MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Nov 30 2018, 10:50 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Donald R. Shuler Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Barkes, Kolbus, Rife & Shuler, LLP Attorney General of Indiana Goshen, Indiana Caryn N. Szyper Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Wendell Manuel, November 30, 2018 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-CR-1425 v. Appeal from the Elkhart Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Appellee-Plaintiff. Kristine A. Osterday, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 20D01-1603-F1-2
Kirsch, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 1 of 15 [1] Wendell Manuel (“Manuel”) was convicted after a bench trial of one count of
rape resulting in serious bodily injury1 as a Level 1 felony and one count of
rape2 as a Level 3 felony, and the trial court imposed an aggregate sentence of
forty-five years. Manuel appeals and raises the following issues for our review:
I. Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support Manuel’s convictions; and
II. Whether Manuel’s sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of the offender.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [3] During the evening of August 6, 2015, C.E. was on the porch outside of her
apartment with her brother and a co-worker when Manuel approached them.
When he approached the porch, Manuel was holding a bottle of Amsterdam
Peach Vodka in his hand. Although C.E. had seen Manuel before and knew he
went by the nickname “Rock,” she did not know him well. Tr. Vol. 2 at 208-09.
Manuel approached C.E.’s brother, who shook Manuel’s hand, and the two
began talking. Later in the evening, C.E. went inside her apartment to use the
restroom, leaving her brother, her co-worker, and Manuel outside on the porch.
She locked the screen door behind her and went upstairs to the restroom.
1 See Ind. Code § 35-42-4-1(a),(b)(3). 2 See Ind. Code § 35-42-4-1(a).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 2 of 15 When she came back down the stairs, Manuel was standing in her living room,
and both the front door and sliding door were locked.
[4] C.E. asked Manuel what he was doing in her house and told him to leave. Id.
at 214. Manuel responded, “Fuck that,” he wanted some “pussy.” Id. at 215.
C.E. told Manuel to “get the fuck out of [her] house.” Id. Manuel then
grabbed C.E. by the hair and backhanded her across the mouth with his right
hand, causing C.E. to lose consciousness. Id. at 216. When C.E. regained
consciousness, she was lying on her back on the living room floor. C.E. was
naked from her waist down, and she felt pain as if she had vaginal intercourse.
Id. at 217, 222. Manuel was standing over her with his pants pulled down and
his erect penis exposed. Id. at 217, 223. C.E. then heard Manuel say “[f]uck
that, I want some head,” which she interpreted to mean that he wanted oral
sex. Id. at 223. C.E. approached Manuel on her knees and put his penis in her
mouth because she was intimidated by Manuel since he already struck her
once. Id. at 224. C.E.’s mouth was bleeding from being hit in the face, so she
stopped and told Manuel that she needed to rinse the blood out of her mouth.
Id. Manuel told C.E. to “hurry up.” Id. C.E. then walked toward the kitchen,
unlocked the door, and ran to a neighbor’s apartment.
[5] When she reached her neighbor’s apartment, C.E. was hysterical and repeated,
“[h]e was in my apartment.” Id. at 226. C.E. then told her neighbor that C.E.’s
two-year-old daughter was still sleeping upstairs in her apartment, but she was
scared to go back. Id. at 226-27. The neighbor went to C.E.’s apartment and
determined that Manuel had left. C.E. returned to her apartment and called her
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 3 of 15 cousin. Her cousin came over and convinced her to report the incident to the
police. Id. at 228.
[6] When the responding officer arrived at C.E.’s apartment just after 5:00 a.m., he
found C.E. in her upstairs bedroom. The officer observed that C.E. seemed
overwhelmed and in a state of shock and that “she was just kind of laying [sic]
there motionless” and did not want to answer questions. Id. at 109, 111-12.
The officer noticed that C.E. had swelling to the right side of her face and that
the right side of her lips were “very swollen”; she also had an abrasion on her
left knee. Id. at 112, 128-29; State’s Exs. 28-30. The officer observed that C.E.’s
apartment was generally “picked up and organized,” but there were signs of a
disturbance in the living room where C.E. reported the rapes occurred. Tr. Vol.
