By the Court,
Hawley, C. J.:
This is an action of ejectment instituted in pursuance of an act of Congress, to determine the right to certain mining ground for which the Lucerne Mining Company had applied for a patent, and appellant had filed his protest.
The appellant claims title to the mining ground in controversy, under the mining location and claim known as “Waller’s Defeat.” The respondents claim title under the mining locations and claims known as the “Boston” and the “ Lucerne;” the former having been located prior, and the latter subsequent, to the location of the “Waller’s Defeat.” The jury found a verdict in favor of respondents. Appellant moved for a new trial, and from the order overruling that motion this appeal is taken.
Several points are presented and relied upon by appellant, which will be noticed in their regular order.
1. It is claimed that the court erred in refusing appellant’s challenge to the juror Mathewson, upon the ground that said juror had formed and expressed an unqualified opinion as to the course and direction of the Waller’s Defeat lode. Appellant claimed at the time of the challenge, and still insists, that this was one of the main questions involved in the case, and that under the provisions of the sixth subdivision of section 164 of the Civil Practice Act (1 Comp. L. 1225), the court should have allowed the chai-' lenge. Mathewson, upon his voire dire, stated that he was well acquainted with all the mining claims in the locality of the mining ground in dispute; that he had a decided opinion as to the course of all the claims in that vicinity; that he knew nothing at all about the merits of the case; that he had no opinion upon the question as to whether or not the [207]*207Waller’s Defeat and the Lucerne claims were on the same lode, and no opinion as to whether there was more than one lode. “If,” said he, “there are two or three ledges there, I have an idea where they run.” .
Upon the trial of this cause, there was some controversy as to the course of the various claims. There was testimony offered by respondent tending to prove that the Waller’s Defeat ran with a certain canon; also, testimony offered by appellant tending to prove that it ran over a hill almost at right angles with the cañón. Without deciding the question as to the meaning of the statute, 'we are of the opinion that the action of the court in refusing the challenge must be sustained upon two grounds: First. It was impossible for the court to determine from the pleadings or facts before it, at the time the challenge was interposed, whether - the course of the lode, or lodes, was, or ivas not, one of the main questions involved in the case. If appellant desired to present the point upon its merits, he should, in the absence of an admission upon the part of the respondent, at least, have offered to prove by some competent evidence that this was one of the main questions involved in the case. Second. From the answers given by the juror, it seems to us apparent that he was of the opinion that the vein, or veins, of ore upon which the respective claims were located ran in the same general direction; otherwise he would certainly have had an opinion as to whether or not there was more than one lode in that locality; and also an opinion as to whether or not the Lucerne and Waller’s Defeat were upon the same lode. In reply to the questions asked upon this point, he answered in the negative. If his answers were truthful, is it not clear that he could not have formed the opinion, as argued by appellant, that the Waller’s Defeat ran with the cañón, and that the Lucerne ran over the hill nearly at right angles with the cañón ? For if that was a fact, the claims could not be upon the same lode. The juror having an opinion as to the general direction of the two claims, if he believed they run at right angles, as a matter of course, must have entertained the opinion that they were not upon the same lode. We think it must have [208]*208been as apparent to the court as it is to us from all the answers given by this juror that his opinion was a general one as to the course of the vein, or veins, of ore; that his opinion was that the vein, or veins, of ore ran in the same general direction; but whether there was but one lode, or whether the Waller’s Defeat and the Lucerne were upon the same lode he had no opinion. The juror entertained no opinion upon this point prejudicial to the appellant, and the court did not err in refusing the challenge.
2. At the close of the testimony offered on behalf of respondents, appellant moved the court “to strike out as immaterial and irrelevant all the testimony * * * relating to the location of the Boston claim and the work done under that location; also, the notice of location of the Boston Company.” The court refused to grant said motion. It is argued that the title claimed by respondents is to a lode; that the Boston notice did not claim a lode, but Avas AA'hat is known as a hill claim; that the only controversy in this action is as to the title to a lode, and that no title to the lode can be acquired from a hill location. ' The notice of the Boston’ location reads as follows:
“Notice is hereby given that we, the undersigned, have taken up and claim for mining purposes twelve hundred feet of ground on the face of this hill on the south side of Gold Canon, running north' 1200 feet from stake, with all its dips, angles and spurs, from thence to the centre of the hill. 7 June, 1859.” (Names of locators.)
