[NOT FOR PUBLICATION]
United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit
No. 97-1221
CHANNING M. WELLS III, ROBERT R. JUENGST, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED, Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v.
MONARCH CAPITAL CORPORATION, ET AL., Defendants - Appellees.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. A. David Mazzone, Senior U.S. District Judge]
Before
Selya, Circuit Judge,
Hill,* Senior Circuit Judge,
and Boudin, Circuit Judge.
Edward F. Haber, with whom Thomas G. Shapiro, Michelle H.
Blauner, Shapiro Haber & Urmy LLP, Herbert E. Milstein, Lisa M.
Mezzetti, Cohen, Milstein, Hausfeld & Toll, P.L.L.C., and
Calhoun, Benzin, Kademenos & Heichel were on brief for
appellants. Thomas L. Riesenberg, with whom Ernst & Young LLP, Irvin B.
Nathan, Andrew T. Karron, Arnold & Porter, Kathryn A. Oberly and
William P. Hammer were on brief for appellees.
OCTOBER 29, 1997
* Of the Eleventh Circuit, sitting by designation.
Per Curiam. In this case the district court found that Per Curiam.
no reasonable trier of fact could conclude that Defendant-
Appellee Ernst & Young LLP (E&Y) had engaged in securities fraud
and granted its motion for summary judgment. For the following
reasons, we affirm.
I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
This appeal from summary judgment is all that remains from a
shareholder class action filed in 1991 by Plaintiffs-Appellants
Channing M. Wells, III et al. (the Class)1 under Section 10(b) of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. 78j(b), and Rule
10b-5 promulgated thereunder, 17 C.F.R. 240.10b-5, against
Monarch Capital Corporation (Monarch Capital), its wholly owned
and largest subsidiary, Monarch Life Insurance Co. (Monarch
Life), and Monarch Life s wholly owned subsidiary, Springfield
Life Insurance Co., Inc. (Springfield Life) (collectively, the
Monarch Defendants), and E&Y. Fourteen months after filing the
complaint, the Class settled with the Monarch Defendants for $4.7
million. Following the settlement, the only remaining defendant
was E&Y. The gravamen of the Class complaint against E&Y alleged
that E&Y violated federal securities laws and state law by making
material misrepresentations in (and omissions from) the Monarch
Defendants 1989 consolidated financial statements (and E&Y s
1 Wells represented a class of shareholders who purchased Monarch Capital stock between November 10, 1989, and November 14, 1990, at prices ranging from $16 1/8 to $4 3/8 per share.
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accompanying 1990 audit opinion) with scienter. It did so, the
Class alleged, by materially overstating the statutory surplus2
of Monarch Capital s subsidiaries, more particularly, the value
of the Cash Management Account (CMA). See Part II.B. infra. The
end result of these actions, the Class complained, was to mislead
investors by artificially inflating the price of Monarch
Capital s stock.
After the 1992 settlement, the case remained stagnant for
three years.3 Then, in March 1995, the district court sua sponte
scheduled a status conference. Three months later, E&Y filed a
motion for summary judgment. In response, the Class filed its
opposition to E&Y s motion and a motion for leave to file a
Second Amended Class Action Complaint. In January 1996, the
Class filed its own motion for partial summary judgment.
Stating, in its forty-five page opinion, that Plaintiffs [the
Class] virtually abandoned the case, the district court granted
summary judgment for E&Y on the Class claims for primary
liability under Section 10(b) and denied the Class motions.
2 An insurance company s statutory surplus is comprised of its admitted assets (or statutory assets minus statutory liabilities).
3 During this period of inactivity, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Central Bank of Denver, N.A. v. First Interstate Bank
of Denver, N.A., 511 U.S. 164 (1994), holding that a private
plaintiff may not maintain an aiding and abetting suit under Section 10(b) as the text of the 1934 Act does not itself reach those who aid and abet a 10(b) violation. Id. at 177. The
district court found, after Central Bank, that all pending
secondary liability claims against E&Y were barred and granted summary judgment in favor of E&Y on all claims for aiding and abetting.
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This appeal follows.
II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
A. Monarch Capital - the Parent Holding Company
Monarch Capital was a typical financial holding company of
the 1970s and 1980s. Its operations included insurance and
insurance services, corporate, real estate investment and venture
capital, and investment management. For nearly two decades,
Monarch Capital centered its focus on its real estate business.
