TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-10-00141-CR
Wendy Dawn Holbrooks, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1 OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY
NO. 09-03784-1, HONORABLE SUZANNE BROOKS, JUDGE PRESIDING
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
A jury convicted appellant Wendy Dawn Holbrooks of the offense of harassment. See
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 42.07(a)(2) (West 2011). Punishment was assessed at 120 days' confinement
in county jail, probated for 12 months, and a $1,000 fine. In three points of error, Holbrooks asserts
that the trial court abused its discretion in denying her motion to suppress statements that she had
made to police during the investigation and that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to
sustain her conviction. We will affirm the judgment of conviction.
BACKGROUND
The jury heard evidence that on May 16, 2009, Valerie Kirby was working as a
cashier at an H.E.B. in Cedar Park when Holbrooks, the wife of one of Kirby's co-workers, walked
past Kirby's check-out line, called Kirby a "nasty bitch," and then left the store. According to Kirby,
approximately twenty minutes later, she received a call on her cell phone from an "unknown" or
"blocked" number. Unable to answer the call at that time, Kirby let the call go to her voicemail.
When Kirby later took a break, she listened to her voicemail and heard the following message, a
recording of which was played for the jury:
You better watch your back. I'm going to [expletive] you up, you
nasty bitch, nasty ho. How you like you a sideline ho. You already
know you are not worth a [expletive] bitch for anybody. You think
a married man wants you? Not for your money. Nasty bitch. Bitch.
You better watch your back. You gonna get it. You already know
you gonna get it and when you least expect it you will get it,
guaranteed. I'm going to [expletive] you up.
Kirby testified that she recognized the voice on the message as belonging to Holbrooks because
Kirby "had spent some time with her when I went to their apartment to do her hair for her." Kirby
further testified that the message made her feel threatened and caused her alarm.
After first talking to Holbrooks's husband (who denied that his wife had left
the message) and then her manager, Kirby decided to report the call to the police. Officer
Mike Pellegrino of the Cedar Park Police Department responded to the complaint and, after speaking
with Kirby, listened to the voicemail. Pellegrino testified that he perceived the message to be
threatening in nature. He also testified that when he interviewed Kirby, she did not hesitate in
identifying the voice on the message as belonging to Holbrooks.
Detective Ricky Pando, who was assigned to investigate the case, also interviewed
Kirby and listened to the voicemail. Pando testified that Kirby was "100 percent sure" that the
voice on the message belonged to Holbrooks. Pando also testified that he perceived the message to
be threatening.
As part of his investigation, Pando went to Holbrooks's residence with another
detective and requested an interview with Holbrooks. According to Pando, Holbrooks consented
to the interview, which Pando digitally recorded and a copy of which was admitted into evidence.
During the interview, Pando testified, Holbrooks admitted that she had called Kirby a "nasty bitch"
at the H.E.B. but initially denied calling Kirby and leaving the message. However, Pando recounted,
"later in the conversation she didn't deny it any longer. Instead she downplayed the message . . . by
saying, '[A]nd she was threatened by that?'" Pando added that Holbrooks also claimed during the
interview that Kirby might have had an affair with and owed money to her husband. Pando further
testified that after speaking with Holbrooks, he was of the opinion that it was Holbrooks who had
left the message. After completing his investigation and receiving additional calls from Kirby that
she remained concerned for her safety, Pando arrested Holbrooks for harassment.
The jury found Holbrooks guilty of the offense as charged and assessed punishment
as noted above. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
Motion to suppress
In her first point of error, Holbrooks asserts that the trial court abused its discretion
in denying her motion to suppress statements that she had made to Detective Pando when he
interviewed her at her residence. At the suppression hearing, Holbrooks argued that the statements
should be suppressed because the interview was, in her view, a custodial interrogation, and she
had not been advised of her legal rights prior to the interview. See U.S. Const. amend. V.; Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22 (West 2005); see also Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). In
response, the State argued that the interview was not a custodial interrogation and that Holbrooks
was free to terminate the interview and ask the officers to leave her apartment at any time. The
trial court, at the conclusion of the suppression hearing, found that Holbrooks's statements "were
not the result of custodial interrogation" and denied the motion to suppress Holbrooks's statements
on that ground. (1)
In reviewing a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, "an appellate court must
apply a standard of abuse of discretion and overturn the trial court's ruling only if it is outside the
zone of reasonable disagreement." Martinez v. State, 348 S.W.3d 919, 922 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)
(citing State v. Dixon, 206 S.W.3d 587, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)). "The appellate court must
apply a bifurcated standard of review, giving almost total deference to a trial court's determination
of historic facts and mixed questions of law and fact that rely upon the credibility of a witness, but
applying a de novo standard of review to pure questions of law and mixed questions that do not
depend on credibility determinations." Id. at 922-23 (citing Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 87-89
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997)).
