CLIFFORD, Circuit Justice.
Courts of justice are reluctant to admit any exception to the rule of the common law, that common carriers are bound to deliver goods intrusted to their care for transportation from one port or place to another, according to the terms of shipment, unless prevented by the act of God, the public enemy, or by the act of the shipper. Common carriers, whether by land or water, contract in such case for safe custody, due transport, and right delivery of the merchandise, and the shipper, consignee, or owner of the goods contracts to pay the freight and charges as stipulated in the contract of shipment. There are reciprocal duties, and the law, in the absence of any repugnant or irreconcilable stipulation, creates reciprocal liens for their enforcement. The Eddy, 5 Wall. [72 U. S.] 494; The Bird of Paradise, Id. 55S. Exceptions to the rule, that the carrier is bound in all events to fulfil the contract of shipment, do exist, as admitted by all the authorities, as where the loss of the goods or the failure to transport and deliver the same, arises from the act of the shipper, or from natural causes or irresistible force, over which the carrier has no control, and which could not be avoided by the watchful exertions of human skill and prudence. Niagara v. Cordes, 21 How. [62 U. S.] 24.
Such exceptions, it is admitted, exist, and the respondents contend that the carrier is also excused from liability for such failure to perform his contract if he is prevented from fulfilling the same by the law of the jurisdiction where the contract was to be performed. Different views are entertained by the appellant, and be insists that the carrier is the insurer of the goods entrusted to him for such a purpose, and that he is liable in all events, if he fails to fulfil the contract of shipment, unless he was prevented from so doing by the act of the shipper, or by the act of God. or the public enemy.
Before proceeding to discuss the propositions of law presented by the libellant, it may be well to refer to certain other matters of fact as necessary to a correct understanding of the risrhrs of the parties. Due shipment of the liquors is admitted, and it appears that the [671]*671steamer, with the liquors on board, arrived here on Saturday, October 19, in the same year, and that the sheriff or his deputy seized the same on the same day, and also that the treasurer, on the Monday following, whicli was the next mail day, notified the libellant of the seizure, and advised him that if he wished to reclaim the merchandise he must apply to the sheriff. Other correspondence ensued between the same partios, which shows to the entire satisfaction of the court that the libel-lant was seasonably apprised of the legal proceedings for the forfeiture of the liquors, and that he has no just right to complain that the respondents were guilty of any negligence in affording him prompt information in that behalf. Separate examination of the several objections taken by the libellant to the defences of the respondents will not be attempted, as all those not founded on the charge of negligence, already shown to be groundless, may be condensed into three classes, which will cover thg whole series of the other objections. They are as follows:—
1. That the obligation of the common carrier to keep safely, duly transport, and rightly deliver goods intrusted to his care, admits of no exception, unless he is prevented by the act of God, the public enemy, or by the act of the shipper.
2. That the municipal court had no jurisdiction either to enter the decree of condemnation or to order the liquors to be destroyed.
3. That the law of the state under which the proceedings took place, and under which the decree and order were entered, was unconstitutional and void.
Where the property is taken from the carrier by legal process, and the carrier gives due notice of the taking to the shipper, owner, or consignee, as the case may be, the respondents contend that he is discharged, and the decision of the supreme court in the case of Stiles v. Davis, 1 Black [60 U. S.] 101, appears to be an authority for the proposition. Clearly, it was decided in that case, that goods seized by a sheriff under an attachment, are in the custody of the law; that where goods are attached in the hands of a common carrier, to whom the goods have been delivered for transportation. the carrier is not justified in giving them up to the consignee while the proceeding in the attachment is pending, and that that rule holds good even where the merchandise is attached for the debt of a third person, and in a suit to which the employer of the carrier is not a party, for the reason that the right of the sheriff to hold the merchandise is a question of law. to be determined by the court having jurisdiction of the attachment suit, and not by the will of the carrier or his employer, and that the remedy of the consignee, if he can show title in himself, is not against the carrier but against the officer who has wrongfully seized the goods, or against the plaintiff in the attachment suit, if he directed the seizure.
Different views, in one or two respects, are expressed by the supreme cdurt of Massachusetts in the case of Edwards v. White Line Transit Co., 104 Mass. 159, and that court decided in that ease that it is no defence to an action against a common carrier for a breach of his contract to deliver goods that they were taken from him by an officer under an attachment against a person who was not the owner of the goods attached; but the court admit in the same case that the rule would be otherwise if the goods had been the subject of proceedings in rem, or the attachment had been against the person who was the true owner of the goods. Unquestionably, the case before the court comes within the first branch of the admission by that court, and, therefore, that decision is an authority in opposition to the views of the libellant, as expressed in the first class of his propositions, as the liquors in this were the subject of proceedings in rem, and, by the very terms of the admission, remained in the custody of the law from the time they were seized to the time when the order that they should be destroyed was executed.