By 1989, it was clear that this focus was in error. Monarch
Capital was in severe financial distress, with reported losses
totaling millions of dollars. Even its president, in his 1989
annual report to shareholders, conceded that [o]ur financial
results for the past two years have been very disappointing.
Monarch Capital announced plans to terminate its capital markets
and real estate operations and concentrate on its profitable
insurance sector. Despite vows to pull out of its downward
spiral, Monarch Capital continued to deteriorate financially.
The present action struck the death knell blow; parent Monarch
Capital was forced into bankruptcy4 and subsidiary Monarch Life
was placed in receivership by the Massachusetts insurance
4 The bankruptcy action stayed the Class claims against Monarch Capital. When the settlement agreement was finalized, the bankruptcy court approved Monarch Capital s reorganization plan, discharging and releasing the Class claims against it.
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commissioner.5
5 Monarch Life was regulated by the Commissioner of Insurance for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. As a state regulated insurance company, it was required to file annual statements, Mass. Gen. L. ch. 175 25, annual audited financial statements, 211 C.M.R. Part 19:01, et seq., and registration statements
containing current information about material transactions, such as loans, between it and its unregulated parent holding company. Mass. Gen. L. ch. 175 193N(b)(iii)(1). Under Massachusetts law, an insurance company is prohibited from including an unsecured loan to its parent holding company in its admitted assets and statutory surplus. Mass. Gen. L. ch. 175 11; see
note 2 supra.
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B. The Cash Management Account (CMA)
Monarch Capital established the CMA for itself and its
subsidiaries in 1985. It was formalized in 1986 by a Short-Term
Investment Pool Agreement (STIP). Pursuant to the STIP, Monarch
Capital, Monarch Life, and Springfield Life agreed to pool, on a
daily basis, any available cash into the CMA.6 A STIP party
requiring funds could draw upon the CMA to meet operating costs
and obtain them from the CMA at short-term interest rates. The
STIP agreement provided that pooled funds would be available to
the depositing company in cash on a demand basis.7 The official
purpose of the CMA was to minimize administrative expenses and
external borrowing costs, and maximize investment returns. The
unofficial purpose of the CMA, the Class contended, was to offer
an unsecured, unregulated line of credit to a faltering parent
and enable it to obtain illegal dividends.8 The Class accused
6 Springfield Life was a Vermont corporation. Vermont insurance regulators initially questioned Springfield Life s inclusion of the CMA investment in its statutory surplus, but acquiesced after the STIP was formalized. Another one of Monarch Capital s subsidiaries, First Variable Life Insurance Company (First Variable), an Arkansas corporation, was an original party to the STIP. When the Arkansas Department of Insurance raised objections to the CMA, First Variable ceased participation in the STIP.
7 Monarch Capital disclosed the existence of the CMA to state insurance regulators in June 1986, in an amended registration statement. It declared that it had $125 million in bank lines of credit with which to guarantee on demand the availability of funds to the STIP participants.
8 Under Massachusetts insurance laws, Monarch Life could pay dividends to Monarch Capital only out of its statutory surplus and only if its statutory surplus (after paying such dividends) was reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and adequate for its financial needs. Mass. Gen. L. ch. 175
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the Monarch Defendants of abusing the CMA by using it to fund
Monarch Capital s long-term, speculative real estate activities.
After settling with the Monarch Defendants, the Class turned its
attention to E&Y s role in this sequence of events.
C. The 1989 Audited Consolidated Financial Statements and 1990
Unqualified Opinion of E&Y as to the CMA
By December 31, 1989, outstanding loans via the CMA from
Monarch Life to Monarch Capital were $110.6 million; they were
$15.1 million from Springfield Life to Monarch Capital.
Together, the combined CMA balances of Monarch Life and
Springfield Life were approximately $125 million. E&Y included
this approximately $125 million figure as part of the $138.1
million (statutory basis) stockholder s equity of Monarch
Capital s life insurance subsidiaries at December 31, 1989
(Footnote F to Monarch Capital s 1989 consolidated financial
statements)9 and issued a report in 1990 concerning those
193N(j)-(1).
9 Footnote F states in pertinent part:
Retained earnings include adjustments from a statutory basis to a generally accepted accounting principles basis for the Corporation s life insurance subsidiaries that are not available for distribution by the Corporation at December 31, 1989. Stockholder s equity of these subsidiaries available for distribution, loan or advances to the Corporation was $136.5 million at December 31, 1989; however, payments of dividends from this amount under certain conditions would require approval by regulatory authorities.
