Halpern, J.
This is an appeal from an order of the Special Term dismissing a proceeding brought under article 78 of the Civil Practice Act to review a determination by the Board of Zoning Appeals of the City of Rochester.
The facts as developed in the record-are as follows:
The Flower City Builders Supply Corp. (one of the intervenor's-respondents) applied on June 14, 1957, to the superintendent of buildings of the City of Rochester for a permit to erect two masonry buildings on premises known as 1275 Mt. Read Blvd. in the city of Rochester, one building to be used as ail office and warehouse and the other to be used for the 'manufacture of cement blocks, Finder blocks and accessories.
The premises in question were zoned in a “ C Light Industrial District ”. Under'section 91-23 "of the Zoning-Ordinance of the City of Rochester (City Ordinances, ch. 91, Ordinance No. 1536), the permissible uses in a “ C Light-Industrial District ” are the same as those in a “D Light Industrial District”, [216] as set forth in section 91-22 of the ordinances. Under that section, no structure or premises may be used for:
“ 3. Brick pottery, tile and terracotta manufacture.
# * #
12. Lime, cement or plaster of Paris manufacture.
* * *
18. Bock or stone crusher.
# * #
32. Any trade, industry or use which is or may be injurious, noxious or offensive by reason of vibration, or noise, or the emission of dust, odor, smoke, gas or fumes.”
The superintendent of buildings denied the application, apparently being of the opinion that the proposed use fell within one of the forbidden categories. The Flower City company thereupon appealed to the Board of Zoning Appeals. The attorney for the Flower City company, at the hearing, indicated that he was seeking a “ variance ” from the “ strict letter” of the ordinance. He referred to the fact that his client had entered into a contract for the purchase of the premises “ subject to a variance being granted by this Board.” However, the term “ variance ” seems to have been a misnomer. The Flower City company offered no proof of ‘ ‘ practical difficulties or unnecessary hardship ” in the carrying out of the ordinance, as required by subdivision 4 of section 81 of the General City Law for the obtaining of ^ a variance. Apparently, what the Flower City company was really seeking was a determination by the board that its proposed use did not fall within any of the forbidden categories enumerated in section 91-22 of the Zoning Ordinance.
The proposed use clearly did not fall within subdivisions 3, 12 or 18 of section 91-22 but the question of whether it fell within subdivision 32 presented a sharply controverted question of fact.
The board held a hearing upon notice to all the property owners within a 200-foot radius of the premises in question, pursuant to section 7 of article 3 of the Rules and Regulations of the board. Upon the hearing, the petitioners-appellants, who owned and operated a business known as the Micro Instrument & Tool Co. on premises adjoining the premises in question, appeared and interposed objection to the granting of the permit. The owners of various residential properties within a 200-foot radius also appeared and objected. The objectors contended that the proposed use would cause a great deal of dust and noise and also that the vibration incident to the use [217] would affect their premises. The attorney for the petitioners-appellants pointed out that his clients had expended several hundred thousand dollars for the installation of super-sensitive machines which they used in the manufacture of precision instruments and he stressed the great harm which would result from dust or vibration affecting these machines. On the other hand, the attorney for the Flower City company contended that no dust or vibration would be caused by the operation.
The hearing was a very unsatisfactory one. It consisted merely of general assertions by the representatives of each side to the controversy. There was no description of the process of manufacturing cement or cinder blocks, from which any conclusion could be drawn as to whether the assertions of one side or the other were correct.
In an apparent effort to ascertain the facts, the board decided, to inspect, not only the premises in question, but also the existing plant of the Flower City company. After the completion of the inspection, the board voted, at an adjourned meeting, to approve the Flower City company’s application but it gave no reason for its action and it said nothing about the facts disclosed by the physical inspection.
