Anderson, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
There is involved in this cause the construction and application of paragraphs two and four of the last will and testament of C. Welch, deceased. His widow, Maud T. Welch, the appellee, claimed, under the second paragraph of the will, a Lincoln automobile of which her husband died seized and possessed. The court below rendered a decree sustaining appellee’s contention. From that decree appellants prosecute this appeal.
The two paragraphs of the will in question (second and fourth) are in this language:
“2d. I hereby give and bequeath to my wife, Maud Trickle Welch, twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) in cash, my Packard automobile, and all my household goods, furniture and jewelry.
“4th. I hereby give, bequeath and devise to my sister, Miss Jessie A. Welch of Vicksburg, Mississippi, and my brother, Wade C. Welch of Vicksburg, Mississippi, share and share alike all of the residue of my estate, both real and personal, and should either one of the two last-named beneficiaries die before I do then the residue of my estate, real and personal, shall be given to the surviving one. ’ ’
At the time of the execution of the will the testator owned a Packard automobile. There is nothing in the
evidence to show whether or not at that time he owned an automobile of any other make. At the time of his death the testator owned a Lincoln automobile. The evidence does not show whether or not he owned another automobile at that time, except the inventory of his personal estate in the record shows a truck belonging to the estate. The evidence shows that prior to his death in December, 1925, the testator exchanged the Packard automobile, which he owned at the time of the execution of the will, for a Lincoln automobile of which he died seized and possessed.
Appellants ’ position is that the exchange by the testator of his Packard automobile, owned by him at the time of the execution of his will, for the Lincoln automobile, of which he died seized and possessed, had the effect of working an ademption of the bequest to appellee, his widow, Maud T. Welch, in the second paragraph of his will, of the Packard automobile; that under the law the Lincoln automobile did not take the place of the Packard automobile, and, therefore, went to the appellants, the testator’s brother and sister, under the fourth paragraph of the will, by which the testator disposed of his residuary estate. On the other hand, appellee undertakes to maintain the converse of that position, and the court below so held.
The doctrine of ademption of specific legacies, we think, is correctly and dearly stated in 28 K. C. L., section 341, at pages 345-347, as follows:
“The distinctive characteristic of a specific legacy is its liability to ademption. If the identical thing bequeathed is not in existence, or has been disposed of so that it does not form a part of the testator’s estate, at the time of his death, the legacy is extinguished or adeemed, and the legatee’s rights are gone. The rule is universal that, in order to make a specific legacy effective, the property bequeathed must be in existence and owned by the testator at the time of his death, and the nonexistence of property at the time of the death of a testator which
has been specifically bequeathed by will is the familiar and almost typical form of ademption. This may result. from a variety of causes, such as a gift during the lifetime of the testator, of the particular article which was the subject-matter of the legacy, its consumption, loss, death, or sale, and in each of such instances the courts have held that the legacy is adeemed. Where the testator substantially alters the form of the subject-matter of his bequest as by making wool into cloth, or a piece of cloth into a garment, the legacy is adeemed, because the subject-matter cannot be restored to its former state. A bequest of corporate stock is adeemed by its sale by the testator and the investment of the proceeds in other stock, and the newly purchased stock cannot be substituted for the former to answer the bequest. And it has been held that a specific legacy of stock in a corporation is adeemed where, after the execution of the will, the -testator exchanges- the stock for stock in a corporation which has succeeded to the rights, duties, and property of the first corporation, or where the charter of the corporation, expires during the lifetime of the testator and he receives dividends in liquidation of the stock. So a specific bequest of the proceeds of specified life insurance policies has been held to be adeemed by the collection by testator of the surrender value of the policies, and the deposit of the proceeds in bank, investing them in other securities, or mingling them with other moneys of the testator. Where a debt is bequeathed as a specific legacy, it is adeemed by the payment of the debt. In the case of a specific legacy, whenever the article in question is not forthcoming, the will is usually construed as meaning that the testator did not intend any other article for the legatee, and therefore he cannot have anything. According to some decisions, however, slight or immaterial changes in the form of the property bequeathed will not work an ademption. Sometimes this doctrine of ademption is expressed by saying that the alienation of be
queathed property by the testator in his lifetime operates as a revocation
pro tanto
of his will. ’ ’
We have examined a good many of the authorities in the notes relied on to sustain the doctrine of the ademption of legacies as above set out in Ruling Case Law, and find that they fully sustain the principles therein stated. It will be noted that some of the decisions hold that slight or immaterial changes in the property bequeathed do not work an ademption of the legacy, and that the intention of the testator, if it can be ascertained, is controlling. Appellee relies on a line of cases to that effect. We do not understand, however, the authorities relied on by appellee to be in conflict with the general doctrine stated in Ruling Case Law. There appears to be no exception to the general rule that if the identical thing bequeathed is not in existence, or does not form a part of the testator’s estate at the time of hijs death, the legacy is adeemed, and the legatee’s rights therein are gone.
