Spencer, Ch. J»
It is perfectly clear, that although Thomas had not a patent until 1790, yet any deed of conveyance made by hjm subsequent to the 27th of March, 1783, would have been valid, under the act of the 6th of April, 1790, and would have conveyed all his subsequent interest. It is, also, well settled, and has not been drawn in question, that the paper writing from Thomas to Wadsworth, did not operate as a conveyance of the lot, for want of a seal. (12 Johns. Rep. 74.) It is equally certain, that as between Wadsworth and Thomas, and their heirs, the agreement being founded on a valuable consideration, would be [663]*663carried into effect in a Court of equity, by decreeing a sped™ tic execution thereof, by a conveyance in fee. It admits of as little doubt, that if William, Preston, and David Matthews, both of them, had actual knowledge of the agreement between Wadsworth and Thomas, when they respectively took their deeds, they and their heirs would be compellable to convey to Wadsworth. But there is'no proof, nor pretence of proof, that either Preston, or Matthews, had such actual notice. The ground of the decree, and of the doctrine laid down by the Chancellor, is, that under the act of the 8th of January, 1794, the paper writing from Thomas to Wads-worth, having been deposited, amounts to constructive notice ; that is, that the writing having been deposited in the clerk’s office, was notice to every subsequent purchaser, of the contents of that paper; and such subsequent purchaser was bound to take notice of it, and purchased at his peril. The Chancellor has considered the deposit of these conveyances as intended by the legislature to be notice to all subsequent purchasers of. their existence and contents; and that the deposit of them would have been, in a degree, useless, if it was not intended to operate as notice. The deposit, he says, as to all deeds and conveyances made prior to the act, was intended as a substitute for the prior registry, and to be, from the date of the deposit, equivalent to the recording; and he considers the terms of the statute comprehensive enough to embrace the case of the respondent’s conveyance, for that it reached to every instrument of, or concerning those lands, and whereby they may be affected in law or equity; and he concludes, that the same construction ought to be given to this act, as to the act for the registry of mortgages.
I think it admits of much doubt, whether the act of the 8th of January, 1794, did embrace the respondent’s case. The words are, " all deeds and convejrances heretofore made and executed.” Now, it would seem to ine, that " deeds and conveyances,” mean the same thing $ that they are used as 'synonymous expressions; and that, therefore, no paper which was not a deed, and did not convey the land from the grantor to the grantee, was within the words of the statute, or its meaning and intent. But I do not think it necessary [664]*664to discuss this point, as I have come to a satisfactory conclusion on the other.
The preamble to.the statute of the Sth of January, 1794, fully demonstrates the object and intention of the legislature, in that enactment; it states, that many frauds have been committed with respect to the titles to the lands granted by this state as bounty lands, to the officers and troops, &c. by forging and antedating conveyances, and by conveying the said lands to different persons, and by various other coiltrivánces, so that it has become extremely difficult to discover in whom the legal title to some of the said lands is now vested; for remedy whereof, and in order to detect the said frauds, and to prevent the like frauds in future, the legislature enact, that all deeds and conveyances theretofore executed, of, or concerning those lands, of whereby they may be any way affected in law or equity, shall, on or before the first day of May, 1794, be delivered to,-and deposited with the clerk of the city of Mbany; and all deeds and conveyances, (except mortgages duly registered,) there" tofore. made and executed, whereby any of the said lands may be affected, in law or equity, which shall not be delivered to and deposited with the said clerk, on or before the first day of May aforesaid, shall be adjudged fraudulent and void against the subsequent purchasers, or mortgagees for valuable consideration. The act, then, directs the clerk of Mbany to register the names of every person, whose name shall be to any deed as having executed the same, in a book to be by him provided for that express purpose, in alphabetical order, and annex to, such name the date of the deed, and the name of the person to whom the same is granted; the deeds are directed to be filed in bundles, marked in alphabetical order, “ to the end that persons inclining to have recourse thereto, may inspect the same, paying the usual fees for search and inspection.”
The act then goes on to provide for future deeds, thereafter to be made and executed ; and it declares them void against subsequent purchasers for valuable consideration, unless they are recorded before a record of the deed under which the subsequent purchaser shall claim ; provided that [665]*665no deed shall be recorded, unless the same be duly acknowledged in the manner required by law,
I may venture to say, that, according to my knowledge or understanding, the construction put upon this statute, by the Chancellor, is such as was never anticipated by the profession, nor imagined by the legislature; and with the utmost deference, I must say, that, in my judgment, it cannot be supported. This act was considered, at the time of its being passed, as a high stretch of legislative authority. It was, however, universally approved, from the necessity of the case. The reasons which led to it are prefixed to the act itself. Various frauds and forgeries had been committed in relation to these military lands ; deeds had been antedated, and the same lands had been conveyed to different persons. That section of country was becoming valuable and inviting to settlers; and it was deemed very essential to have the lands settled. Under these circumstances, as a means to detect the frauds and forgeries, it was judged highly necessary and expedient to call these deeds out of the hands of the holders of them, to bring them all together, to the end that persons inclining to have recourse thereto¡ might inspect the same. The legislature express not only the reasons for passing the act, but the object also, which was to give persons inclining to inspect the deeds, the means of doing so. It seems to me, that this declaration of the object of passing the act, was purposely introduced to prevent any misconstruction; and that it negatives every idea, that subsequent purchasers were required, at their peril, to examine the deeds thus deposited. It amounts to this only; that such persons as choose to inspect them, may do so. How widely different is this permission to inspect these deeds, from a requirement that they must be inspected; and whether they are or not, that the mere deposit of them shall be notice to all subsequent purchasers ?
