Mr. Justice Holloway
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action in claim and delivery, brought by Sadie A. Webster against the sheriff of Meagher county, to recover the possession of certain personal property alleged to have been wrongfully taken and detained by the defendant, or to recover its value, alleged to be $4,185, in case recovery of the possession could not be had, and for $500 damages for the wrongful detention of the property. The property consisted of stock cattle, horses, some hay, a buggy, and a single harness. The answer denies that the plaintiff was ever the owner or entitled to the possession of the property. The prices fixed in the complaint for the various items of property are disputed, except as to the buggy, harness, and two horses; and in the answer prices are fixed for the various items which, with the admissions referred to, place the total valuation of the property at $2,570. The answer admits that the hay was worth $1,410, and fixes the value at $7 per ton, which is an admission that two hundred and one and three-sevenths tons were seized. The answer seeks to justify the seizure by alleging that the property was all the property of Frank S. Webster, and was seized under attachment and execution issued in an action wherein Alexander & Hopkins, copartners doing business under the firm name of Merchants’ Bank of Forsyth, were plaintiffs, and Frank S. Webster was defendant.
The answer further alleges that Frank S. Webster and the plaintiff are husband and wife; that plaintiff never filed an inventory of her separate property; that all the property in controversy was continuously for a long time prior to the seizure in the sole and exclusive possession of Frank S. Webster, and that Alexander & Hopkins extended credit to Frank S. Webster for the debt sued upon in good faith on the credit of all this property being the property of Frank S. Webster, and upon the representations of Frank S. Webster that such property was his; [454]*454and that these representations were made with the knowledge and consent of plaintiff, Sadie A. Webster; and finally it is alleged that Alexander & Hopkins had no knowledge or notice that Sadie A. Webster claimed or owned the property in controversy. All these allegations are put in issue by reply, except the allegations that the plaintiff is the wife of Frank S. Webster, and that she never filed an inventory of her separate property.
The cause was tried to the district court sitting with a jury. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff for the return of the property, of for its value in case return could not be had, as follows: Fifty-four head of cattle,.of the value of $1,350; three head of horses of the value of $115; the buggy, of the value of $15; the single harness, of the value of $5; and two hundred and one and three-sevenths tons of hay, of the value of $1,410; and for $250 damages for the detention of the property. As the evidence was all with respect to fifty head of cattle only, the plaintiff remitted from the amount of the verdict four head of cattle, or $100, the value thereof, and judgment was i’endered and entered on the verdict as thus amended; and from this judgment and an order denying him a new trial defendant appealed.
It appears from the evidence that certain of the cattle and one horse were purchased by the plaintiff from her husband, Frank S. Webster. Appellant specifies as error (1) the refusal of the trial court to grant a new trial, for the reason that the evidence is insufficient (a) to show any immediate delivery and actual and continued change of possession of the property purchased by plaintiff from her husband, (b) to show that plaintiff owned the hay in controversy, and (c) to sustain the verdict for $250 damages; (2) the giving of certain instructions asked by the plaintiff, and the refusal to give certain instructions' asked by defendant; and (3) the admission of certain testimony offered by the plaintiff, and the refusal of certain testimony offered by the defendant.
1. (a) The answer does not allege any fraud in fact in the transaction between the plaintiff and her husband respecting [455]*455the purchase of the property which she did purchase from him in October, 1901. Defendant, however, relies upon the proposition that the evidence is insufficient to show an immediate delivery and actual and continued change of possession and therefore the transaction was fraudulent in law under section 4491 of the Civil Code, and in support of this cites Harmon v. Hawkins, 18 Mont. 525, 46 Pac. 439, Story v. Cordell, 13 Mont. 204, 33 Pac. 6, and cases from other courts.