2 at 119-20; State’s Exs. 4-27. A glass of liquid had been spilled, which left a
fresh stain on the carpet, and a t-shirt, a pair of socks, and a box cutter were
lying on the floor. Tr. Vol. 2 at 121-23; State’s Exs. 4-10. A bottle of Amsterdam
Peach Vodka was sitting on C.E.’s kitchen table. Tr. Vol. 2 at 133-34; State’s Ex.
12. C.E. later testified that the bottle of peach vodka was already on the table
when she came down the stairs, the glass was spilled during the incident, the t-
shirt found in the living room was the one Manuel had been wearing that
evening, and the socks and box cutter on the living room floor did not belong to
her. Tr. Vol. 2 at 231-32, 241, 243.
[7] In the morning on August 7, 2015, about eight hours after she was assaulted,
C.E. was taken to the hospital for an examination by a sexual assault nurse
examiner. The sexual assault kit, which included vaginal and cervical swabs
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 4 of 15 and a piece of toilet tissue used by C.E. after urination at the hospital, was sent
to the Indiana State Police Laboratory for testing along with a buccal swab
from Manuel for comparison. Id. at 141-42, 190. A forensic scientist
performed serological testing on the items in the sexual assault kit. The
presumptive test for seminal material was positive on the vaginal and cervical
swabs, but the scientist was unable to confirm the presence of seminal material
or develop a full DNA profile from any of the items. Id. at 192-94; State’s Ex.
200.
[8] The sexual assault kit was then submitted to another forensic scientist for Y-
STR analysis, involving DNA from the Y chromosome only, which is found
only in males and is passed on directly from a father to a son. Tr. Vol. 2 at 198.
This type of DNA analysis is useful in situations where there is an
overwhelming amount of female DNA present and the item of interest is the
smaller amount of male DNA present. Id. at 198. The analyst was able to
obtain a partial Y-STR profile from a cutting of the toilet tissue, which she
found to be consistent with the Y-STR profile obtained from Manuel. State’s
Ex. 300. The scientist determined that “Manuel and all his male paternal
relatives cannot be excluded as potential Y-STR contributors to the sample.”
Id.
[9] Manuel was interviewed by the police and admitted that he was inside C.E.’s
apartment that evening but claimed that he performed consensual oral sex on
C.E. on her kitchen counter. Tr. Vol. 2 at 166; State’s Ex. 400. The police had
Manuel demonstrate his positioning during the sexual encounter, and he
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 5 of 15 demonstrated a kneeling position, looking up when he performed the act. Tr.
Vol. 2 at 168; State’s Ex. 33. The police measured his height in that position and
compared the measurements with the height of C.E.’s kitchen countertops and
found that Manuel’s account was not physically possible. Tr. Vol. 2 167-70,
172-173; State’s Exs. 32-33, 38-42.
[10] On March 2, 2016, the State charged Manuel with two counts of Level 1 felony
rape resulting in bodily injury and one count of Level 3 felony criminal
confinement resulting in bodily injury. A bench trial was held on February 27,
2018, and at the conclusion, the trial court took the matter under advisement.
On March 28, 2018, the trial court issued an order finding Manuel guilty of one
count of Level 1 felony rape resulting in bodily injury and one count of Level 3
felony rape as a lesser included offense. The trial court found Manuel not guilty
of Level 3 felony criminal confinement resulting in bodily injury.
[11] A sentencing hearing was held on May 31, 2018. The trial court found the
following aggravating circumstances: Manuel’s extensive criminal history; his
violations of the conditions of probation and community correction; that he
committed the instant offenses while on parole; and “that other forms of
sanctions have proved to be unsuccessful in keeping [him] from engaging in
criminal activity and that [he] has not taken advantage of the programming or
alternative sanctions offered to him in the past.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 62-63. The trial
court also noted that Manuel was laughing during the victim’s testimony at
trial, which it considered “not only inappropriate but . . . offensive.” Id. at 61.
