Holt, J.
The appeal is from a judgment annulling the marriage between the parties.
Pending the appeal plaintiff deceased. His representative has been duly substituted, but in this decision the original plaintiff will be referred to as plaintiff.
There are only two assignments of error which raise reviewable questions in this court. The first is that the evidence does not support the finding: “That there has been no cohabitation between plaintiff and defendant since plaintiff learned of defendant’s false and fraudulent representation and concealment, as hereinbefore set forth.” We think plaintiff’s testimony fully justified the finding. Defendant did not testify to the contrary. Cohabitation, within the meaning of this finding, is of course more than merely remaining in the same house and preparing meals for both during the three or four days which defendant remained after plaintiff discovered the fraud.
The other assignment of error is: “The judgment * * * is not supported by the findings of fact.” This raises the vital question of the appeal. No finding of fact is challenged except the one first mentioned and that unsuccessfully, hence all the findings of fact must be taken as true and fully supported. A summary thereof may be stated thus:
The parties were married on August 9, 1924, plaintiff being then 71 and defendant 49 years. Plaintiff and defendant lived for some years prior to 1920 in Fergus Falls. At that time plaintiff was married and had a large family of grown children, and defendant was living with one
G.
A. Stalling as his wife. The Stallings thereafter moved to Henning and then to Minneapolis, Minnesota. While at Fergus Falls, also at Henning and Minneapolis, the two families visited back and forth and were on very friendly terms. On May 4, 1924, plaintiff’s wife died, and shortly prior thereto defendant was deserted by Stalling, who during all the time he was living with defendant as his wife was the husband of another woman. Defendant learning of the death of plaintiff’s wife wrote him letters of sympathy at first, which soon were followed by those pretending
to express great love and affection for him. In short defendant artfully induced plaintiff to marry her, writing him that she had secured a divorce from Stalling. She had not been divorced and she fraudulently concealed from plaintiff that all the years she had been with Stalling as his wife the latter had 'another wife living. Plaintiff would not have entered the marriage had he known that the Stallings were not lawfully married and divorced.
Section 8581, G. S. 1923, permits annulment of the marriage at the suit of the injured party “when the consent of [such party to the marriage contract] has been obtained by force or fraud, and there is no subsequent voluntary cohabitation of the parties.” Where annulment is sought on the ground of fraud, the voluntary cohabitation, which would preclude relief, must be such cohabitation subsequent to discovery of the fraud. Courts in this country are not agreed as to what fraud will furnish grounds for setting aside a marriage. The absence of statute in some states may account for some divergence of views. Precedents from New York would amply justify the decision of the learned trial court. Domschke v. Domschke, 138 App. Div. 454, 122 N. Y. S. 892; Sheridan v. Sheridan, 186 N. Y. S. 470; Di Lorenzo v. Di Lorenzo, 174 N. Y. 467, 67 N. E. 63, 63 L. R. A. 92, 95 Am. St. 609. In Massachusetts the rule is rather strict against annulment for fraud. Chipman v. Johnston, 237 Mass. 502, 130 N. E. 65, 14 A. L. R. 119.
In this state the fraud which will justify annulment of a marriage has been considered in Lewis v. Lewis, 44 Minn. 124, 46 N. W. 323, 9 L. R. A. 505, 20 Am. St. 559; Behsman v. Behsman, 144 Minn. 95, 174 N. W. 611, 7 A. L. R. 1501; and in Robertson v. Roth, 163 Minn. 501, 204 N. W. 329, 39 A. L. R. 1342, where the authorities are quite fully cited. They all relate to concealment of insanity or epilepsy, a misfortune for which the party is not to blame.
In the Robertson case it was held that concealment or deception by one of the parties as to defects of character, morality, chastity, habits, temper or other accidentals which do not constitute the basis for the marriage relation does not furnish ground for annulment. Like matters would be birth, social or financial standing, etc. It
was further held that fraud which would constitute ground for annulment “must be something that destroys the consent which blots out all semblance of contract — or it must impose at the time of the marriage upon the one wronged/burdens and obstacles, wholly unexpected and of such character that they tend to the destruction of domestic happiness and promote humiliation disclosing a situation intolerable to society and detrimental to the marriage relation.”
