[Cite as Wells v. Hughes, 2017-Ohio-8684.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT AUGLAIZE COUNTY
ASHLEY N. WELLS,
PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, CASE NO. 2-17-16
v.
ROBERT D. HUGHES, ET AL., OPINION DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.
Appeal from Auglaize County Municipal Court Trial Court No. 2015 CVF 00972
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: November 27, 2017
APPEARANCES:
William E. Huber for Appellant
Matthew J. Kentner for Appellees Case No. 2-17-16
ZIMMERMAN, J.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, Ashley Wells, (“Ashley”), appeals the June 29,
2017 journal entry of the Auglaize County Municipal Court. Specifically, Ashley
argues the trial court erred in its interlocutory journal entry denying her motion to
substitute her bankruptcy trustee as the plaintiff and real party in interest in her
lawsuit involving a real estate dispute. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the
decision of the trial court.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} On May 14, 2014, Ashley entered into a “Residential Lease/Rental
Agreement/Land Contract Agreement” with Robert Hughes (“Robert”) and Brenda
Hughes (“Brenda”) for a parcel of real estate located in the Village of New
Knoxville, Auglaize County, Ohio. (Doc. 5, Exhibit A). Ashley paid $10,000 to
Robert and Brenda as a down payment on the land contract.
{¶3} On September 3, 2015 Ashley filed for bankruptcy in the US
Bankruptcy Court. (Tr. 65). In her bankruptcy, Ashley did not list her land contract
interest in the New Knoxville property or her $10,000 down payment to Robert and
Brenda in her schedule of assets. Ashley’s bankruptcy was finalized in January,
2016 when her bankruptcy case was closed. (Tr. 65).
{¶4} However, on December 17, 2015, and while her bankruptcy case was
still open, Ashley filed a Complaint against Robert and Brenda in the Auglaize
-2- Case No. 2-17-16
County Municipal Court claiming fraud, unjust enrichment and deception in regards
to the origination of their land contract agreement with her. (Doc. 5). Robert and
Brenda filed an Answer and Counterclaim on January 13, 2016 and later filed an
Amended Counterclaim in the trial court. (Doc. 12, 37). Ashley filed answers to
both pleadings and ultimately a trial to the court was held on October 3, 2016.
However, during the trial the judge halted the proceedings after Ashley testified
about her discharge in bankruptcy. Specifically, the judge questioned Ashley’s
standing to file the lawsuit and recessed the case pending a further ruling.
{¶5} Thereafter, on February 28, 2017, Ashley’s bankruptcy trustee filed a
motion in the trial court requesting permission to be substituted as the Plaintiff in
Ashley’s pending civil case. (Doc. 111). The trial court, in its April 28, 2017
journal entry, denied the substitution motion and further ruled that Ashley did not
have legal standing to file her lawsuit and dismissed her complaint.
{¶6} Ashley filed a notice of appeal with this Court on May 17, 2017,
appealing the trial court’s April 28, 2017 journal entry. We found the journal entry
not to be a final appealable order and dismissed the appeal. (Doc. 132). On May
31, 2017 the trial court set Robert and Brenda’s counterclaim (as to claims arising
after the filing of the bankruptcy petition) for trial.
{¶7} Thereafter, on June 28, 2017, Robert and Brenda filed to dismiss their
amended counterclaim versus Ashley. (Doc. 141). Then the trial court filed its
-3- Case No. 2-17-16
entry dismissing the case on June 29, 2017 (Doc. 144). It is from this entry that
Ashley appeals asserting the following assignment of error for our review.1
Assignment of Error
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING BANKRUPTCY TRUSTEE’S MOTION TO BE SUBSTITUTED AS THE PLAINTIFF IN INTEREST.
Standard of Review
{¶8} Despite the wording of Ashley’s assignment of error, the issue in this
case is whether or not Ashley had legal standing to file her lawsuit while her
bankruptcy case was pending.
{¶9} Standing determines “‘whether a litigant is entitled to have a court
determine the merits of the issues presented.’” State ex rel. Teamsters Local Union
No. 436 v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. Of Commrs., 132 Ohio St.3d 47, 2012-Ohio-1861,
¶10, quoting Ohio Contrs. Assn. v. Bicking, 71 Ohio St.3d 318 (1994). Whether a
party has established standing to bring an action before the court is a question of
law, which we review de novo. Cuyahoga Ct. Bd. Of Commrs. v. State, 112 Ohio
St.3d 59, 2006-Ohio-6499, ¶23.