The trial court found as mitigating the fact that imprisonment will result in
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 6 of 15 undue hardship to Manuel’s dependent child. Id. at 63. The trial court
sentenced Manuel to thirty-five years for Level 1 felony rape and ten years for
Level 3 felony rape, to be served consecutively, for an aggregate sentence of
forty-five years in the Indiana Department of Correction. Manuel now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
I. Sufficient Evidence [12] When we review the sufficiency of evidence to support a conviction, we do not
reweigh the evidence or assess the credibility of the witnesses. Boggs v. State,
928 N.E.2d 855, 864 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. We consider only the
evidence most favorable to the verdict and the reasonable inferences that can be
drawn from this evidence. Fuentes v. State, 10 N.E.3d 68, 75 (Ind. Ct. App.
2014), trans. denied. We also consider conflicting evidence in the light most
favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Oster v. State, 992 N.E.2d 871, 875 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2013), trans. denied. We will not disturb the verdict if there is substantial
evidence of probative value to support it. Fuentes, 10 N.E.3d at 75. We will
affirm unless no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of the crime
proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Delagrange v. State, 5 N.E.3d 354, 356 (Ind.
2014). A conviction can be sustained on only the uncorroborated testimony of
a single witness, even when that witness is the victim. Dalton v. State, 56 N.E.3d
644, 648 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied.
[13] In order to convict Manuel of rape as a Level 3 felony, the State was required to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he knowingly or intentionally had sexual
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 7 of 15 intercourse with another person or knowingly or intentionally caused another
person to perform or submit to other sexual conduct when the other person was
compelled by force or imminent threat of force. Ind. Code § 35-42-4-1(a)(1).
The offense is elevated to a Level 1 felony if it results in serious bodily injury to
a person other than the defendant. Ind. Code § 35-42-4-1(b)(3). Other sexual
conduct is defined as an act involving: (1) a sex organ of one person and the
mouth or anus of another person; or (2) the penetration of the sex organ or anus
of a person by an object. Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-221.5. Serious bodily injury is
defined as “bodily injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes:
(1) serious permanent disfigurement; (2) unconsciousness; (3) extreme pain; (4)
permanent or protracted loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member
or organ; or (5) loss of a fetus.” Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-292.
[14] Manuel argues that that the evidence presented by the State was insufficient to
support his convictions. Specifically, he does not challenge the sufficiency of
the evidence of any particular element of his rape convictions. Instead, Manuel
contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions because
C.E.’s testimony was incredibly dubious.
[15] In general, the uncorroborated testimony of one victim is sufficient to sustain a
conviction. Holeton v. State, 853 N.E.2d 539, 540 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).
However, the “incredible dubiosity rule” provides that “a court may ‘impinge
on the jury’s responsibility to judge the credibility of witnesses only when
confronted with inherently improbable testimony or coerced, equivocal, wholly
uncorroborated testimony of incredible dubiosity.’” Govan v. State, 913 N.E.2d
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 8 of 15 237, 243 n.6 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (quoting Murray v. State, 761 N.E.2d 406, 408
(Ind. 2002)), trans. denied. The application of this rule is rare and is limited to
situations in which a sole witness presents inherently improbable testimony
such that no reasonable person could believe it, and there is a complete lack of
circumstantial evidence of a defendant’s guilt. Id. The standard to be applied is
“‘whether the testimony is so incredibly dubious or inherently improbable that
no reasonable person could believe it.’” Morell v. State, 933 N.E.2d 484, 492
(Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting Fajardo v. State, 859 N.E.2d 1201, 1208 (Ind.
2007)). While the incredible dubiosity standard is not impossible to meet, it
requires great ambiguity and inconsistency in the evidence. Moore v. State, 27
N.E.3d 749, 756 (Ind. 2015).