Support to the rule, as modified by the decision of the supreme court of Massachusetts, is found in several English cases, and in. the works of text-writers of high authority, to a few of which reference will be made. Barker v. Hodgson, 3 Maule & S. 270; Wynn v. Canal Co., 5 Welsb., H. & G. 440; Verrall v. Robinson, 2 Cromp., M. & R. 496; Davis v. Cary, 15 Adol. & E. (N. S.) 425; Chit. Carr. 276; Anglesea v. Rugeley, 6 Adol. & E. (N. S.) 114; Abb. Shipp. (5th Am. Ed.) 705.
Qualified as stated, the rule finds abundant support in the aforementioned eases, and the broader rule, as laid down by the supreme court in the case of Stiles v. Davis, also finds unequivocal confirmation, if any it needs, from very high authority. Bliven v. Hudson River R. Co., 35 Barb. 191.
It was decided in that case that it is a defence to a common carrier, for the neglect to deliver the goods intrusted to him for transportation, that the goods were taken from his custody by the authority of the law. exercised througli regular and valid proceedings, that the bailee in such a case must be able to show to the court that the proceedings were regular and valid, but that he is not bound to litigate for his bailor, or to show that the judgment or decision of the tribunal issuing the process or seizing the goods, was correct in law or fact.
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CLIFFORD, Circuit Justice.
Courts of justice are reluctant to admit any exception to the rule of the common law, that common carriers are bound to deliver goods intrusted to their care for transportation from one port or place to another, according to the terms of shipment, unless prevented by the act of God, the public enemy, or by the act of the shipper. Common carriers, whether by land or water, contract in such case for safe custody, due transport, and right delivery of the merchandise, and the shipper, consignee, or owner of the goods contracts to pay the freight and charges as stipulated in the contract of shipment. There are reciprocal duties, and the law, in the absence of any repugnant or irreconcilable stipulation, creates reciprocal liens for their enforcement. The Eddy, 5 Wall. [72 U. S.] 494; The Bird of Paradise, Id. 55S. Exceptions to the rule, that the carrier is bound in all events to fulfil the contract of shipment, do exist, as admitted by all the authorities, as where the loss of the goods or the failure to transport and deliver the same, arises from the act of the shipper, or from natural causes or irresistible force, over which the carrier has no control, and which could not be avoided by the watchful exertions of human skill and prudence. Niagara v. Cordes, 21 How. [62 U. S.] 24.
Such exceptions, it is admitted, exist, and the respondents contend that the carrier is also excused from liability for such failure to perform his contract if he is prevented from fulfilling the same by the law of the jurisdiction where the contract was to be performed. Different views are entertained by the appellant, and be insists that the carrier is the insurer of the goods entrusted to him for such a purpose, and that he is liable in all events, if he fails to fulfil the contract of shipment, unless he was prevented from so doing by the act of the shipper, or by the act of God. or the public enemy.
Before proceeding to discuss the propositions of law presented by the libellant, it may be well to refer to certain other matters of fact as necessary to a correct understanding of the risrhrs of the parties. Due shipment of the liquors is admitted, and it appears that the [671]*671steamer, with the liquors on board, arrived here on Saturday, October 19, in the same year, and that the sheriff or his deputy seized the same on the same day, and also that the treasurer, on the Monday following, whicli was the next mail day, notified the libellant of the seizure, and advised him that if he wished to reclaim the merchandise he must apply to the sheriff. Other correspondence ensued between the same partios, which shows to the entire satisfaction of the court that the libel-lant was seasonably apprised of the legal proceedings for the forfeiture of the liquors, and that he has no just right to complain that the respondents were guilty of any negligence in affording him prompt information in that behalf. Separate examination of the several objections taken by the libellant to the defences of the respondents will not be attempted, as all those not founded on the charge of negligence, already shown to be groundless, may be condensed into three classes, which will cover thg whole series of the other objections. They are as follows:—
1. That the obligation of the common carrier to keep safely, duly transport, and rightly deliver goods intrusted to his care, admits of no exception, unless he is prevented by the act of God, the public enemy, or by the act of the shipper.