Shortly thereafter, the petitioners-appellants instituted the present proceeding. In its answer to the petition, the board gave two grounds for its decision: First, it asserted that the proposed use was a permissible one under the ordinance, without any variance or special exception, ‘ ‘ in view of the determination of the Board that said use is not one which is or may be injurious, noxious or offensive by reason of vibration or noise, or the emission of dust, odor, smoke, gas or fumes ”. Secondly, the board alleged in its answer that the proposed use was “ permitted in the discretion of the Board under Section 91-37, Subdivision 4, of the Building Zone Ordinance by reason of the fact that the location of said use is upon a lot adjacent to a railroad ”. This was the first mention of subdivision 4 of section 91-37 in the proceeding and the first indication that the board had under consideration the possibility of granting a special exception under that subdivision. Subdivision 4 of section 91-37 of the Zoning Ordinance authorizes the Board of Appeals, after notice and hearing, and “ subject to appropriate conditions and safeguards” to “Permit the location of a use permitted in any heavy industrial district, in any light industrial district on any lot adjacent to a railroad or river or adjacent to a non-conforming use.”
[218] In the schedule annexed to its answer, the board asserted that its “ decision was based upon that evidence [the evidence taken at the hearing], together with the personal knowledge of the individual members of the Board of Appeals concerning the premises in question; information gathered from the voluminous and extensive records of the Zoning Board of Appeals, inclusive of use maps; a knowledge on the part of the said Board of conditions in said neighborhood, the changing trend of property uses, assessed valuations and many similar things of general import and not capable of being specifically enumerated. ’ ’
Without going into the merits of the board’s decision upon either of the two grounds given in its answer, we are of the opinion that the decision cannot be allowed to stand because of the failure of the board to comply with fundamental principles of fair procedure.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Halpern, J.
This is an appeal from an order of the Special Term dismissing a proceeding brought under article 78 of the Civil Practice Act to review a determination by the Board of Zoning Appeals of the City of Rochester.
The facts as developed in the record-are as follows:
The Flower City Builders Supply Corp. (one of the intervenor's-respondents) applied on June 14, 1957, to the superintendent of buildings of the City of Rochester for a permit to erect two masonry buildings on premises known as 1275 Mt. Read Blvd. in the city of Rochester, one building to be used as ail office and warehouse and the other to be used for the 'manufacture of cement blocks, Finder blocks and accessories.
The premises in question were zoned in a “ C Light Industrial District ”. Under'section 91-23 "of the Zoning-Ordinance of the City of Rochester (City Ordinances, ch. 91, Ordinance No. 1536), the permissible uses in a “ C Light-Industrial District ” are the same as those in a “D Light Industrial District”, [216] as set forth in section 91-22 of the ordinances. Under that section, no structure or premises may be used for:
“ 3. Brick pottery, tile and terracotta manufacture.
# * #
12. Lime, cement or plaster of Paris manufacture.
* * *
18. Bock or stone crusher.
# * #
32. Any trade, industry or use which is or may be injurious, noxious or offensive by reason of vibration, or noise, or the emission of dust, odor, smoke, gas or fumes.”
The superintendent of buildings denied the application, apparently being of the opinion that the proposed use fell within one of the forbidden categories. The Flower City company thereupon appealed to the Board of Zoning Appeals. The attorney for the Flower City company, at the hearing, indicated that he was seeking a “ variance ” from the “ strict letter” of the ordinance. He referred to the fact that his client had entered into a contract for the purchase of the premises “ subject to a variance being granted by this Board.” However, the term “ variance ” seems to have been a misnomer. The Flower City company offered no proof of ‘ ‘ practical difficulties or unnecessary hardship ” in the carrying out of the ordinance, as required by subdivision 4 of section 81 of the General City Law for the obtaining of ^ a variance. Apparently, what the Flower City company was really seeking was a determination by the board that its proposed use did not fall within any of the forbidden categories enumerated in section 91-22 of the Zoning Ordinance.
The proposed use clearly did not fall within subdivisions 3, 12 or 18 of section 91-22 but the question of whether it fell within subdivision 32 presented a sharply controverted question of fact.