[16] Here, C.E. gave testimony at trial that Manuel entered her home, refused to
leave, and stated he wanted some “pussy.” Tr. Vol. 2 at 215. When C.E.
refused him and again told him to leave, he grabbed her by the hair and
backhanded her across the right side of her mouth, which caused her to lose
consciousness. Id. at 216. When C.E. regained consciousness, she was lying
on her back on the living room floor, naked from her waist down, and felt pain
as if she had vaginal intercourse, and Manuel was standing over her with his
pants down and his erect penis exposed. Id. at 217, 222, 223. Manuel then
demanded that he wanted oral sex from C.E. and compelled her to do so. Id. at
223, 224. C.E.’s testimony was not so “incredibly dubious or inherently
improbable that no reasonable person could believe it.” See Morell, 933 N.E.2d
at 492.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 9 of 15 [17] Manuel points to inconsistencies between statements that C.E. made to the
police prior to trial and her testimony at trial, asserting that these
inconsistencies make C.E.’s testimony incredibly dubious. However, “[i]t is
well-settled that ‘discrepancies between a witness’s trial testimony and earlier
statements made to police and in depositions do not render such testimony
‘incredibly dubious.’” Wolf v. State, 76 N.E.3d 911, 916 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017)
(quoting Holeton, 853 N.E.2d at 541-42). Manuel also contends that the
physical evidence presented at trial did not corroborate C.E.’s testimony. We
disagree. There must be a complete lack of circumstantial evidence for
testimony to be considered incredibly dubious. Id.
[18] At trial, photographic evidence was presented that showed the injuries C.E.
suffered to her lips and mouth and the abrasion to her left knee. This evidence
corroborated C.E.’s testimony that Manuel backhanded her across the right side
of her mouth and compelled her to perform oral sex on him while kneeling on
the living room rug. Additionally, the Y-STR DNA profile taken from the
toilet tissue that C.E. used after urinating was found to be consistent with the Y-
STR profile obtained from Manuel and provided circumstantial evidence of his
guilt. Further, photographs were presented of C.E.’s apartment, which showed
that, although the apartment was generally orderly, the area of the living room
where C.E. stated that the rape took place showed signs of a struggle, including
a glass of liquid that had been spilled and several items that did not belong to
C.E., including a t-shirt, socks, and a box cutter. This photographic evidence
further corroborated C.E.’s testimony. Therefore, C.E.’s testimony was not
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 10 of 15 inherently improbable or equivocal, and there was circumstantial evidence that
was consistent with her description of what occurred, and Manuel has not
shown that the incredible dubiosity rule should apply. Manuel’s sufficiency
arguments are merely requests for this court to reweigh the evidence, which we
cannot do. Boggs, 928 N.E.2d at 864. We, thus, conclude that sufficient
evidence was presented to support Manuel’s convictions.
II. Inappropriate Sentence [19] Pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), this court “may revise a sentence
authorized by statute if, after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, the
[c]ourt finds that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the
offense and the character of the offender.” Our Supreme Court has explained
that the principal role of appellate review should be to attempt to leaven the
outliers, “not to achieve a perceived ‘correct’ result in each case.” Cardwell v.
State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1225 (Ind. 2008). We independently examine the
nature of Manuel’s offense and his character under Appellate Rule 7(B) with
substantial deference to the trial court’s sentence. Satterfield v. State, 33 N.E.3d
344, 355 (Ind. 2015). “In conducting our review, we do not look to see whether
the defendant’s sentence is appropriate or if another sentence might be more
appropriate; rather, the test is whether the sentence is ‘inappropriate.’” Barker v.
State, 994 N.E.2d 306, 315 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. Whether a
sentence is inappropriate ultimately depends upon “the culpability of the
defendant, the severity of the crime, the damage done to others, and a myriad
of other factors that come to light in a given case.” Cardwell, 895 N.E.2d at
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 11 of 15 1224. Manuel bears the burden of persuading us that his sentence is
inappropriate. Id.