Statutory basis stockholder s equity of
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financial statements.10
1. The Contentions of the Class.
The Class claims that E&Y committed securities fraud when it
intentionally misrepresented to Monarch Capital investors that
Monarch Capital s life insurance subsidiaries had $138 million in
statutory surplus or restricted assets (not available for
distribution to Monarch Capital under Massachusetts law), when
over $125 million of the $138 million had already been
distributed to Monarch Capital and spent by December 31, 1989.
E&Y accomplished this fraud, avers the Class, by improperly
including the CMA balances of Monarch Life and Springfield Life
($110.6 million and $15.1 million, respectively) in the
computation of statutory surplus used to determine the (statutory
basis) stockholder s equity of each insurance company. The Class
the Corporation s life insurance subsidiaries was $138.1 million and $141.9 million at December 31, 1989 and 1988, respectively . . . .
10 The February 12, 1990, Report of Ernst & Young Independent Auditors states in pertinent part:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Monarch Capital Corporation [and subsidiaries] as of December 31, 1989 . . . .
We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards . . . .
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial condition of Monarch Capital Corporation and subsidiaries at December 31, 1989 . . . in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.
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claims that the E&Y overstatements on the Monarch Defendants
1989 consolidated financial statements and 1990 report were
material, lulling the investing public into a false sense of
liquidity, and were made with the requisite Section 10(b)
scienter necessary to establish securities fraud.
2. The Contentions of E&Y.
Countering that this is not a negligence case, E&Y claims
that, by including CMA assets in its computations of statutory
surplus, it acted without requisite Section 10(b) scienter, as it
relied on the opinion of state insurance examiners. E&Y contends
that it is uncontroverted in the record that the Massachusetts
insurance regulators, with jurisdiction over Monarch Life,
concluded in a regulatory examination report, issued only a few
months before its 1990 report, that the CMA was properly
includable when calculating a life insurance subsidiary s
statutory surplus and that E&Y explicitly read and relied upon
this conclusion by noting in its work papers: [the] State of
Massachusetts has approved the carrying of the [CMA] as an
admitted asset. This balance should be considered admissible. 11
E&Y claims that neither the Class nor market professionals
relied upon its purported overstatements in making their
investment decisions or recommendations. Further, E&Y contends
that three of its partners contemporaneously performed or
reviewed their own independent and internal collectibility
11 E&Y claims that its auditors even raised this issue directly with the Massachusetts regulators who confirmed that the CMA should be included as a statutory asset of Monarch Life.
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analyses and determined that Monarch Life s and Springfield
Life s $125 million CMA investment was collectible from Monarch
Capital.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the grant by the district court of E&Y s motion
for summary judgment de novo. Merino Calenti v. Boto, 24 F.3d
335, 338 (1st Cir. 1994). The district court viewed the record
in the light most favorable to the Class and indulged all
inferences in favor of the Class. Lucia v. Prospect Street High
Income Portfolio, Inc., 36 F.3d 170, 174 (1st Cir. 1994). To
defeat summary judgment, the Class must present facts showing
there is a genuine issue for trial. See Mulero-Rodr guez v.
Ponte, Inc., 98 F.3d 670, 673 (1st Cir. 1996).
IV. DISCUSSION
A. The District Court Opinion
After Central Bank of Denver, N.A. v. First Interstate Bank
of Denver, N.A., 511 U.S. 164 (1994), the district court found
that a claim of securities fraud under Section 10(b) prohibits
only the making of a material misstatement (or omission) or the
commission of a manipulative act and that its text does not
itself reach [secondary actors] who aid and abet a [Section]
10(b) violation. Id. at 177; see note 3 supra. It then focused
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its analysis on the Class remaining primary liability claims,
i.e., those based upon E&Y s 1990 audit opinion regarding Monarch
Capital s 1989 financial statements, as published in Monarch
Capital s 1989 annual report and its 1989 Form 10K.
As to these documents, the district court found that the
record failed to show that E&Y made a material misstatement or
omission affecting the purchase or sale of Monarch Capital stock.
See SEC v. MacDonald, 699 F.2d 47, 49 (1st Cir. 1983)(substantial
likelihood that misstatements were actually significant in the
deliberations of a reasonable shareholder). It also found that
the record failed to show that any E&Y misrepresentations or
omissions, purportedly relied upon by the Class, were made with
Section 10(b) scienter. Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S.