2. That the municipal court had no jurisdiction either to enter the decree of condemnation or to order the liquors to be destroyed.
3. That the law of the state under which the proceedings took place, and under which the decree and order were entered, was unconstitutional and void.
Where the property is taken from the carrier by legal process, and the carrier gives due notice of the taking to the shipper, owner, or consignee, as the case may be, the respondents contend that he is discharged, and the decision of the supreme court in the case of Stiles v. Davis, 1 Black [60 U. S.] 101, appears to be an authority for the proposition. Clearly, it was decided in that case, that goods seized by a sheriff under an attachment, are in the custody of the law; that where goods are attached in the hands of a common carrier, to whom the goods have been delivered for transportation. the carrier is not justified in giving them up to the consignee while the proceeding in the attachment is pending, and that that rule holds good even where the merchandise is attached for the debt of a third person, and in a suit to which the employer of the carrier is not a party, for the reason that the right of the sheriff to hold the merchandise is a question of law. to be determined by the court having jurisdiction of the attachment suit, and not by the will of the carrier or his employer, and that the remedy of the consignee, if he can show title in himself, is not against the carrier but against the officer who has wrongfully seized the goods, or against the plaintiff in the attachment suit, if he directed the seizure.
Different views, in one or two respects, are expressed by the supreme cdurt of Massachusetts in the case of Edwards v. White Line Transit Co., 104 Mass. 159, and that court decided in that ease that it is no defence to an action against a common carrier for a breach of his contract to deliver goods that they were taken from him by an officer under an attachment against a person who was not the owner of the goods attached; but the court admit in the same case that the rule would be otherwise if the goods had been the subject of proceedings in rem, or the attachment had been against the person who was the true owner of the goods. Unquestionably, the case before the court comes within the first branch of the admission by that court, and, therefore, that decision is an authority in opposition to the views of the libellant, as expressed in the first class of his propositions, as the liquors in this were the subject of proceedings in rem, and, by the very terms of the admission, remained in the custody of the law from the time they were seized to the time when the order that they should be destroyed was executed.
Support to the rule, as modified by the decision of the supreme court of Massachusetts, is found in several English cases, and in. the works of text-writers of high authority, to a few of which reference will be made. Barker v. Hodgson, 3 Maule & S. 270; Wynn v. Canal Co., 5 Welsb., H. & G. 440; Verrall v. Robinson, 2 Cromp., M. & R. 496; Davis v. Cary, 15 Adol. & E. (N. S.) 425; Chit. Carr. 276; Anglesea v. Rugeley, 6 Adol. & E. (N. S.) 114; Abb. Shipp. (5th Am. Ed.) 705.
Qualified as stated, the rule finds abundant support in the aforementioned eases, and the broader rule, as laid down by the supreme court in the case of Stiles v. Davis, also finds unequivocal confirmation, if any it needs, from very high authority. Bliven v. Hudson River R. Co., 35 Barb. 191.
It was decided in that case that it is a defence to a common carrier, for the neglect to deliver the goods intrusted to him for transportation, that the goods were taken from his custody by the authority of the law. exercised througli regular and valid proceedings, that the bailee in such a case must be able to show to the court that the proceedings were regular and valid, but that he is not bound to litigate for his bailor, or to show that the judgment or decision of the tribunal issuing the process or seizing the goods, was correct in law or fact. Subsequently the case was removed to the court of appeals, where the judgment of the supreme court was affirmed, the court holding unanimously that when property is taken from a common carrier by legal process, and he gives notice thereof, he is discharged from all obligation to deliver the same to the shipper, owner, or consignee. Regular notice of the seizure was given in this ease by the respondents. and I am of the opinion that they are discharged from any obligation to deliver the liquors to the next canter or to the libellant, whether the rule laid down by the supreme [672]*672court of the United States is applied to the case, or the modified rule as assumed by the supreme court of Massachusetts, unless it can be shown that the municipal court had no jurisdiction of the case, or that the act of the legislature under which the seizure and condemnation took place was unconstitutional and void. Bliven v. Hudson River R. Co., 36 N. Y. 407.
Prosecutions against persons for manufacturing liquors in violation of law, or for keeping drinking-houses and tippling-shops, or for being common sellers of intoxicating liquors, must be by indictment; but the express provision of the state statute applicable to the case is, that in all other prosecutions under the statute, judges of municipal and police courts and trial justices shall have jurisdiction by complaint, original and concurrent with the supreme judicial court. Rev. St. 1871, p. 307.