A trial court's ultimate custody determination presents a mixed question of law and
fact. Herrera v. State, 241 S.W.3d 520, 526 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). "Therefore, we afford almost
total deference to a trial judge's 'custody' determination when the questions of historical fact turn
on credibility and demeanor." Id. at 526-27 (citing Ripkowski v. State, 61 S.W.3d 378, 381
(Tex. Crim. App. 2001)). "Conversely, when the questions of historical fact do not turn on
credibility and demeanor, we will review a trial judge's 'custody' determination de novo." Id.
at 527.
The warnings set out in Miranda and Article 38.22 are required only when a person
is subject to "custodial interrogation." See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, §§ 3, 5; Miranda,
384 U.S. at 442-57, 467-79. "Custodial interrogation" is defined as "questioning initiated by law
enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom
of action in any significant way." Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444. A person is in "custody" only if, under
the circumstances, a reasonable person would believe that his freedom of movement was restrained
to the degree associated with a formal arrest. Dowthitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 254 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1996) (citing Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 322 (1994)); Bartlett v. State, 249 S.W.3d
658, 668 (Tex. App.--Austin 2008, pet. ref'd). The "reasonable person" standard presupposes an
innocent person. Dowthitt, 931 S.W.2d at 254 (citing Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 438 (1991));
Bartlett, 249 S.W.3d at 669. Moreover, the determination of custody depends on the objective
circumstances of the interrogation, not the subjective views of the person being questioned or
the subjective intent of the officer to arrest or not arrest. Stansbury, 511 U.S. at 323; Dowthitt,
931 S.W.2d at 254; Bartlett, 249 S.W.3d at 669.
The sole witness at the suppression hearing was Detective Pando, who testified that
he and the other detective went to Holbrooks's residence to conduct the interview; it was not
conducted at the police department. Pando noted that, when they arrived at Holbrooks's apartment,
she requested that she be allowed to change her clothes and was freely allowed to do so while the
detectives remained outside. Pando also testified that during the interview, Holbrooks was "standing
at the kitchen table" while he was "standing at the kitchen counter." Pando added that Holbrooks
was freely allowed to move around her apartment, to sit "wherever she was free to sit," and to get
water or whatever she needed; that she was neither under arrest nor in handcuffs; and that neither
he nor the other detective displayed their weapons during the interview. Pando further testified
that he told Holbrooks that she was not being charged at that time. The prosecutor also asked Pando
the following question: "And while the Defendant wasn't necessarily free to leave because you
were conducting an investigation, was she threatened with a trip to jail at any point imminent to
that conversation?" Pando answered, "No." (2) Pando could not recall, however, whether he told
Holbrooks that she was free to terminate the interview. He explained that he usually advises people
that they are free to terminate the interview when he speaks with them at the police department,
not at their homes.
Viewing the above evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling,
the record supports the trial court's finding that Holbrooks's statements were not obtained during
custodial interrogation. Although Pando could not recall whether he had told Holbrooks that she was
free to terminate the interview, he did communicate to her that she was not being charged at that
time. Additionally, Pando testified that the interview was at Holbrooks's residence instead of at the
police department, that she was free to move around her apartment, and that the detectives did not
handcuff her, display their weapons, or otherwise restrain her in any way. Thus, the record supports
a finding that under the circumstances, a reasonable person would not have believed that her freedom
of movement was restrained to the degree associated with a formal arrest. Accordingly, we cannot
conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the motion to suppress the statements
Holbrooks made at her apartment. We overrule Holbrooks's first point of error.
Sufficiency of the evidence
As charged in this case, a person commits the offense of harassment if, with intent
to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, or embarrass another, she threatens, by telephone, in a
manner reasonably likely to alarm the person receiving the threat, to inflict bodily injury on the
person. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 42.07(a)(2). In her second point of error, Holbrooks asserts that
the evidence is legally insufficient to prove her identity as the person who committed the offense.