The evidence shows that in October, 1901, the plaintiff, who had independent means of her own at the time of her marriage with Frank S. Webster, purchased from him eleven head of adult cattle, ten calves, and a stallion, for $392.65; that the stallion and these cattle and the increase of the cattle were a portion of the property seized by the sheriff in this instance; that the animals so purchased were branded with an “angle R” brand, and were all the animals owned by Frank S. Webster branded with that brand; that he sold to the plaintiff his brand, which had been recorded, and that the plaintiff caused the recorder of marks and brands to make the proper transfer of the same to her; that she purchased from another party other live stock upon which she placed this same brand; and that thereafter Frank S. Webster used a “6 U quarter circle” brand. The evidence shows that the plaintiff owns one hundred and twenty acres of land, a .desert entry; that Frank S, Webster has a homestead of one hundred and sixty acres; that these two tracts of land, together with about twenty-five sections of railroad land, were inclosed together. Respecting the railroad land the plaintiff testified: ‘ ‘ The railroad land was mine. ’ ’ The evidence also shows that the animals purchased from Frank S. Webster, together with other personal property belonging to the plaintiff, were kept upon this ranch upon which the plaintiff and her husband, Frank S. Webster, resided; that plaintiff listed this property for taxation and paid the taxes thereon for 1903; that it was generally known throughout the neighborhood that the “angle R” brand and the stock bearing it belonged to the plaintiff, Sadie A. Webster; and that after the sale Frank S. Webster [456]*456had nothing whatever to do with this stock, except to help care for it for Sadie A. Webster.
The court instructed the jury that if they believed from the evidence the facts detailed, and that the sale was made in good faith, without any fraudulent intent, they should then find that this was such an immediate delivery and actual and continued ehange of possession as would constitute the sale a valid one as against the creditors of Frank S. Webster.
The case of Harmon v. Hawkins, relied upon by appellant, was one in conversion, and upon appeal to this court the only question presented was whether the complaint stated a cause of action. The plaintiff had assumed to deraign his title to the property in controversy in that case, and to set forth in his complaint all the facts regarding the same. This court held that the complaint was insufficient, in that it failed to allege any delivery whatever of the property to the plaintiff Harmon, or any ehange of possession at the time he purchased.
In Story v. Cordell, this court merely held that the bill of sale given by Cordell to Story & Co.
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Mr. Justice Holloway
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action in claim and delivery, brought by Sadie A. Webster against the sheriff of Meagher county, to recover the possession of certain personal property alleged to have been wrongfully taken and detained by the defendant, or to recover its value, alleged to be $4,185, in case recovery of the possession could not be had, and for $500 damages for the wrongful detention of the property. The property consisted of stock cattle, horses, some hay, a buggy, and a single harness. The answer denies that the plaintiff was ever the owner or entitled to the possession of the property. The prices fixed in the complaint for the various items of property are disputed, except as to the buggy, harness, and two horses; and in the answer prices are fixed for the various items which, with the admissions referred to, place the total valuation of the property at $2,570. The answer admits that the hay was worth $1,410, and fixes the value at $7 per ton, which is an admission that two hundred and one and three-sevenths tons were seized. The answer seeks to justify the seizure by alleging that the property was all the property of Frank S. Webster, and was seized under attachment and execution issued in an action wherein Alexander & Hopkins, copartners doing business under the firm name of Merchants’ Bank of Forsyth, were plaintiffs, and Frank S. Webster was defendant.
The answer further alleges that Frank S. Webster and the plaintiff are husband and wife; that plaintiff never filed an inventory of her separate property; that all the property in controversy was continuously for a long time prior to the seizure in the sole and exclusive possession of Frank S. Webster, and that Alexander & Hopkins extended credit to Frank S. Webster for the debt sued upon in good faith on the credit of all this property being the property of Frank S. Webster, and upon the representations of Frank S. Webster that such property was his; [454]*454and that these representations were made with the knowledge and consent of plaintiff, Sadie A. Webster; and finally it is alleged that Alexander & Hopkins had no knowledge or notice that Sadie A. Webster claimed or owned the property in controversy. All these allegations are put in issue by reply, except the allegations that the plaintiff is the wife of Frank S. Webster, and that she never filed an inventory of her separate property.
