution and therefore defer to that determination. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. at 326.
Further, direct and circumstantial evidence are treated equally: “Circumstantial evidence
is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial
evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d at 13.
Burns v. State Page 2 Finally, it is well established that the factfinder is entitled to judge the credibility of
witnesses and can choose to believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented by the
parties. Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
Burns argues that the evidence was insufficient for any reasonable juror to have
found that Burns unlawfully appropriated property; however, neither the indictment nor
the jury charge authorized the jury to find Burns guilty on this basis. Burns also argues
that the evidence was insufficient for the jury to have found that Burns was the individual
who misapplied the property in question. Section 32.45(a)(2)(A) of the Penal Code
defines “misapply” as dealing with property contrary to “an agreement under which the
fiduciary holds the property.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 32.45(a)(2)(A).
Background Facts
Burns was the property manager for Galindo Properties, and his duties included
depositing rents the same day they were received and not accepting cash payments as
rent. However, testimony was presented regarding multiple individuals who paid Burns
personally in cash for rent and other expenses, and those payments were not deposited
into Galindo’s account nor were they accounted for in Galindo’s accounting system.
There were other individuals employed by Galindo during the same time period as Burns
who were allowed by Burns to accept rental payments by cash, check, or money order or
who were occasionally allowed to make deposits at the bank. One person who
occasionally made deposits at the bank testified that the deposits never contained cash
when she made them.
Burns v. State Page 3 When asked about the missing money, Burns denied knowing where the missing
money was but admitted to an investigator that he would have been the last person to
possess the money. At trial, Burns testified that he was responsible for ensuring that the
cash was deposited and that there was money that had not been deposited, although he
denied knowing where the money had gone.
Analysis
The jury was presented with evidence of Burns and other employees having access
to cash payments, evidence that Burns personally accepted or was the last person in
possession of those payments, and evidence that those payments were not accounted for
in Galindo’s accounting records or bank statements as having been deposited. It was
within the jury’s province as the factfinder to determine which testimony it believed or it
did not believe, and the jury determined that Burns was the individual who misapplied
the money. The evidence was sufficient for a reasonable juror to have determined beyond
a reasonable doubt that Burns was the individual who misapplied the cash payments.
We overrule issue two.1
Jury Charge Error
In his first issue, Burns complains that he suffered egregious harm because the jury
charge erroneously included the definitions of “appropriation,” “deception,” “effective
consent,” “steal,” and “theft.” Burns argues that the inclusion of these definitions
1Burns does not challenge the amount of the money misapplied, that he was acting in a fiduciary capacity, or that an agreement existed between Galindo and himself to deposit the money into Galindo’s account. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 32.45.
Burns v. State Page 4 allowed the jury to convict him of the offense of misapplication of property by theft,
which was an offense for which he was not charged. The State does not dispute that these
definitions should not have been included in the jury charge.
In reviewing a jury-charge issue, this Court’s first duty is to determine whether
error exists in the jury charge. Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
If error is found, the appellate court must analyze that error for harm. Middleton v. State,
125 S.W.3d 450, 453-54 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). We agree with Burns that the inclusion of
the superfluous definitions was erroneous because those terms are not applicable to the
offense of misapplication of fiduciary property pursuant to the indictment. We will
therefore consider whether Burns was harmed by the inclusion of the definitions.
If the error was properly preserved by objection, reversal would be necessary if
the error is not harmless. Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).
However, if error was not preserved at trial by a proper objection, a reversal of the trial
court’s judgment would only be granted if the error presents egregious harm, meaning
that Burns did not receive a fair and impartial trial. Id. To obtain a reversal for jury-
charge error, Burns must have suffered actual harm and not just merely theoretical harm.
Sanchez v. State, 376 S.W.3d 767, 775 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
Burns concedes that he did not object to the jury charge; thus, he must show
egregious harm. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. In examining the record for egregious
harm, we consider the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, the arguments of the
parties, and any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole.
Olivas v. State, 202 S.W.3d 137, 144 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Jury charge error is
Burns v. State Page 5 egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives the defendant of a
valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. Stuhler v. State, 218 S.W.3d 706, 719
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Sanchez v. State, 209 S.W.3d 117, 121 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
The application paragraph of the jury charge applies the pertinent penal law,
abstract definitions, and general legal principles to the particular facts and the indictment
allegations. See Vasquez v. State, 389 S.W.3d 361, 366 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). “It is the
application paragraph of the charge, not the abstract portion, that authorizes a
conviction." Yzaguirre v. State, 394 S.W.3d 526, 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (quoting
Crenshaw v. State, 378 S.W.3d 460, 466 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)). The application paragraph
"explains to the jury, in concrete terms, how to apply the law to the facts of the case." Id.