{¶10} Thus, we will review the issues presented de novo.
1 The trial court’s June 29, 2017 entry is the final appealable order from the trial court wherein all pending issues were dismissed. The trial court’s interlocutory entry of April 28, 2017 dismissed Ashley’s complaint for lack of standing and is the basis of this appeal.
-4- Case No. 2-17-16
Standing to Sue
{¶11} “ ‘Standing’ is defined at its most basic as ‘[a] party’s right to make a
legal claim or seek judicial enforcement of a duty or right.’ ” Ohio Pyro, Inc. v.
Ohio Dept. of Commerce, 115 Ohio St.3d 375, 2007-Ohio-5024, ¶27, quoting
Black’s Law Dictionary. However, a person’s standing to sue may be impacted
upon their filing of bankruptcy. Once a bankruptcy case is filed, all property,
including civil causes of action, is the property of the bankruptcy estate. Section
541(a), Title 11, U.S.Code. Thus, “the bankruptcy trustee is the only party that has
standing to pursue these claims, unless the trustee abandons the claim”. Northland
Ins. Co. v. Illuminating Co., 11th Dist. Ashtabula Nos. 2002-A-0058, 2002-A-0066,
2004-Ohio-1529. As such, only the bankruptcy trustee has standing to pursue
pre-petition causes of action. See also Tyler v. DH Capital Mgt., Inc., 736 F.3d 455.
{¶12} In the case sub judice, Ashley initiated her civil lawsuit against Robert
and Brenda on December 17, 2015, prior to her bankruptcy being discharged in
January, 2016.
{¶13} In Shefkiu v. Worthington Industries, Inc., 6th Dist. Fulton No. F-13-
014, 2014-Ohio-2970, ¶19, the 6th District Court of Appeals held that a bankruptcy
debtor cannot substitute the real party in interest pursuant to Civ.R. 17(A) or 15(C)
because the debtor lacks standing to commence litigation. Specifically, the court
held:
-5- Case No. 2-17-16
Regardless of whether Shefkiu attempts to justify the inclusion of the bankruptcy trustee under Civ.R. 15(C) or Civ.R. 17(A), the Ohio Supreme Court has recently held that neither rule is available where, as here, the party commencing the litigation lacks standing. In Fed. Home Loan Mtge. Corp. v. Schwartzwald, 134 Ohio St.3d 13, 2012- Ohio-5017, the Ohio Supreme Court reasoned,
Standing is required to invoke the jurisdiction of the common pleas court. Pursuant to Civ.R. 82, the Rules of Civil Procedure do not extend the jurisdiction of the courts of this state, and a common pleas court cannot substitute a real party in interest for another party if no party with standing has invoked its jurisdiction in the first instance. (Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶38.
Here, as noted above, Shefkiu’s claim against Worthington became part of the bankruptcy estate when Shefkiu filed for bankruptcy. Shefkiu has made no showing that the bankruptcy trustee has subsequently abandoned the claim.
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[Cite as Wells v. Hughes, 2017-Ohio-8684.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT AUGLAIZE COUNTY
ASHLEY N. WELLS,
PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, CASE NO. 2-17-16
v.
ROBERT D. HUGHES, ET AL., OPINION DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.
Appeal from Auglaize County Municipal Court Trial Court No. 2015 CVF 00972
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: November 27, 2017
APPEARANCES:
William E. Huber for Appellant
Matthew J. Kentner for Appellees Case No. 2-17-16
ZIMMERMAN, J.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, Ashley Wells, (“Ashley”), appeals the June 29,
2017 journal entry of the Auglaize County Municipal Court. Specifically, Ashley
argues the trial court erred in its interlocutory journal entry denying her motion to
substitute her bankruptcy trustee as the plaintiff and real party in interest in her
lawsuit involving a real estate dispute. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the
decision of the trial court.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} On May 14, 2014, Ashley entered into a “Residential Lease/Rental
Agreement/Land Contract Agreement” with Robert Hughes (“Robert”) and Brenda
Hughes (“Brenda”) for a parcel of real estate located in the Village of New
Knoxville, Auglaize County, Ohio. (Doc. 5, Exhibit A). Ashley paid $10,000 to
Robert and Brenda as a down payment on the land contract.
{¶3} On September 3, 2015 Ashley filed for bankruptcy in the US
Bankruptcy Court. (Tr. 65). In her bankruptcy, Ashley did not list her land contract
interest in the New Knoxville property or her $10,000 down payment to Robert and
Brenda in her schedule of assets. Ashley’s bankruptcy was finalized in January,
2016 when her bankruptcy case was closed. (Tr. 65).