[20] Manuel argues that his forty-five-year aggregate sentence is inappropriate under
Appellate Rule 7(B). Specifically, as to the nature of the offense, he claims that
there was “nothing particularly outrageous that is above and beyond what is
necessary to establish” Level 1 felony rape and Level 3 felony rape and,
therefore, nothing “beyond what the Legislature has determined is the
appropriate advisory sentence” for his offenses. Appellant’s Br. at 20. As to his
character, Manuel asserts that, although he has a criminal history, the record
also established that, when not incarcerated, he consistently maintained
employment, that he has positive relationships with his family, and that he had
previously completed substance abuse classes and had not used illegal
substances in eight years. Manuel, therefore, urges this court to find his
sentence inappropriate.
[21] When determining whether a sentence is inappropriate, the advisory sentence is
the starting point the legislature has selected as an appropriate sentence for the
crime committed. Kunberger v. State, 46 N.E.3d 966, 973 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015);
Thompson v. State, 5 N.E.3d 383, 391 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). Manuel was
convicted of a Level 1 felony, and the advisory sentence for a Level 1 felony
conviction is thirty years, with a range of between twenty and forty years. Ind.
Code § 35-50-2-4(b). Manuel was also convicted of a Level 3 felony, for which
the advisory sentence is nine years with a range of between three years and
sixteen years. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-5(b). Manuel received a sentence of thirty-
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 12 of 15 five years for Level 1 felony rape and ten years for Level 3 felony rape, to be
served consecutively, for an aggregate sentence of forty-five years.
[22] As this court has recognized, the nature of the offense is found in the details
and circumstances of the commission of the offense and the defendant’s
participation. Perry v. State, 78 N.E.3d 1, 13 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017). Here, the
nature of the offense is that Manuel entered C.E.’s apartment without her
invitation, locked the door, backhanded her across the face rendering her
unconscious, and raped her while C.E.’s two-year-old daughter was asleep
upstairs. Tr. Vol. 2 at 213, 216-17, 222. When C.E. regained consciousness,
Manuel demanded oral sex and then forced her to put his penis in her mouth,
even though her mouth was bleeding from being stuck earlier by Manuel. Id. at
223-24. Manuel’s sexual assault of C.E. only concluded because she was able
to flee the apartment after telling Manuel she needed to rinse the blood out of
her mouth. Id. at 224-25. We do not find that Manuel’s sentence is
inappropriate regarding the nature of his offense, which involved two sexual
assaults after Manuel hit C.E. so hard that she lost consciousness and while a
child was sleeping upstairs.
[23] The character of the offender is found in what we learn of the offender’s life and
conduct. Perry, 78 N.E.3d at 13. When considering the character of the
offender, one relevant fact is the defendant’s criminal history. Johnson v. State,
986 N.E.2d 852, 857 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). The evidence presented at the
sentencing hearing showed that Manuel has an extensive criminal history
spanning both Indiana and Illinois. He has six prior felony convictions and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 13 of 15 eleven prior misdemeanor convictions, dating back to 1997, many of which
involved battery. Appellant’s Conf. App. Vol. 2 at 118-23. Through his prior
convictions, Manuel has been ordered to serve community service, to be placed
on probation and in community corrections, and to serve time incarcerated.
However, despite such opportunities, Manuel has continued to commit
criminal offenses and has not shown he is willing to rehabilitate his criminal
behavior. He was on parole when he committed the present offenses, and the
record reflects that he had four pending criminal cases at the time of sentencing.
Id. at 123. Additionally, Manuel had violated his probation and community
corrections at least eight times in the past. Id. at 118-23. The trial court also
noted that, as C.E. testified during trial, Manuel was laughing, which the trial
court found “not only inappropriate, but . . . offensive.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 61. We
conclude that, in looking at Manuel’s character, his sentence is not
inappropriate.
[24] Manuel asserts that his sentence is inappropriate due to his ability to maintain
employment when he is not incarcerated, the fact he has positive relationships
with his family, and his report of no use of illegal substance for the last eight
years. While we agree that these things are commendable, we do not agree that
in light of the nature of the offenses committed in the present case and in light
of his character demonstrating a lack of respect for the law that his sentence is
[25] Affirmed.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 14 of 15 Vaidik, C.J., and Riley, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1425 | November 30, 2018 Page 15 of 15