Accordingly, we look to the application paragraph to determine whether the jury was
correctly instructed in order to resolve a harm analysis. Id. "Where the application
paragraph correctly instructs the jury, an error in the abstract instruction is not
egregious." Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633, 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). With these
principles in mind, we will proceed to conduct a harm analysis using the Almanza factors
as far as possible. See Dougherty v. State, 188 S.W.3d 670, 2006 WL 475802, at *1 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006) (per curiam) (not designated for publication) (reversing appellate court that
did not conduct analysis using all Almanza factors).
The first Almanza factor requires consideration of the entire jury charge. See
Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. The application paragraph of the jury charge properly
tracked the allegations in the indictment, and Burns does not argue that the application
Burns v. State Page 6 paragraph of the jury charge was erroneous in any way. Accordingly, the charge as a
whole does not weigh in favor of egregious harm. See Medina, 7 S.W.3d at 640.
The second Almanza factor involves the state of the evidence, including the
contested issues and weight of the probative evidence. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
As analyzed above in Burns’ sufficiency issue, we have already determined that the facts
were sufficient for the jury to have convicted Burns of misapplication of fiduciary
property. As such, the state of the evidence does not favor a finding of egregious harm.
The third Almanza factor involves the argument of counsel. See Almanza, 686
S.W.2d at 171. In the State's closing argument, the State briefly mentions that the extra
definitions are in the charge but the rest of its argument regarding the charge discusses
the elements set forth in the application paragraph. In his closing argument, Burns
argued that he was not charged with theft but was charged with misapplication only.
The argument of counsel does not favor a finding of egregious harm.
The final Almanza factor addresses any other relevant information revealed by the
record of the trial as a whole. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. We are not aware of "any
other relevant information" that we should consider and Burns has not identified any
information he argues is relevant to our analysis in his briefing to this Court.
Thus, in light of the Almanza factors, we are unable to conclude that Burns suffered
egregious harm from the errors in the abstract section of the jury charge which included
definitions that were not applicable to the offense of misapplication of fiduciary property.
Accordingly, we overrule Burns’ first issue.
Burns v. State Page 7 Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In his third issue, Burns complains that he received ineffective assistance of
counsel because his attorney elicited evidence of four prior convictions for the offense of
criminally negligent homicide that occurred in 1995, which he argues would not have
been admissible pursuant to rule 609 of the Rules of Evidence. Specifically, Burns argues
that because criminally negligent homicide is not a crime of moral turpitude and more
than ten years had passed since the date of the offense, the convictions were not
admissible.
The State correctly responds that criminally negligent homicide is a felony offense
and therefore it does not matter that it is not a crime of moral turpitude pursuant to rule
609(a)(1). See TEX. R. EVID. 609(a)(1) (evidence of conviction must be admitted if “the
crime was a felony or involved moral turpitude….”). Additionally, the State argues that
the limitation on using evidence after ten years starts only after the later date of the
conviction or release from confinement, and that there was no evidence of what date
Burns was released from confinement. See TEX. R. EVID. 609(b). Because of this, the State
argues that, under this record, Burns cannot show that trial counsel’s conduct was
deficient.
To prevail on an ineffective-assistance claim, Burns must prove (1) counsel's
representation fell below the objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel's deficiency, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052,
80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). In
Burns v. State Page 8 considering an ineffective-assistance claim, we indulge a strong presumption that
counsel's actions fell within the wide range of reasonable professional behavior and were
motivated by sound trial strategy. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689; Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.
To overcome this presumption, a claim of ineffective assistance must be firmly
demonstrated in the record. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814. In most cases, direct appeal is an
inadequate vehicle for raising such a claim because the record is generally undeveloped
and cannot adequately reflect the motives behind trial counsel's actions. Rylander v. State,
101 S.W.3d 107, 110-11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813-14.
When the record is silent regarding trial counsel's strategy, we will not find
deficient performance unless the challenged conduct was "so outrageous that no
competent attorney would have engaged in it." Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392
(Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Robinson v. State, 16 S.W.3d 808, 813 n. 7 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
In rare cases, however, the record can be sufficient to prove that counsel's performance
was deficient, despite the absence of affirmative evidence of counsel's reasoning or
strategy. Id.
Burns did not file a motion for new trial alleging ineffective assistance of counsel.
Burns does not set forth and we have found nothing in the record regarding the date of
Burns’ conviction or subsequent release from confinement. The record before this Court
is insufficient for us to be able to determine whether the trial court would have erred by
admitting the evidence of the prior convictions pursuant to any of the limitations set forth
in rule 609. Our inability to make this determination based on the record before us leads
us to the conclusion that Burns has not shown that his trial counsel’s alleged
Burns v. State Page 9 ineffectiveness in introducing evidence of the convictions in question is firmly
demonstrated in the record or was “so outrageous that no competent attorney would
have engaged in it.” Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d at 392. We overrule issue three.
Conclusion
Having found no reversible error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
TOM GRAY Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Davis, and Justice Scoggins Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed August 27, 2015 Do not publish [CR25]
Burns v. State Page 10