{¶4} However, on December 17, 2015, and while her bankruptcy case was
still open, Ashley filed a Complaint against Robert and Brenda in the Auglaize
-2- Case No. 2-17-16
County Municipal Court claiming fraud, unjust enrichment and deception in regards
to the origination of their land contract agreement with her. (Doc. 5). Robert and
Brenda filed an Answer and Counterclaim on January 13, 2016 and later filed an
Amended Counterclaim in the trial court. (Doc. 12, 37). Ashley filed answers to
both pleadings and ultimately a trial to the court was held on October 3, 2016.
However, during the trial the judge halted the proceedings after Ashley testified
about her discharge in bankruptcy. Specifically, the judge questioned Ashley’s
standing to file the lawsuit and recessed the case pending a further ruling.
{¶5} Thereafter, on February 28, 2017, Ashley’s bankruptcy trustee filed a
motion in the trial court requesting permission to be substituted as the Plaintiff in
Ashley’s pending civil case. (Doc. 111). The trial court, in its April 28, 2017
journal entry, denied the substitution motion and further ruled that Ashley did not
have legal standing to file her lawsuit and dismissed her complaint.
{¶6} Ashley filed a notice of appeal with this Court on May 17, 2017,
appealing the trial court’s April 28, 2017 journal entry. We found the journal entry
not to be a final appealable order and dismissed the appeal. (Doc. 132). On May
31, 2017 the trial court set Robert and Brenda’s counterclaim (as to claims arising
after the filing of the bankruptcy petition) for trial.
{¶7} Thereafter, on June 28, 2017, Robert and Brenda filed to dismiss their
amended counterclaim versus Ashley. (Doc. 141). Then the trial court filed its
-3- Case No. 2-17-16
entry dismissing the case on June 29, 2017 (Doc. 144). It is from this entry that
Ashley appeals asserting the following assignment of error for our review.1
Assignment of Error
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING BANKRUPTCY TRUSTEE’S MOTION TO BE SUBSTITUTED AS THE PLAINTIFF IN INTEREST.
Standard of Review
{¶8} Despite the wording of Ashley’s assignment of error, the issue in this
case is whether or not Ashley had legal standing to file her lawsuit while her
bankruptcy case was pending.
{¶9} Standing determines “‘whether a litigant is entitled to have a court
determine the merits of the issues presented.’” State ex rel. Teamsters Local Union
No. 436 v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. Of Commrs., 132 Ohio St.3d 47, 2012-Ohio-1861,
¶10, quoting Ohio Contrs. Assn. v. Bicking, 71 Ohio St.3d 318 (1994). Whether a
party has established standing to bring an action before the court is a question of
law, which we review de novo. Cuyahoga Ct. Bd. Of Commrs. v. State, 112 Ohio
St.3d 59, 2006-Ohio-6499, ¶23.
{¶10} Thus, we will review the issues presented de novo.
1 The trial court’s June 29, 2017 entry is the final appealable order from the trial court wherein all pending issues were dismissed. The trial court’s interlocutory entry of April 28, 2017 dismissed Ashley’s complaint for lack of standing and is the basis of this appeal.
-4- Case No. 2-17-16
Standing to Sue
{¶11} “ ‘Standing’ is defined at its most basic as ‘[a] party’s right to make a
legal claim or seek judicial enforcement of a duty or right.’ ” Ohio Pyro, Inc. v.
Ohio Dept. of Commerce, 115 Ohio St.3d 375, 2007-Ohio-5024, ¶27, quoting
Black’s Law Dictionary. However, a person’s standing to sue may be impacted
upon their filing of bankruptcy. Once a bankruptcy case is filed, all property,
including civil causes of action, is the property of the bankruptcy estate. Section
541(a), Title 11, U.S.Code. Thus, “the bankruptcy trustee is the only party that has
standing to pursue these claims, unless the trustee abandons the claim”. Northland
Ins. Co. v. Illuminating Co., 11th Dist. Ashtabula Nos. 2002-A-0058, 2002-A-0066,
2004-Ohio-1529. As such, only the bankruptcy trustee has standing to pursue
pre-petition causes of action. See also Tyler v. DH Capital Mgt., Inc., 736 F.3d 455.
{¶12} In the case sub judice, Ashley initiated her civil lawsuit against Robert
and Brenda on December 17, 2015, prior to her bankruptcy being discharged in
January, 2016.