The sum and substance of the fraud in the case at bar was that defendant falsely stated that she had secured a divorce and concealed from plaintiff her true relation with Stalling. This fraud did not go to her capacity to fulfil her marriage obligations with plaintiff, for she needed no divorce since her living with Stalling could not ripen into a common law marriage so long as his wife lived undivorced. Ordinarily misrepresentation as to a prior status of being divorced or never having been married is not such a fraud as to afford grounds for annulment.
This subject is extensively treated in Wells v. Talham, 180 Wis. 654, 194 N. W. 36, 33 A. L. R. 827. There the plaintiff was a devout Catholic, and the defendant falsely stated to him that she never was divorced, though such was the case, and her former husband was living; so that according to the rules of the plaintiff’s church he had to cease to cohabit with her or suffer excommunication. It was held not to give cause for annulment of the marriage. In the dissolution of a lawful marriage not only the parties but the state is concerned. Hence the welfare of society and the rights of innocent parties must be considered. Where marriage has been consummated there may be the interests of children born or unborn. But in determining the sufficiency of the fraud each case must be considered on its own facts. In the instant case defendant and Stalling had for years held themselves out to plaintiff, to his family and to the community as living in honorable wedlock. The state was interested in assuming that such was the fact. When it was disclosed to plaintiff that it was untrue, was there not such an unexpected and intolerable burden thrust on him of a character entirely to destroy his domestic peace and heap humiliation upon him and his family within the language of Robertson v. Roth, supra?
It would seem that society required that a person, carrying on for years such meretricious connection, should not, under the false pretense of having secured a lawful divorce from what she had led plaintiff and the community to believe was an honorable status, be allowed to entrap an unsuspecting person into an irrevocable marriage contract. The record is clear that defendant designedly and artfully carried out the fraudulent representation in order to secure rights in plaintiff’s property.
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Holt, J.
The appeal is from a judgment annulling the marriage between the parties.
Pending the appeal plaintiff deceased. His representative has been duly substituted, but in this decision the original plaintiff will be referred to as plaintiff.
There are only two assignments of error which raise reviewable questions in this court. The first is that the evidence does not support the finding: “That there has been no cohabitation between plaintiff and defendant since plaintiff learned of defendant’s false and fraudulent representation and concealment, as hereinbefore set forth.” We think plaintiff’s testimony fully justified the finding. Defendant did not testify to the contrary. Cohabitation, within the meaning of this finding, is of course more than merely remaining in the same house and preparing meals for both during the three or four days which defendant remained after plaintiff discovered the fraud.
The other assignment of error is: “The judgment * * * is not supported by the findings of fact.” This raises the vital question of the appeal. No finding of fact is challenged except the one first mentioned and that unsuccessfully, hence all the findings of fact must be taken as true and fully supported. A summary thereof may be stated thus:
The parties were married on August 9, 1924, plaintiff being then 71 and defendant 49 years. Plaintiff and defendant lived for some years prior to 1920 in Fergus Falls. At that time plaintiff was married and had a large family of grown children, and defendant was living with one
G.
A. Stalling as his wife. The Stallings thereafter moved to Henning and then to Minneapolis, Minnesota. While at Fergus Falls, also at Henning and Minneapolis, the two families visited back and forth and were on very friendly terms. On May 4, 1924, plaintiff’s wife died, and shortly prior thereto defendant was deserted by Stalling, who during all the time he was living with defendant as his wife was the husband of another woman. Defendant learning of the death of plaintiff’s wife wrote him letters of sympathy at first, which soon were followed by those pretending
to express great love and affection for him. In short defendant artfully induced plaintiff to marry her, writing him that she had secured a divorce from Stalling. She had not been divorced and she fraudulently concealed from plaintiff that all the years she had been with Stalling as his wife the latter had 'another wife living. Plaintiff would not have entered the marriage had he known that the Stallings were not lawfully married and divorced.