It is true, that the doctrine is now wisely and correctly established, that the registry of a mortgage is notice to all subsequent purchasers, and mortgagees. (2 Johns. Rep. 524. 18 Johns. Rep. 564.) This principle has many exceptions and qualifications under the English
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Spencer, Ch. J»
It is perfectly clear, that although Thomas had not a patent until 1790, yet any deed of conveyance made by hjm subsequent to the 27th of March, 1783, would have been valid, under the act of the 6th of April, 1790, and would have conveyed all his subsequent interest. It is, also, well settled, and has not been drawn in question, that the paper writing from Thomas to Wadsworth, did not operate as a conveyance of the lot, for want of a seal. (12 Johns. Rep. 74.) It is equally certain, that as between Wadsworth and Thomas, and their heirs, the agreement being founded on a valuable consideration, would be [663]*663carried into effect in a Court of equity, by decreeing a sped™ tic execution thereof, by a conveyance in fee. It admits of as little doubt, that if William, Preston, and David Matthews, both of them, had actual knowledge of the agreement between Wadsworth and Thomas, when they respectively took their deeds, they and their heirs would be compellable to convey to Wadsworth. But there is'no proof, nor pretence of proof, that either Preston, or Matthews, had such actual notice. The ground of the decree, and of the doctrine laid down by the Chancellor, is, that under the act of the 8th of January, 1794, the paper writing from Thomas to Wads-worth, having been deposited, amounts to constructive notice ; that is, that the writing having been deposited in the clerk’s office, was notice to every subsequent purchaser, of the contents of that paper; and such subsequent purchaser was bound to take notice of it, and purchased at his peril. The Chancellor has considered the deposit of these conveyances as intended by the legislature to be notice to all subsequent purchasers of. their existence and contents; and that the deposit of them would have been, in a degree, useless, if it was not intended to operate as notice. The deposit, he says, as to all deeds and conveyances made prior to the act, was intended as a substitute for the prior registry, and to be, from the date of the deposit, equivalent to the recording; and he considers the terms of the statute comprehensive enough to embrace the case of the respondent’s conveyance, for that it reached to every instrument of, or concerning those lands, and whereby they may be affected in law or equity; and he concludes, that the same construction ought to be given to this act, as to the act for the registry of mortgages.
I think it admits of much doubt, whether the act of the 8th of January, 1794, did embrace the respondent’s case. The words are, " all deeds and convejrances heretofore made and executed.” Now, it would seem to ine, that " deeds and conveyances,” mean the same thing $ that they are used as 'synonymous expressions; and that, therefore, no paper which was not a deed, and did not convey the land from the grantor to the grantee, was within the words of the statute, or its meaning and intent. But I do not think it necessary [664]*664to discuss this point, as I have come to a satisfactory conclusion on the other.
The preamble to.the statute of the Sth of January, 1794, fully demonstrates the object and intention of the legislature, in that enactment; it states, that many frauds have been committed with respect to the titles to the lands granted by this state as bounty lands, to the officers and troops, &c. by forging and antedating conveyances, and by conveying the said lands to different persons, and by various other coiltrivánces, so that it has become extremely difficult to discover in whom the legal title to some of the said lands is now vested; for remedy whereof, and in order to detect the said frauds, and to prevent the like frauds in future, the legislature enact, that all deeds and conveyances theretofore executed, of, or concerning those lands, of whereby they may be any way affected in law or equity, shall, on or before the first day of May, 1794, be delivered to,-and deposited with the clerk of the city of Mbany; and all deeds and conveyances, (except mortgages duly registered,) there" tofore. made and executed, whereby any of the said lands may be affected, in law or equity, which shall not be delivered to and deposited with the said clerk, on or before the first day of May aforesaid, shall be adjudged fraudulent and void against the subsequent purchasers, or mortgagees for valuable consideration. The act, then, directs the clerk of Mbany to register the names of every person, whose name shall be to any deed as having executed the same, in a book to be by him provided for that express purpose, in alphabetical order, and annex to, such name the date of the deed, and the name of the person to whom the same is granted; the deeds are directed to be filed in bundles, marked in alphabetical order, “ to the end that persons inclining to have recourse thereto, may inspect the same, paying the usual fees for search and inspection.”