Marcy
v.
Graham,
142 Va. 285, 128 S. E. 550, fairly represents the class of cases upon which appellee relies to sustain her contention. The court held in that case that the intention of the testator, if it could be ascertained, should be controlling, and thr t all the refinements of law as to the ademption of legacies must yield to the power of the testator to dispose of his property as he desires.
We do not question the soundness of the authorities relied on by appellee. As we understand, they are not in conflict with the doctrine of the ademption of legacies as set out in Ruling Case Law. The question arises in the application of the doctrine to the present case. Here we have a will that is plain and unambiguous.
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Anderson, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
There is involved in this cause the construction and application of paragraphs two and four of the last will and testament of C. Welch, deceased. His widow, Maud T. Welch, the appellee, claimed, under the second paragraph of the will, a Lincoln automobile of which her husband died seized and possessed. The court below rendered a decree sustaining appellee’s contention. From that decree appellants prosecute this appeal.
The two paragraphs of the will in question (second and fourth) are in this language:
“2d. I hereby give and bequeath to my wife, Maud Trickle Welch, twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) in cash, my Packard automobile, and all my household goods, furniture and jewelry.
“4th. I hereby give, bequeath and devise to my sister, Miss Jessie A. Welch of Vicksburg, Mississippi, and my brother, Wade C. Welch of Vicksburg, Mississippi, share and share alike all of the residue of my estate, both real and personal, and should either one of the two last-named beneficiaries die before I do then the residue of my estate, real and personal, shall be given to the surviving one. ’ ’
At the time of the execution of the will the testator owned a Packard automobile. There is nothing in the
evidence to show whether or not at that time he owned an automobile of any other make. At the time of his death the testator owned a Lincoln automobile. The evidence does not show whether or not he owned another automobile at that time, except the inventory of his personal estate in the record shows a truck belonging to the estate. The evidence shows that prior to his death in December, 1925, the testator exchanged the Packard automobile, which he owned at the time of the execution of the will, for a Lincoln automobile of which he died seized and possessed.
Appellants ’ position is that the exchange by the testator of his Packard automobile, owned by him at the time of the execution of his will, for the Lincoln automobile, of which he died seized and possessed, had the effect of working an ademption of the bequest to appellee, his widow, Maud T. Welch, in the second paragraph of his will, of the Packard automobile; that under the law the Lincoln automobile did not take the place of the Packard automobile, and, therefore, went to the appellants, the testator’s brother and sister, under the fourth paragraph of the will, by which the testator disposed of his residuary estate. On the other hand, appellee undertakes to maintain the converse of that position, and the court below so held.