A narroAv or illiberal vieAV in the construction of Avritten notices of mining locations would often lead to the deprivation of the rights of the locators. In many of the locations made by miners, especially in new mining districts, the notices of location are frequently found to be vague and indefinite. They are often prepared upon the ground, and usually written by men unaccustomed to the forms used by lawyers. A common sense view must be taken of such notices. What was the intention of the parties who made the location? If, in the present case, we seek for that intention from the language employed in the notice, is it not found in the use of the words “-with all its dips, angles and [209]*209spurs?” In mining parlance these words have a definite meaning. .They refer to a lode, not to surface or hill claims. Although the word ledge, lode, or vein, does not appear in the notice, we think, independent of any testimony offered to prove the intention, that the only fair and reasonable construction to be given to the notice is, that it was the intention of the locators to claim a lode with all its dips, angles, and spurs. If the testimony of witnesses is to be considered, the same conclusion is reached. The testimony of Surrhyne, who wrote the notice of location, clearly shows that it was the intention of the locators to take up four claims upon a blind lode, and not to make a hill or surface location.
3. The deed from Surrhyne to the Lucerne Mining Company, under which the respondents claim title, does not mention the Boston notice or claim. It conveys an undivided interest “of all that gold and silver mining ledge or ground * * * more particularly described as folloAvs, to wit: That set of claims known as the Lucerne Company’s claims, of'1800 feet in extent, located on the Lucerne quartz ledge.
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By the Court,
Hawley, C. J.:
This is an action of ejectment instituted in pursuance of an act of Congress, to determine the right to certain mining ground for which the Lucerne Mining Company had applied for a patent, and appellant had filed his protest.
The appellant claims title to the mining ground in controversy, under the mining location and claim known as “Waller’s Defeat.” The respondents claim title under the mining locations and claims known as the “Boston” and the “ Lucerne;” the former having been located prior, and the latter subsequent, to the location of the “Waller’s Defeat.” The jury found a verdict in favor of respondents. Appellant moved for a new trial, and from the order overruling that motion this appeal is taken.
Several points are presented and relied upon by appellant, which will be noticed in their regular order.
1. It is claimed that the court erred in refusing appellant’s challenge to the juror Mathewson, upon the ground that said juror had formed and expressed an unqualified opinion as to the course and direction of the Waller’s Defeat lode. Appellant claimed at the time of the challenge, and still insists, that this was one of the main questions involved in the case, and that under the provisions of the sixth subdivision of section 164 of the Civil Practice Act (1 Comp. L. 1225), the court should have allowed the chai-' lenge. Mathewson, upon his voire dire, stated that he was well acquainted with all the mining claims in the locality of the mining ground in dispute; that he had a decided opinion as to the course of all the claims in that vicinity; that he knew nothing at all about the merits of the case; that he had no opinion upon the question as to whether or not the [207]*207Waller’s Defeat and the Lucerne claims were on the same lode, and no opinion as to whether there was more than one lode. “If,” said he, “there are two or three ledges there, I have an idea where they run.” .
Upon the trial of this cause, there was some controversy as to the course of the various claims. There was testimony offered by respondent tending to prove that the Waller’s Defeat ran with a certain canon; also, testimony offered by appellant tending to prove that it ran over a hill almost at right angles with the cañón. Without deciding the question as to the meaning of the statute, 'we are of the opinion that the action of the court in refusing the challenge must be sustained upon two grounds: First. It was impossible for the court to determine from the pleadings or facts before it, at the time the challenge was interposed, whether - the course of the lode, or lodes, was, or ivas not, one of the main questions involved in the case. If appellant desired to present the point upon its merits, he should, in the absence of an admission upon the part of the respondent, at least, have offered to prove by some competent evidence that this was one of the main questions involved in the case. Second. From the answers given by the juror, it seems to us apparent that he was of the opinion that the vein, or veins, of ore upon which the respective claims were located ran in the same general direction; otherwise he would certainly have had an opinion as to whether or not there was more than one lode in that locality; and also an opinion as to whether or not the Lucerne and Waller’s Defeat were upon the same lode. In reply to the questions asked upon this point, he answered in the negative. If his answers were truthful, is it not clear that he could not have formed the opinion, as argued by appellant, that the Waller’s Defeat ran with the cañón, and that the Lucerne ran over the hill nearly at right angles with the cañón ? For if that was a fact, the claims could not be upon the same lode. The juror having an opinion as to the general direction of the two claims, if he believed they run at right angles, as a matter of course, must have entertained the opinion that they were not upon the same lode. We think it must have [208]*208been as apparent to the court as it is to us from all the answers given by this juror that his opinion was a general one as to the course of the vein, or veins, of ore; that his opinion was that the vein, or veins, of ore ran in the same general direction; but whether there was but one lode, or whether the Waller’s Defeat and the Lucerne were upon the same lode he had no opinion. The juror entertained no opinion upon this point prejudicial to the appellant, and the court did not err in refusing the challenge.