The act then goes on to provide for future deeds, thereafter to be made and executed ; and it declares them void against subsequent purchasers for valuable consideration, unless they are recorded before a record of the deed under which the subsequent purchaser shall claim ; provided that [665]*665no deed shall be recorded, unless the same be duly acknowledged in the manner required by law,
I may venture to say, that, according to my knowledge or understanding, the construction put upon this statute, by the Chancellor, is such as was never anticipated by the profession, nor imagined by the legislature; and with the utmost deference, I must say, that, in my judgment, it cannot be supported. This act was considered, at the time of its being passed, as a high stretch of legislative authority. It was, however, universally approved, from the necessity of the case. The reasons which led to it are prefixed to the act itself. Various frauds and forgeries had been committed in relation to these military lands ; deeds had been antedated, and the same lands had been conveyed to different persons. That section of country was becoming valuable and inviting to settlers; and it was deemed very essential to have the lands settled. Under these circumstances, as a means to detect the frauds and forgeries, it was judged highly necessary and expedient to call these deeds out of the hands of the holders of them, to bring them all together, to the end that persons inclining to have recourse thereto¡ might inspect the same. The legislature express not only the reasons for passing the act, but the object also, which was to give persons inclining to inspect the deeds, the means of doing so. It seems to me, that this declaration of the object of passing the act, was purposely introduced to prevent any misconstruction; and that it negatives every idea, that subsequent purchasers were required, at their peril, to examine the deeds thus deposited. It amounts to this only; that such persons as choose to inspect them, may do so. How widely different is this permission to inspect these deeds, from a requirement that they must be inspected; and whether they are or not, that the mere deposit of them shall be notice to all subsequent purchasers ?
It is true, that the doctrine is now wisely and correctly established, that the registry of a mortgage is notice to all subsequent purchasers, and mortgagees. (2 Johns. Rep. 524. 18 Johns. Rep. 564.) This principle has many exceptions and qualifications under the English registry acts, which are not important to be traced or examined, ¡But [666]*666there is a wide and manifest distinction between the act of the 8th of January, 1794, and the act concerning mortSaSes- bi the first place, no mortgage can be registered until its authenticity is established, either by the acknow]e(jgment of the mortgagor, or proof of its due execution before a public officer intrusted with powers for that purpose; and there is an express provision, that in case of several mortgages of the same premises, the mortgage first registered shall have preference according to the time of the registry; and it is further expressly provided, that no mortgage shall defeat the title of any Iona fide purchaser, unless it be duly registered. Thus giving mortgages effect' according to the priority of registry, and, by strong and necessary implication, declaring that they shall defeat the title of even a bona fide purchaser, if duly registered.
If we recur to the provisions of the act of the 8th of January, 1794, we find, that the deeds required to be deposited, were not required to be authenticated by any acknowledgment or proof. Many of them were, confessedly, forged ; others had been antedated, and various frauds had taken place in relation to them. Under such facts, is it possible to conceive, that the legislature meant to have such deeds, with respect to which there was such alarm and suspicion, so far accredited as that the depositing of them should be notice to subsequent purchasers ? Did they mean to impede, and destroy the free "alienation of these lands to bona fide purchasers, for valuable consideration, upon the contingency, that if, in this mass bf deeds and papers, any of them were genuine, but not legally operative, that future purchasers should take notice of them at their peril ? I think manifestly not. When, therefore, the legislature required these unauthenticated, unacknowledged, unproved, and unrecorded deeds, to be deposited by a fixed day, and declared, that if they were not thus deposited, they should be adjudged fraudulent and void against subsequent purchasers for valuable consideration, they could not have intended to give greater effect to them than they had before, or to give them any preference over subsequent deeds, or to "require subsequent purchasers, at their peril, to take notice of them. If the deeds or conveyances deposited, should prove to be [667]*667authentic and operative, the grantors would hold under them ; but if they were defective and inoperative to transfer the title, they created no impediment to future transfers to bona fide purchasers for valuable consideration.
We perceive, that, as regards mortgages, there is no express declaration in the statute, that a registered, mortgage shall be notice to subsequent purchasers; but we find a strong and irresistible implication, that they shall be notice.
There is no such implication in the act of the 8th of January1794;' but, I apprehend, there is a negation of any implication of notice, when the end of their being deposited is merely to give such persons as incline to have recourse to them, a right to inspect them. This is provided as a facility to individuals, but is not enjoined as a duty.
It was intimated, on the argument, that the principle of this decree would open the door most widely to litigation. I confess, without pretending to any knowledge of the fact, that I apprehend much confusion and litigation will arise, should the doctrine laid down by the Chancellor be confirmed ; but I am not influenced by any such considerations. My opinion is, that the deposit of these deeds is not notice, and never was intended to be notice, per se, to any subsequent bona fide purchasers for valuable consideration. Having come to this conclusion, most fully and satisfactorily, I abstain from considering the question of improvement, not because it has any difficulty, but because I consider it wholly unnecessary. My opinion is, that the decree appealed from ought to be reversed, and that the proceedings be remitted, with directions that the respondent’s bill be dismissed, costs, to be taxed to the appellants, in the Court below.
Platt, J., and Woodworth, J.s concurred.
This being the unanimous opinion of the Court, it was thereupon ordered, adjudged, and decreed, that the decree of the Court of Chancery be, in all things, reversed ; and that the bill of the complainant in the Court of Chancery be dismissed, with costs to the appellants in the Court below, to ho taxed ; and that the record be remitted, fee.
Decree of reversal,