The doctrine of ademption of specific legacies, we think, is correctly and dearly stated in 28 K. C. L., section 341, at pages 345-347, as follows:
“The distinctive characteristic of a specific legacy is its liability to ademption. If the identical thing bequeathed is not in existence, or has been disposed of so that it does not form a part of the testator’s estate, at the time of his death, the legacy is extinguished or adeemed, and the legatee’s rights are gone. The rule is universal that, in order to make a specific legacy effective, the property bequeathed must be in existence and owned by the testator at the time of his death, and the nonexistence of property at the time of the death of a testator which
has been specifically bequeathed by will is the familiar and almost typical form of ademption. This may result. from a variety of causes, such as a gift during the lifetime of the testator, of the particular article which was the subject-matter of the legacy, its consumption, loss, death, or sale, and in each of such instances the courts have held that the legacy is adeemed. Where the testator substantially alters the form of the subject-matter of his bequest as by making wool into cloth, or a piece of cloth into a garment, the legacy is adeemed, because the subject-matter cannot be restored to its former state. A bequest of corporate stock is adeemed by its sale by the testator and the investment of the proceeds in other stock, and the newly purchased stock cannot be substituted for the former to answer the bequest. And it has been held that a specific legacy of stock in a corporation is adeemed where, after the execution of the will, the -testator exchanges- the stock for stock in a corporation which has succeeded to the rights, duties, and property of the first corporation, or where the charter of the corporation, expires during the lifetime of the testator and he receives dividends in liquidation of the stock. So a specific bequest of the proceeds of specified life insurance policies has been held to be adeemed by the collection by testator of the surrender value of the policies, and the deposit of the proceeds in bank, investing them in other securities, or mingling them with other moneys of the testator. Where a debt is bequeathed as a specific legacy, it is adeemed by the payment of the debt. In the case of a specific legacy, whenever the article in question is not forthcoming, the will is usually construed as meaning that the testator did not intend any other article for the legatee, and therefore he cannot have anything. According to some decisions, however, slight or immaterial changes in the form of the property bequeathed will not work an ademption. Sometimes this doctrine of ademption is expressed by saying that the alienation of be
queathed property by the testator in his lifetime operates as a revocation
pro tanto
of his will. ’ ’
We have examined a good many of the authorities in the notes relied on to sustain the doctrine of the ademption of legacies as above set out in Ruling Case Law, and find that they fully sustain the principles therein stated. It will be noted that some of the decisions hold that slight or immaterial changes in the property bequeathed do not work an ademption of the legacy, and that the intention of the testator, if it can be ascertained, is controlling. Appellee relies on a line of cases to that effect. We do not understand, however, the authorities relied on by appellee to be in conflict with the general doctrine stated in Ruling Case Law. There appears to be no exception to the general rule that if the identical thing bequeathed is not in existence, or does not form a part of the testator’s estate at the time of hijs death, the legacy is adeemed, and the legatee’s rights therein are gone.
Marcy
v.
Graham,
142 Va. 285, 128 S. E. 550, fairly represents the class of cases upon which appellee relies to sustain her contention. The court held in that case that the intention of the testator, if it could be ascertained, should be controlling, and thr t all the refinements of law as to the ademption of legacies must yield to the power of the testator to dispose of his property as he desires.
We do not question the soundness of the authorities relied on by appellee. As we understand, they are not in conflict with the doctrine of the ademption of legacies as set out in Ruling Case Law. The question arises in the application of the doctrine to the present case. Here we have a will that is plain and unambiguous. In the second paragraph of the will the testator bequeaths to appellee, his widow, “my Packard automobile.” Certainly, parol evidence was not admissible to interpret what the testator meant by “my Packard automobile.” It is true, however, that, although a will may be unambiguous on its face, parol testimony is admissible as to the character of property owned by the testator both at
the time of the execution of his will and at the time of his death, in order to properly apply the terms of the will to the estate of which he died seized and possessed.
But, as we view it, that principle does not aid appellee in the present case. It is true that the deceased owned a Packard automobile at the. time of the execution of his will, and that before his death he exchanged it for a Lincoln automobile, of which he died seized and possessed, but a Lincoln automobile is not a Packard automobile, and for aught that appears in the evidence, the testator may have owned both a Packard and a Lincoln automobile when he executed the will, or he may have owned several different kinds of automobiles. In fact, it is not certain from the evidence in the case that the testator did not own other automobiles than the Lincoln automobile at the time of his death. To sustain appellee’s position, it is necessary to substitute in the second paragraph of the'will for the words “my Packard automobile,” the words “my Lincoln automobile.” The testator knew, when he exchanged the Packard automobile for the Lincoln automobile, that the latter was not disposed of by his will. It is not unreasonable to presume that if he intended that appellee, his wife, should have the Lincoln automobile instead of the Packard he would have changed his will to that effect. The courts cannot, by parol testimony, make a will which the testator did not make.
Reversed, and judgment here for appellants.
Reversed.