185 (1976) (section 10(b) cannot be read to impose liability for
negligent conduct alone). The district court granted E&Y s
motion for summary judgment. Under a de novo review, we examine
each element separately.
B. The Element of Materiality
In most circumstances, disputes over the materiality of
allegedly false or misleading statements must be reserved for the
trier of fact. Shaw v. Digital Equipment Corp., 82 F.3d 1194,
1217 (1st Cir. 1996); see Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224,
236 (1988); Lucia, 36 F.3d at 176. But not every unfulfilled
expression of corporate optimism, even if characterized as
misstatement, can give rise to a genuine issue of materiality
under the securities laws. Shaw, 82 F.3d at 1217; Lucia, 36
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F.3d at 176 (leaving open the possibility that some materiality
determinations may be made as a matter of law). Summary
judgment is warranted . . . if reasonable minds could not differ
as to the materiality of the undisclosed information. Milton v.
Van Dorn Co., 961 F.2d 965, 970 (1st Cir. 1992). The mere fact
that an investor might find information interesting or desirable
is not sufficient to satisfy the materiality requirement.
Rather, information is material only if its disclosure would
alter the total mix of facts available to the investor and if
there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable shareholder
would consider it important to the investment decision. Id. at
969 (emphasis in original) (citing Basic, 485 U.S. at 231-32);
see also Lucia, 36 F.3d at 174.
Here, the district court found that all material information
about the CMA was disclosed. It determined that a jury could not
have concluded that E&Y made material misrepresentations or
omissions in its 1990 opinion because the opinion did not alter
the total mix of information available to the Class. Milton,
961 F.2d at 972. Other public filings, the district court
reasoned, were available to the Class and clearly revealed the
existence and true nature of the CMA.12
12 These public filings included: Monarch Capital s 1989 annual report and Form 10K; the financial statements of Monarch Capital s subsidiaries, Monarch Life and Springfield Life; Monarch Capital s president s pessimistic message to stockholders; annual statements filed by Monarch Life with state insurance regulators listing the STIP; the triennial examination report on Monarch Life issued in November 1989, by state insurance examiners; and statutory basis financial statements filed by Monarch Life and Springfield Life with state insurance
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After reviewing the record, we agree. The undisputed facts
demonstrate that the disclosure of Monarch Life s statutory
surplus in Footnote F of Monarch Capital s 1989 consolidated
financial statements, filed in March 1990, was not material to
investors, but merely duplicative of prior filings. It is also
clear that it was not a primary source of reliance for insurance
analysts evaluating insurance companies. We also note that the
record does not reflect any concrete evidence put forward by
the Class to indicate that E&Y s disclosures were genuinely
material to investors, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 243 (1986), nor does it reflect a genuine issue of fact on
this element of their claim. See Mulero-Rodr guez, 98 F.3d at
673.
C. The Element of Scienter
The scienter requirement is satisfied if the material
misstatements or omissions were made knowingly, see MacDonald,
699 F.2d at 49, or if they were made recklessly. See First
Commodity Corp. of Boston v. Commodity Futures Trading Comm n,
676 F.2d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 1982).13 Like materiality, scienter [is
regulators.
13 Acts of commission or omission are made recklessly if they are:
. . . so highly unreasonable and such an extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care as to present a danger of misleading the plaintiff to the extent that the danger was either known to the defendant or so obvious that the defendant must have been aware of it. Hoffman v. Estabrook &
Co., Inc., 587 F.2d 509, 517 (1st Cir. 1978)
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a] fact-specific issue which should ordinarily be left to the
trier of fact. In re Apple Computer Securities Litigation, 886
F.2d 1109, 1113 (9th Cir. 1989).14 However, summary judgment is
not automatically precluded even in cases where motive or intent
are at issue. Vel zquez v. Chard n, 736 F.2d 831, 833 (1st Cir.
1984); Smith v. Stratus Computer, Inc., 40 F.3d 11, 13 (1st Cir.
1994)(where intent is an issue the non-moving party cannot rest
merely upon conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, and
unsupported speculation, Medina-Mu oz v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco
Co., 896 F.2d 5, 8 (1st Cir. 1990)). [S]ummary judgment on the
scienter issue is appropriate only where there is no rational
basis in the record for concluding that any of the challenged
statements was made with requisite scienter. Provenz v.