2. At the close of the testimony offered on behalf of respondents, appellant moved the court “to strike out as immaterial and irrelevant all the testimony * * * relating to the location of the Boston claim and the work done under that location; also, the notice of location of the Boston Company.” The court refused to grant said motion. It is argued that the title claimed by respondents is to a lode; that the Boston notice did not claim a lode, but Avas AA'hat is known as a hill claim; that the only controversy in this action is as to the title to a lode, and that no title to the lode can be acquired from a hill location. ' The notice of the Boston’ location reads as follows:
“Notice is hereby given that we, the undersigned, have taken up and claim for mining purposes twelve hundred feet of ground on the face of this hill on the south side of Gold Canon, running north' 1200 feet from stake, with all its dips, angles and spurs, from thence to the centre of the hill. 7 June, 1859.” (Names of locators.)
A narroAv or illiberal vieAV in the construction of Avritten notices of mining locations would often lead to the deprivation of the rights of the locators. In many of the locations made by miners, especially in new mining districts, the notices of location are frequently found to be vague and indefinite. They are often prepared upon the ground, and usually written by men unaccustomed to the forms used by lawyers. A common sense view must be taken of such notices. What was the intention of the parties who made the location? If, in the present case, we seek for that intention from the language employed in the notice, is it not found in the use of the words “-with all its dips, angles and [209]*209spurs?” In mining parlance these words have a definite meaning. .They refer to a lode, not to surface or hill claims. Although the word ledge, lode, or vein, does not appear in the notice, we think, independent of any testimony offered to prove the intention, that the only fair and reasonable construction to be given to the notice is, that it was the intention of the locators to claim a lode with all its dips, angles, and spurs. If the testimony of witnesses is to be considered, the same conclusion is reached. The testimony of Surrhyne, who wrote the notice of location, clearly shows that it was the intention of the locators to take up four claims upon a blind lode, and not to make a hill or surface location.
3. The deed from Surrhyne to the Lucerne Mining Company, under which the respondents claim title, does not mention the Boston notice or claim. It conveys an undivided interest “of all that gold and silver mining ledge or ground * * * more particularly described as folloAvs, to wit: That set of claims known as the Lucerne Company’s claims, of'1800 feet in extent, located on the Lucerne quartz ledge. Said company’s claims running northerly from a certain shaft sunk upon the lead aforesaid one thousand feet, and running south from said shaft eight hundred feet, * * * being the undivided interest of the party of the first part, in all that original claim located by the Lucerne Company, and duly recorded in the Gold Hill records.”
Did this deed convey any title to the ground claimed by the Boston notice of location ? It appears from the testimony that the Boston notice was written and posted upon the ground in July, 1859; that thereafter, in March, 1860, the same parties who had located the Boston, using their own names and the names of ten other persons, located the Lucerne, claiming fourteen claims on the Lucerne ledge. The notices of the Boston and Lucerne locations were both written by Surrhyne, the grantor of the deed to the Lucerne Mining Company. The Lucerne notice was posted on a stake at the north end of the Boston claim, and extended “in a southerly direction twenty-eight hundred feet.” The testimony offered upon the part of the respond[210]*210ents tended to prove that the locators of said claims fully complied with all the mining laws, rules and'regulations of the district, as to amount of work, posting and recording of notices, etc.; that at the time the locations were made, the parties were prospecting for a blind ledge; that the object of the locators in making the Lucerne location was to keep off other parties from making any locations that would be likely to conflict with the Boston, and possibly to get a little more ground; that subsequent developments established the fact that the Lucerne notice covered the same lode claimed by the Boston notice. ^ Upon this state of facts, appellant asked the court to give the following instruction: “You are instructed that the defendants derived no title whatever to the claim located by the Boston company by the deeds introduced in evidence by the defendants, and that no title to the Boston claim has been shown to be in the defendants, or either of them, by such deeds. The only title conveyed by such deeds is that to the Lucerne claim, located in March, 1860.” * * * This instruction was clearly erroneous. Surrhyne, the grantor of one of the deeds, was one of the locators in the Boston. He was also one of the locators in the Lucerne. He after-wards conveyed his undivided interest in the lode or ground described in the deed. The deed was a quitclaim deed. By it he conveyed “all his right, title, interest, claim and demand, of, in and to” the lode and premises therein described. If the Boston notice and the Lucerne notice were posted upon, and claimed the same lode, a conveyance of his interest in the lode necessarily conveyed his interest under both locations, and it was immaterial by what particular name he designated it. (Phillpotts v. Blasdel, 8 Nev. 61.)