Section 8581, G. S. 1923, permits annulment of the marriage at the suit of the injured party “when the consent of [such party to the marriage contract] has been obtained by force or fraud, and there is no subsequent voluntary cohabitation of the parties.” Where annulment is sought on the ground of fraud, the voluntary cohabitation, which would preclude relief, must be such cohabitation subsequent to discovery of the fraud. Courts in this country are not agreed as to what fraud will furnish grounds for setting aside a marriage. The absence of statute in some states may account for some divergence of views. Precedents from New York would amply justify the decision of the learned trial court. Domschke v. Domschke, 138 App. Div. 454, 122 N. Y. S. 892; Sheridan v. Sheridan, 186 N. Y. S. 470; Di Lorenzo v. Di Lorenzo, 174 N. Y. 467, 67 N. E. 63, 63 L. R. A. 92, 95 Am. St. 609. In Massachusetts the rule is rather strict against annulment for fraud. Chipman v. Johnston, 237 Mass. 502, 130 N. E. 65, 14 A. L. R. 119.
In this state the fraud which will justify annulment of a marriage has been considered in Lewis v. Lewis, 44 Minn. 124, 46 N. W. 323, 9 L. R. A. 505, 20 Am. St. 559; Behsman v. Behsman, 144 Minn. 95, 174 N. W. 611, 7 A. L. R. 1501; and in Robertson v. Roth, 163 Minn. 501, 204 N. W. 329, 39 A. L. R. 1342, where the authorities are quite fully cited. They all relate to concealment of insanity or epilepsy, a misfortune for which the party is not to blame.
In the Robertson case it was held that concealment or deception by one of the parties as to defects of character, morality, chastity, habits, temper or other accidentals which do not constitute the basis for the marriage relation does not furnish ground for annulment. Like matters would be birth, social or financial standing, etc. It
was further held that fraud which would constitute ground for annulment “must be something that destroys the consent which blots out all semblance of contract — or it must impose at the time of the marriage upon the one wronged/burdens and obstacles, wholly unexpected and of such character that they tend to the destruction of domestic happiness and promote humiliation disclosing a situation intolerable to society and detrimental to the marriage relation.”
The sum and substance of the fraud in the case at bar was that defendant falsely stated that she had secured a divorce and concealed from plaintiff her true relation with Stalling. This fraud did not go to her capacity to fulfil her marriage obligations with plaintiff, for she needed no divorce since her living with Stalling could not ripen into a common law marriage so long as his wife lived undivorced. Ordinarily misrepresentation as to a prior status of being divorced or never having been married is not such a fraud as to afford grounds for annulment.
This subject is extensively treated in Wells v. Talham, 180 Wis. 654, 194 N. W. 36, 33 A. L. R. 827. There the plaintiff was a devout Catholic, and the defendant falsely stated to him that she never was divorced, though such was the case, and her former husband was living; so that according to the rules of the plaintiff’s church he had to cease to cohabit with her or suffer excommunication. It was held not to give cause for annulment of the marriage. In the dissolution of a lawful marriage not only the parties but the state is concerned. Hence the welfare of society and the rights of innocent parties must be considered. Where marriage has been consummated there may be the interests of children born or unborn. But in determining the sufficiency of the fraud each case must be considered on its own facts. In the instant case defendant and Stalling had for years held themselves out to plaintiff, to his family and to the community as living in honorable wedlock. The state was interested in assuming that such was the fact. When it was disclosed to plaintiff that it was untrue, was there not such an unexpected and intolerable burden thrust on him of a character entirely to destroy his domestic peace and heap humiliation upon him and his family within the language of Robertson v. Roth, supra?