Miller, 102 F.3d 1478, 1490 (9th Cir. 1996)(emphasis in
original), petition for cert. filed, 65 U.S.L.W. 3756 (U.S. May
5, 1997)(No. 96-1770). However, this court and others have
granted summary judgment to Section 10(b) defendants based on a
lack of concrete evidence that would allow for an inference of
fraudulent intent. See, e.g., Bryson v. Royal Business Group,
763 F.2d 491, 493-95 (1st Cir. 1985); Renovitch v. Kaufman, 905
F.2d 1040, 1047 (7th Cir. 1990); In re Worlds of Wonder
(citation omitted).
14 Where the non-moving party has indicated that he can produce the requisite quantum of evidence to enable him to reach the jury with his claim, Vel zquez v. Chard n, 736 F.2d 831, 833 (1st
Cir. 1984) (citing Hahn v. Sargent, 523 F.2d 461, 468 (1st Cir.
1975)), trial courts should use restraint in granting summary judgment where discriminatory animus of the defendants is in issue. Id.
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Securities Litigation, 35 F.3d 1407, 1424 (9th Cir. 1994).15
The district court found that Section 10(b) scienter was
intended to proscribe knowing or intentional misconduct, not
negligence. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. at 197. Since Hochfelder,
recklessness can also satisfy the scienter requirement under
Section 10(b). Hollinger v. Titan Capital Corp., 914 F.2d 1564
(9th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 976 (1991); ITT v.
Cornfeld, 619 F.2d 909, 923 (2d Cir. 1980); see First Commodity
Corp., 676 F.2d at 7. Noting that the First Circuit has assumed
(without deciding) that recklessness amounting to carelessness
approaching indifference satisfies the scienter requirement,
Hoffman, 587 F.2d at 516, the district court concluded that a
lack of any showing of scienter is alone sufficient to support a
motion for summary judgment. Bryson, 763 F.2d at 493 n.3. The
district court found that a reasonable and prudent investor would
not be misled about the CMA due to the existence of other public
filings and that E&Y s knowledge of these prior disclosures
negated the possibility that it acted with scienter.
Based upon our review of the voluminous record, we agree
15 Other circuits have held that scienter in Section 10(b) actions against accountants or independent auditors is not established merely through a showing of an error of judgment or a misapplication of accounting principles. The plaintiff must prove that the accounting practices were so deficient that the audit amounted to no audit at all, or an egregious refusal to see the obvious, or to investigate the doubtful, or that the accounting judgments which were made were such that no reasonable accountant would have made the same decision if confronted with the same facts. In re Software Toolworks, Inc., 50 F.3d 615,
627-28 (9th Cir. 1994); Worlds of Wonder, 35 F.3d at 1426; Fine
v. American Solar King Corp., 919 F.2d 290, 297 (5th Cir. 1990).
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with the district court that E&Y has not been shown to have acted
with the requisite degree of Section 10(b) scienter. As an
independent auditor, E&Y had no motive to commit securities
fraud. In addition, we find no evidence that E&Y intentionally
(or recklessly) prepared inadequate collectibility analyses in
order deliberately (or recklessly) to mislead Monarch Capital
investors. Nor do we find evidence that E&Y acted with
fraudulent or reckless intent in relying on state insurance
examiners. As to Footnote F of the 1990 audit opinion, there is
no evidence that E&Y deliberately or recklessly chose not to find
fault with the figures contained therein. Neither is there
evidence of conspiratorial misconduct by E&Y to aid in fraud
allegedly being perpetrated by the Monarch Defendants, nor does
the Class supply any. Bryson, 763 F.2d at 493-95; Hochfelder,
425 U.S. at 197.
What the Class offers to prove, and the record does support,
however, is that E&Y made many mistakes. For example, it may
have been a mistake for E&Y to take Monarch Capital s word on its
own credit position. It may have been a mistake to rely on state
insurance department examiners who, themselves, may have been
misinformed. It may have been a mistake to view Monarch
Capital s subsidiaries statutory surplus as a regulatory, not an
accounting, issue. And, it may have been a mistake for E&Y to
rely upon its own internal collectibility analyses (which were
not models of professional accounting competence). Nevertheless,
mistakes such as these do not support a finding of scienter.
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Hochfelder, 425 U.S. at 214. Under the standards set forth above,
based upon the facts of this case, we find no knowing,
deliberate, or reckless fraud on the part of E&Y. Negligence is
not to be admired, but it is insufficient for Section 10(b)
purposes. Id.
V. CONCLUSION
Based upon the above, we affirm the grant by the district
court of E&Y s motion for summary judgment.
AFFIRMED.
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