Intoxicating liquors, kept and deposited in the state, intended for unlawful sale therein, and the vessels in which they are contained, are declared contraband, and forfeited, by the law of the state, to the cities, towns, and plantations in which they are so kept, at the time when they are seized by virtue of that statute. Rev. St. 1871, p. 304.
Such liquors, it is admitted, may be seized imder a warrant duly issued by competent authority.
Seizure under a legal warrant being admitted to be lawful, it follows that seizure in the like case may be made without warrant, as the same section of the statute provides that in all cases where an officer under that statute is authorized to seize intoxicating liquors or the vessels containing the same, by virtue of a warrant therefor, he may seize the same without a warrant, and keep the liquors in some safe place for a reasonable time until he can procure such a warrant. Rev. St. 1871, p. 304.
Unquestionably the liquors in this ease were seized in the first place under that provision, nor is there any reason for doubt that a warrant was obtained in a reasonable time, nor that the liquors in the mean time were safely kept in some proper place. When liquors and vessels are so seized, it becomes the duty of the officer immediately to libel the liquors and vessels, and to file the libel with the magistrate before whom the warrant is returnable, setting forth their seizure, and describing the liquors and their place of seizure, and that they were deposited, kept, and intended for sale within the state, in violation of law, and pray for a decree of forfeiture. All these requirements were strictly fulfilled, and it appears that the magistrate, as required by law, fixed a time for the hearing, and issued a monition and notice of the libel to all persons, citing them to appear at the time and place appointed. and show cause why the liquors and the vessels should not be declared forfeited. Due notice was given, and no one appearing as claimant, the decree of forfeiture was entered, and the order passed that the liquors and vessels should be destroyed. By the terms of the statute it is provided that if no claimant shall appear, such magistrate shall, on proof of notice, declare the same forfeited to the-city, town, or plantation in which they were seized. Viewed in the light of these proceedings, it is clear that the magistrate had full jurisdiction of the case, and the statute further provides that liquors so seized, and the vessels containing them, shall not be taken from the custody of the officer by a writ of re-plevin or other process while the proceedings herein provided for are pending, and that final judgment in the proceedings shall in all cases be a bar to all suits for the recovery of any liquors seized, or the value of the same, or for damages alleged to arise by reason of the seizure and detention of the liquors. Rev. St. 1871, p. 307.
3. Enough has already been remarked to show that the theory of the libellant cannot be sustained, unless it can be held that the statute of the state under which the seizure, condemnation, and destruction of the liquors took place, is unconstitutional and void. Much discussion of that topic cannot be required, as the negative of the proposition has been decided by the supreme court of the state, and by the supreme judicial court of Massachusetts. State v. McCann, 59 Me. 385; State v. Miller, 48 Me. 581; Jones v. Root, 6 Gray, 435; Mason v. Lothrop. 7 Gray, 355.
Attempt is made to distinguish the case before the court from the cases cited, upon the ground that the officer, in making the original seizure, searched the premises where the liquors and the vessels were deposited by the carrier; but it is a sufficient answer to that suggestion, that the record contains no evidence whatever to support the theory. Unsupported by evidence, as the theory is, the suggestion may well be dismissed without further remark. Three counter suggestions are made by the respondents, which are entitled to weight, and which, under different circumstances, would receive much more consideration.
1. That the decree being a decree in rem against the liquors and vessels, is, in view of the statute of the state, a complete bar to' the whole claim of the libellant for damages for the non-delivery of the goods.
2. That the decree in rem having established the allegation that the liquors were deposited in the state, and intended for sale in violation of law, it follows that the carriers were prevented from fulfilling the contract of-shipment by the act of the shipper, owner, or consignee.
3. That the contract of the common carrier is always subject to the implied condition that he may lawfully comply with its terms, and that if its performance subsequently becomes unlawful without his fault, that he is not required to violate the law of the jurisdiction to complete his undertaking. Atkinson v. Ritchie, 10 East, 534; Story. Bailm. § 120; Edson v. Weston, 7 Cow. 278; Bradstreet v. Heron [Case No. 1,792]; Touteng v. Hubbard, 3 Bos. & P. 301; Morgan v. Insurance Co., 4 Dall. [4 U. S.] 455
[673]*673Much -weight is certainly due to these several propositions, but having come to the conclusion to rest decision of the case upon the prior grounds mentioned, it is not necessary to express any decided opinion upon those propositions.
Decree affirmed with costs.