In her third point of error, Holbrooks claims that the evidence is "factually insufficient" to prove that
the message Kirby received was threatening. (3)
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction,
we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based
on that evidence and reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, a rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). This
standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in testimony, to
weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Jackson,
443 U.S. at 319; see Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). If any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, we must
uphold the verdict. See McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Cuong Quoc
Ly v. State, 273 S.W.3d 778, 781 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref'd).
Regarding the identity of the caller, Kirby testified that she was familiar with
Holbrooks's voice and that she recognized Holbrooks as the caller who had left the voicemail
message. Kirby explained that she was familiar with Holbrooks's voice because prior to the
incident, she had been at Holbrooks's apartment "doing [Holbrooks's] hair" for approximately
three hours and that they had talked during that time. Kirby also testified that Holbrooks had called
her a "nasty bitch" in person prior to the call and that the voicemail message repeated that exact
phrase. Kirby further explained that the message referenced "current events that were going on"
between her and Holbrooks's husband, which, she told Detective Pando, involved "some kind of
cheating or an affair." The message stated, in part, the following: "You think a married man wants
you? Not for your money." Pando testified that Holbrooks had talked to him "at length about
some money that was owed to her [Holbrooks] from her husband" and about an affair between
Kirby and Holbrooks's husband. These facts, Pando surmised, provided Holbrooks with "reason for
[leaving] the message." Moreover, Pando related to the jury how Kirby had told him that she was
"100 percent sure" the voice on the message belonged to Holbrooks. Officer Pellegrino similarly
testified that Kirby did not hesitate in identifying Holbrooks as the caller. Also, Detective Pando
testified that after he had interviewed Holbrooks at her residence, he himself was of the opinion
that it was Holbrooks who had left the message. Viewing the above evidence and all reasonable
inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that a rational jury could
have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Holbrooks was the person who had left the voicemail
message on Kirby's cell phone. We overrule Holbrooks's second point of error.
Regarding the threatening nature of the call, the jury heard the content of the message
and could reasonably infer that statements such as "You better watch your back"; "You gonna get
it"; "You already know you gonna get it and when you least expect it you will get it, guaranteed";
and "I'm going to [expletive] you up" were threatening, especially when considered in light of
additional evidence that Holbrooks, who apparently believed that Kirby had an affair with and owed
money to her husband, had earlier that night called Kirby a "nasty bitch" in person. Kirby testified
that she believed Holbrooks left the voicemail message to harass, alarm, and annoy her, and she
stated she was "a little bit panicked," worried, and upset by it. Moreover, Officer Pellegrino testified
that Kirby "was genuinely very concerned" by the message and "seemed afraid that [Holbrooks]
would come back and attempt to make good on the threat that she had made on the voicemail." He
noted that he could tell from Kirby's behavior that she felt alarmed enough to call the police to
come out and investigate. Pellegrino stated that he listened to the voicemail message that night and
thought the threat of bodily injury was credible and alarming--so much so that he suggested to an
H.E.B. employee that he walk Kirby to her car when she got off from work at about 10:30 or 11:00
that night. Detective Pando similarly testified that when he listened to the message, he was of the
opinion that it was threatening. Viewing the above evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom
in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that a rational jury could have found beyond
a reasonable doubt that the voicemail message was threatening. We overrule Holbrooks's third
point of error.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
__________________________________________
Bob Pemberton, Justice
Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Pemberton and Rose
Affirmed
Filed: June 6, 2012
Do Not Publish
1. In their briefs, the parties have characterized the issue at the suppression hearing as whether
the interview was part of an investigative detention that triggered the Fourth Amendment's
protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures" or was instead merely a consensual
encounter with no Fourth Amendment implications. See Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48-50
(Tex. Crim. App. 2010). That issue, however, was not raised at the suppression hearing, and the
trial court instead decided the custodial-interrogation issue.
2. On cross-examination, in reference to the prosecutor's comment that Holbrooks "wasn't
necessarily free to leave," Pando clarified that Holbrooks was free to leave her apartment at any time
and also "was free to ask us to leave."
3. We no longer employ distinct legal and factual sufficiency standards when reviewing the
sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a criminal conviction. See Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893,
912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Accordingly, we shall review Holbrooks's second and third points of
error using the same standard. See id.