The board held a hearing upon notice to all the property owners within a 200-foot radius of the premises in question, pursuant to section 7 of article 3 of the Rules and Regulations of the board. Upon the hearing, the petitioners-appellants, who owned and operated a business known as the Micro Instrument & Tool Co. on premises adjoining the premises in question, appeared and interposed objection to the granting of the permit. The owners of various residential properties within a 200-foot radius also appeared and objected. The objectors contended that the proposed use would cause a great deal of dust and noise and also that the vibration incident to the use [217] would affect their premises. The attorney for the petitioners-appellants pointed out that his clients had expended several hundred thousand dollars for the installation of super-sensitive machines which they used in the manufacture of precision instruments and he stressed the great harm which would result from dust or vibration affecting these machines. On the other hand, the attorney for the Flower City company contended that no dust or vibration would be caused by the operation.
The hearing was a very unsatisfactory one. It consisted merely of general assertions by the representatives of each side to the controversy. There was no description of the process of manufacturing cement or cinder blocks, from which any conclusion could be drawn as to whether the assertions of one side or the other were correct.
In an apparent effort to ascertain the facts, the board decided, to inspect, not only the premises in question, but also the existing plant of the Flower City company. After the completion of the inspection, the board voted, at an adjourned meeting, to approve the Flower City company’s application but it gave no reason for its action and it said nothing about the facts disclosed by the physical inspection.
Shortly thereafter, the petitioners-appellants instituted the present proceeding. In its answer to the petition, the board gave two grounds for its decision: First, it asserted that the proposed use was a permissible one under the ordinance, without any variance or special exception, ‘ ‘ in view of the determination of the Board that said use is not one which is or may be injurious, noxious or offensive by reason of vibration or noise, or the emission of dust, odor, smoke, gas or fumes ”. Secondly, the board alleged in its answer that the proposed use was “ permitted in the discretion of the Board under Section 91-37, Subdivision 4, of the Building Zone Ordinance by reason of the fact that the location of said use is upon a lot adjacent to a railroad ”. This was the first mention of subdivision 4 of section 91-37 in the proceeding and the first indication that the board had under consideration the possibility of granting a special exception under that subdivision. Subdivision 4 of section 91-37 of the Zoning Ordinance authorizes the Board of Appeals, after notice and hearing, and “ subject to appropriate conditions and safeguards” to “Permit the location of a use permitted in any heavy industrial district, in any light industrial district on any lot adjacent to a railroad or river or adjacent to a non-conforming use.”
[218] In the schedule annexed to its answer, the board asserted that its “ decision was based upon that evidence [the evidence taken at the hearing], together with the personal knowledge of the individual members of the Board of Appeals concerning the premises in question; information gathered from the voluminous and extensive records of the Zoning Board of Appeals, inclusive of use maps; a knowledge on the part of the said Board of conditions in said neighborhood, the changing trend of property uses, assessed valuations and many similar things of general import and not capable of being specifically enumerated. ’ ’
Without going into the merits of the board’s decision upon either of the two grounds given in its answer, we are of the opinion that the decision cannot be allowed to stand because of the failure of the board to comply with fundamental principles of fair procedure.
The ground first given represented the board’s determination of the question of fact considered at the hearing as to whether the proposed use would be, or might be, “injurious, noxious or offensive by reason of vibration, or noise, or the emission of dust”. This question of fact was decided by the board, according to its own statement, upon the basis, at least in part, of facts known to the members of the board personally. It is apparent from the meagerness of the proof at the hearing that the board must have decided the ease principally upon the basis of the information it acquired upon the inspection of the existing plant of the Flower City company.
The members of a Zoning Board of Appeals are permitted to use their personal knowledge in passing upon cases coming before them but, if they do so, they must explicitly state in their return the substance of the facts outside the record upon which they rely. It is impossible for the court to perform its task of reviewing the administrative decision if it is not informed of the evidentiary facts upon which the board relied in making its decision.
“It is well-established law that a board may act upon its own knowledge of conditions and/or its own personal inspection, but the mere conclusory statement in the findings of its personal knowledge and inspection does no more than demonstrate or establish the basis for the board’s arrival at the factual findings. When the board does so act, it is incumbent upon it to set forth in its return the facts known to the members, but not otherwise disclosed” (Matter of Community Synagogue v. Bates, 1 N Y 2d 4.45, 454). (See, also, Matter of [219] Levy v. Board of Stds. & Appeals of City of N. Y., 267 N. Y. 347; People ex rel. Fordham Manor Ref. Church v. Walsh, 244 N. Y. 280; Matter of Crossroads Recreation v. Bros, 4 N Y 2d 39.)