{¶13} In Shefkiu v. Worthington Industries, Inc., 6th Dist. Fulton No. F-13-
014, 2014-Ohio-2970, ¶19, the 6th District Court of Appeals held that a bankruptcy
debtor cannot substitute the real party in interest pursuant to Civ.R. 17(A) or 15(C)
because the debtor lacks standing to commence litigation. Specifically, the court
held:
-5- Case No. 2-17-16
Regardless of whether Shefkiu attempts to justify the inclusion of the bankruptcy trustee under Civ.R. 15(C) or Civ.R. 17(A), the Ohio Supreme Court has recently held that neither rule is available where, as here, the party commencing the litigation lacks standing. In Fed. Home Loan Mtge. Corp. v. Schwartzwald, 134 Ohio St.3d 13, 2012- Ohio-5017, the Ohio Supreme Court reasoned,
Standing is required to invoke the jurisdiction of the common pleas court. Pursuant to Civ.R. 82, the Rules of Civil Procedure do not extend the jurisdiction of the courts of this state, and a common pleas court cannot substitute a real party in interest for another party if no party with standing has invoked its jurisdiction in the first instance. (Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶38.
Here, as noted above, Shefkiu’s claim against Worthington became part of the bankruptcy estate when Shefkiu filed for bankruptcy. Shefkiu has made no showing that the bankruptcy trustee has subsequently abandoned the claim. Thus, at the time Shefkiu filed his complaint, he was not the real party in interest and did not have standing to sue. Therefore, pursuant to Schwartzwald, Shefkiu cannot now rely on the Rules of Civil Procedure to extend the trial court’s jurisdiction by bringing in the bankruptcy trustee as an additional plaintiff when Shefkiu lacked standing in the first place.
Shefkiu, Id. at ¶¶26-27.
{¶14} In the case before us, according to Schwartzwald, the bankruptcy
trustee, not Ashley, was the only person that had standing to file a cause of action
versus Robert and Brenda in the trial court absent the abandonment of the claim in
the bankruptcy estate. However, the cause of action could have returned to Ashley
had the bankruptcy trustee abandoned the claim in the bankruptcy. Auday v. Wet
Seal Retail, Inc., 698 F.3d 902 (2012).
-6- Case No. 2-17-16
Abandonment
{¶15} “Once a bankruptcy case is filed, all property, including civil causes
of action, is property of the bankruptcy estate.” Section 541(a), Title 11, U.S.Code;
Powers v. Dankof, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. CA 24505, 2011-Ohio-6180, ¶12,
citing Folz v. BancOne Natl. Bank (S.D.Ohio 1987), 88 B.R. 149, 150; In re Cottrell
(C.A.6. 1989), 876 F.2d 540, 542. (Emphasis added). Therefore, the only party that
has standing to pursue a claim is the bankruptcy trustee, unless the trustee
“abandons” the claim. Dankof, citing Northland Ins. Co. v. Illuminating Co., 11th
Dist. Ashtabula Nos. 2002-A-0058, 2002-A-0066, 2004-Ohio-1529; Kovacs v.
Thomason, Hewitt & O’Brien, 117 Ohio App.3d 465 (1997) (citations omitted).
{¶16} Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §554(a)-(c), the trustee abandons property by
either 1) giving notice of the abandonment to creditors; 2) after court order and
notice to creditors upon motion by a party in interest; or 3) by leaving a scheduled
asset un-administered at the close of a case. Dankof, Id., citing Hayes v. Allison,
2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 13481, 1993 WL 125455, at *3. In this case sub judice,
Ashley would have standing to file her claim against Robert and Brenda had the
bankruptcy trustee abandoned it. However, such is not the case because Ashley did
not list her land contract cause of action versus Robert and Brenda as an asset in her
bankruptcy. Hence, the trustee never had the opportunity to abandon Ashley’s
claim.
-7- Case No. 2-17-16
{¶17} Moreover, as set forth in Shefkiu, supra, a “court cannot substitute a
real party in interest for another party if no party with standing has invoked its
jurisdiction in the first place”. Id. Accordingly, we find that Ashley did not have
legal standing to sue Robert and Brenda and that the substitution of the bankruptcy
trustee (for Ashley) as Plaintiff would not remedy the defect. Thus, the trial court’s
dismissal of Ashley’s complaint and denial of the bankruptcy trustee’s motion for
substitution was proper. Accordingly, we overrule her assignment of error.
{¶18} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant herein in the
particular assignment of error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
PRESTON, P.J. and SHAW, J., concur.
/jlr
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