It would seem that society required that a person, carrying on for years such meretricious connection, should not, under the false pretense of having secured a lawful divorce from what she had led plaintiff and the community to believe was an honorable status, be allowed to entrap an unsuspecting person into an irrevocable marriage contract. The record is clear that defendant designedly and artfully carried out the fraudulent representation in order to secure rights in plaintiff’s property. That she well knew that unless she represented that she had obtained a divorce from Stalling, whom plaintiff and the state itself were justified in considering her lawful husband, plaintiff never would have consented to a marriage with her. In this case the words in Orchardson v. Cofield, 171 Ill. 14, 49 N. E. 197, 40 L. R. A. 256, 63 Am. St. 211, are fitting:
“No one will suffer by the decree below unless it be the wrongdoer himself. No right or interest of society demands that such a marriage should be upheld.”
We may not be ready to go the full length stated in Reeve, Dom. Rel. 206, nor with all said in Gatto v. Gatto, 79 N. H. 177, 106 Atl. 493, but there is force in the reasoning. In the Gatto case the language is:
“The public policy of this state, evidenced by the statutes, the decisions, or the general concensus of opinion, does not regard a fraudulent marriage ceremony as sacred and irrevocable by judicial action; it does not encourage the practice of fraud in such cases by investing a formal marriage, entered into in consequence of deceit, with all the force and validity of an honest marriage. While mar-, riage is a contract attended with many important and peculiar features in which the state is interested, and while it is one of the fundamental elements of social welfare, its transcendent importance would seem to demand that wily and designing people should find it difficult to successfully perpetrate fraud and deceit as inducements to the marriage relation, rather than that such base attempts should be regarded as of trivial importance and be wholly disregarded by the courts. Unhappy and unfortunate marriages ought not to be
encouraged. Scbouler, Dom. Rel. § 24. The successful perpetration of fraud is not deemed to he a subject for judicial encouragement (Lyman v. Lyman, 90 Conn. 399, 411, 97 Atl. 312, L. R. A. 1916E, 643), nor is the court authorized to legislate in favor of such a policy.”
And Reeve says: “There is no more reason for sanctioning a marriage procured by fraud, than one procured by force and violence. The consent is totally wanting, in view of the law, in the former, as in the latter case.”
As tending to sustain the decision herein may be cited: Raia v. Raia, 214 Ala. 391, 108 So. 11; Lyndon v. Lyndon, 69 Ill. 43; Christlieb v. Christlieb, 71 Ind. App. 682, 125 N. E. 486; Browning v. Browning, 89 Kan. 98, 130 Pac. 852, L. R. A. 1916C, 737, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 1288; Entsminger v. Entsminger, 99 Kan. 362, 161 Pac. 607; Brown v. Scott, 140 Md. 258, 117 Atl. 114, 22 A. L. R. 810. In some of the cases the fact is stressed that there was no consummation; but we deem that unimportant here because in the nature of things no child could result from the marriage, and moreover we thinlc our statute contemplates that voluntary cohabitation subsequent to discovery is what precludes annulment of the marriage induced by fraud. The statutes of some states make this clear beyond dispute, as for example California and South Dakota. See also Eliot v. Eliot, 77 Wis. 634, 46 N. W. 806, 10 L. R. A. 568.
Application- was made to this court for temporary alimony, suit money and attorney’s fees pendente lite. Prior to the hearing thereof plaintiff died. Judgment of annulment of the marriage had already been entered. There remains nothing to litigate except property rights as between plaintiff’s heirs or legal representatives and defendant. After plaintiff’s death this action must stand precisely as if it had been commenced after such death by those interested in his estate to annul the marriage. In Farnham v. Farnham, 227 N. Y. 155, 124 N. E. 894, it is said: “Alimony and counsel fee can only be allowed when the relation of husband and wife exists. The defendant has no husband. He died in June, 1917, and after his death the court had no power to make an order allowing alimony
and counsel fee in an action brought to annul the marriage.” Barbee v. Barbee, 187 N. C. 538, 122 S. E. 177, is to the same effect. Alimony and means to carry on litigation in actions to sever marriage bonds are authorized by statute. Gf. S. 1923, § 8593. When the bond no longer exists the surviving spouse is given no greater privileges in respect to means to carry on litigation of property rights than those possessed by other parties.
The application must be denied.
The judgment is affirmed.