The hoard’s return in the present proceeding fails to comply with this principle. We do not know what the members of the board learned upon their inspection of the existing plant of the Flower City company as to the method of manufacture arid the other incidents of the proposed use which led it to the conclusion that no injurious or offensive consequences would be caused by the proposed use. Neither do we know what facts the members of the board drew from their personal knowledge, apart from that acquired upon the inspection of the premises, in reaching their determination, The need for an explicit statement of these nonrecord facts is particularly evident in this case, because of the fact that the transcript of the hearing before the board coritains rio description Of the gerieral process of manufacturing cemerit or cinder blocks of Of the paftieulrif method of operation which the' Flower City coriipariy intended to use.
The so-called findings of fact attached to the answer merely repeat the same conclusory statement as that contained in the answer. There is no statement of the evidentiary facts disclosed by the inspection of drawn from the reservoir of the personal knowledge of the members of the board.
We are, of course, unable to say upon this review whether or not there was substantial evidence to support the board’s conclusion since we do riot know what the evidence upon which the board acted was.
The determination by the board cannot be upheld upon the alternative ground given in its answer, for a somewhat different reason. The board is vested with discretion to create a special exception with respect to the use of a “lot” adjacent to a railroad but it may exercise that discretion, under the terms of the ordinance, only “after notice arid hearing ” and only “ subject to appropriate conditions and safeguards ”. The board gave no indication prior to' the interposition of its answer in this proceeding that it intended to consider the question of whether the special exception provision should be invoked in this case; The Flower City company did not ask for a special exception and the neighboring property owners were not given notice at any stage of the administrative proceeding that such an application was under consideration. It is true that the fact that the premises were adjacent to the [220] right of way was mentioned at the hearing by the attorney for the Flower City company in arguing that the property was suitable for its purpose and was mentioned by the attorney for the vendor of the premises as indicating that the premises were no longer suitable for residential use by his client. But there was no suggestion that the proximity of the property to the railroad had any legal bearing upon the case and there was no hint that subdivision 4 of section 91-37 of the ordinance might be invoked by the board.
It is elementary that fair procedure requires that the board advise the parties, at some time before the proceeding is closed, of the issues which it proposes to decide so that they may know what claims they have to meet and so that they may intelligently determine what evidence they ought to offer. “ Specification of the issues to be determined in a quasi-judicial proceeding, appropriate to the character of the particular proceeding, is one of. the basic elements of fair procedure” (Benjamin on Administrative Adjudication in the State of New York, p. 77; Davis on Administrative Law, § 80, pp. 278-283).
The objecting parties should have been given notice that the railroad exception was under consideration and they should have been given an opportunity to offer evidence bearing upon that issue. In their brief in this court, the petitioners-appellants raise the question of whether the premises in fact are adjacent to a railroad within the meaning of subdivision 4 of section 91-37. It appears from the plot plan that, while the premises adjoin the railroad right of way, they are several hundred feet from the railroad tracks themselves. There is at least a suggestion in the record that the property owned by the railroad company, lying between its tracks and the boundary line of its property, was leased to others, including the Flower City company itself, for nonrailroad use. The facts with respect to this situation would, of course, have been fully explored if the parties had been given notice that that was one of the issues in the case. Furthermore, the parties would have been entitled to present proof and to submit argument to the board as to the “ appropriate conditions and safeguards ” which ought to be imposed by the board, if it decided to grant a permit under the special exception, particularly in view of the supersensitive nature of the machinery upon the premises of the petitioners-appellants.
We therefore conclude that the board’s decision cannot be sustained upon the present record upon either of the grounds given in the board’s answer.
[221] The order appealed from should be reversed and the determination of the Board of Zoning Appeals should be annulled and the matter remitted to the board for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.