4. Testimony was offered by appellant, in rebuttal of re-spondent’s case, tending to prove that the locators of the Boston claim had treated it as separate and distinct from the Lucerne claim, and several deeds from the various locators in the Boston were introduced in evidence, in some of which the Boston ground was described as being bounded on the north by the Lucerne. The object of this testi[211]*211mony was to show that it was not the intention of Surrhyne at the time of executing the deed, already referred to, to convey his interest in the Boston claim. Upon this point, appellant asked the court to instruct the jury as follows: “ In order to reach the conclusion that any title to the Boston claim is conveyed by the deeds introduced in evidence by the defendants, you must believe that the grantors in those deeds intended to convey such claim, and that the grantees intended to purchase it.
This instruction was calculated to mislead the jury. The conclusions we have reached upon other points fully justify the action of the court in refusing to give this instruction. But little need be added to what we have already said. As an abstract proposition of law, it may, for the purpose of the argument, be admitted, that the instruction is correct. It is the intention of the parties that imparts life to every contract, and controls the court in the construction of every written instrument. But how is that intention to be ascertained? When the language of a deed is doubtful, the first thing we inquire is: What was the intention of the parties ? But courts do not always seek for the intention of the parties independent of the language used in the deed. On the contrary, we think it is a well-settled legal principle, that where the language of a deed admits of but one construction, and the location of the lode or premises intended to be conveyed is clearly ascertained by a sufficient description of the grounds, in the deed, by courses, distances or monuments, it cannot be controlled by any different exposition derived from the acts of the parties in locating the premises, or from the failure of the grantor to designate the various names by which the ground conveyed was at different times known. It is only when the language is equivocal, imperfect or ambiguous, and the location of the ground, or identity of the lode, or lodes, made doubtful, that the construction put upon the deed by the parties who located the ground may be resorted to to aid iii ascertaining the intention of the parties. The very object of a description in a deed is to define what the parties intended, the grantor to convey, and the grantee to receive, by-the [212]*212conveyance. That intention, in the present case, is plainly deduced from the language contained in the deed. The description of the ground conveyed is definite: “That gold and silver mining ledge or ground * * running northerly from a certain shaft sunk upon the lead aforesaid one thousand feet; and running south from said shaft ,eight hundred feet.” It was for the jury to determine whether there was but one lode; whether the Boston notice and the Lucerne notice were posted upon, and claimed the same lode, and whether the description in the deed covered the ground included in the Boston notice ? And it was for the court to determine the legal effect to be given to the deed. If it was admitted that there was but one lode, that both notices of location were on that lode, and that the ground located by the Boston company was within the limits of ,the ground con-A'eyed, it seems to us too clear for argument, that the effect of the language used in the deed was to convey the grantor’s interest in that lode, from whatever locations it may have been acquired, or by whatever name it may have been designated. ' '
5. Finally, it is contended that the court erred in refusing to give this instruction: “The jury are instructed that if they believe from the evidence that the locators of the Boston claim re-located the Lucerne claim upon the same ledge as that which they claimed under the notice of location of the Boston company, commencing at the north stake of the Boston claim and claiming 2800 feet, including the ground claimed by the Boston company’s notice, such relocation is an abandonment of the Boston claim, and they must exclude from theii\consideration the Boston claim and all work done under it.”
This instruction presents the simple question whether, as matter of law, the fact of making a second location upon the same lode with the names of other parties included iq the notice of location, is an abandonment of the first location. The answer to this is plain. The question of abandonment is one of intention. Whether it was the intention of the original locators of the Boston claim to abandon their interest in the ground derived from the Boston notice of loca[213]*213tion and the work done under it, was a question of fact for the jury to determine from all the facts and circumstances of the case. It is sometimes difficult in new mining districts, the mining ground being undeveloped, and the course of the croppings, if any, not being clearly defined, to determine the direction of tbé lode, or to determine tbe fact whether or not there is but one lode. We believe it is not an uncommon practice for miners in making locations under such circumstances, to post one or more picket notices of location as a protection to the original claim, to keep off other parties from making any locations that would be liable to interfere with tbe first location. Now when the developments establish the fact that the subsequent notices were really posted on the same lode as tbe first, it seems to us, in the absence of any mining law, rule or ■ regulation .of the district, that such an act shall work a forfeiture of the rights of the locators under the first notice, that the argument advanced by appellant that a second location made under snob circumstances, for tbe express purpose of protecting the original location, of itself, constitutes an abandonment of tbe first notice, is illogical and unsound.
We are not called upon in this case to determine wliat, if any, rights were acquired by tbe second notice of location; or the rights, if any, of the additional locators in the second notice, and upon these questions we express no opinion.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
Mr. Justice Beatty concurred in the judgment.