The cause was tried to the district court sitting with a jury. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff for the return of the property, of for its value in case return could not be had, as follows: Fifty-four head of cattle,.of the value of $1,350; three head of horses of the value of $115; the buggy, of the value of $15; the single harness, of the value of $5; and two hundred and one and three-sevenths tons of hay, of the value of $1,410; and for $250 damages for the detention of the property. As the evidence was all with respect to fifty head of cattle only, the plaintiff remitted from the amount of the verdict four head of cattle, or $100, the value thereof, and judgment was i’endered and entered on the verdict as thus amended; and from this judgment and an order denying him a new trial defendant appealed.
It appears from the evidence that certain of the cattle and one horse were purchased by the plaintiff from her husband, Frank S. Webster. Appellant specifies as error (1) the refusal of the trial court to grant a new trial, for the reason that the evidence is insufficient (a) to show any immediate delivery and actual and continued change of possession of the property purchased by plaintiff from her husband, (b) to show that plaintiff owned the hay in controversy, and (c) to sustain the verdict for $250 damages; (2) the giving of certain instructions asked by the plaintiff, and the refusal to give certain instructions' asked by defendant; and (3) the admission of certain testimony offered by the plaintiff, and the refusal of certain testimony offered by the defendant.
1. (a) The answer does not allege any fraud in fact in the transaction between the plaintiff and her husband respecting [455]*455the purchase of the property which she did purchase from him in October, 1901. Defendant, however, relies upon the proposition that the evidence is insufficient to show an immediate delivery and actual and continued change of possession and therefore the transaction was fraudulent in law under section 4491 of the Civil Code, and in support of this cites Harmon v. Hawkins, 18 Mont. 525, 46 Pac. 439, Story v. Cordell, 13 Mont. 204, 33 Pac. 6, and cases from other courts.
The evidence shows that in October, 1901, the plaintiff, who had independent means of her own at the time of her marriage with Frank S. Webster, purchased from him eleven head of adult cattle, ten calves, and a stallion, for $392.65; that the stallion and these cattle and the increase of the cattle were a portion of the property seized by the sheriff in this instance; that the animals so purchased were branded with an “angle R” brand, and were all the animals owned by Frank S. Webster branded with that brand; that he sold to the plaintiff his brand, which had been recorded, and that the plaintiff caused the recorder of marks and brands to make the proper transfer of the same to her; that she purchased from another party other live stock upon which she placed this same brand; and that thereafter Frank S. Webster used a “6 U quarter circle” brand. The evidence shows that the plaintiff owns one hundred and twenty acres of land, a .desert entry; that Frank S, Webster has a homestead of one hundred and sixty acres; that these two tracts of land, together with about twenty-five sections of railroad land, were inclosed together. Respecting the railroad land the plaintiff testified: ‘ ‘ The railroad land was mine. ’ ’ The evidence also shows that the animals purchased from Frank S. Webster, together with other personal property belonging to the plaintiff, were kept upon this ranch upon which the plaintiff and her husband, Frank S. Webster, resided; that plaintiff listed this property for taxation and paid the taxes thereon for 1903; that it was generally known throughout the neighborhood that the “angle R” brand and the stock bearing it belonged to the plaintiff, Sadie A. Webster; and that after the sale Frank S. Webster [456]*456had nothing whatever to do with this stock, except to help care for it for Sadie A. Webster.
The court instructed the jury that if they believed from the evidence the facts detailed, and that the sale was made in good faith, without any fraudulent intent, they should then find that this was such an immediate delivery and actual and continued ehange of possession as would constitute the sale a valid one as against the creditors of Frank S. Webster.
The case of Harmon v. Hawkins, relied upon by appellant, was one in conversion, and upon appeal to this court the only question presented was whether the complaint stated a cause of action. The plaintiff had assumed to deraign his title to the property in controversy in that case, and to set forth in his complaint all the facts regarding the same. This court held that the complaint was insufficient, in that it failed to allege any delivery whatever of the property to the plaintiff Harmon, or any ehange of possession at the time he purchased.
In Story v. Cordell, this court merely held that the bill of sale given by Cordell to Story & Co. amounted, in fact, to a chattel mortgage, and was void as failing to comply with the law respecting mortgages of personal property.
Since those decisions were rendered, this court has had occasion to consider section 4491 above, and to review the decisions in those cases. In Cady v. Zimmerman et al., 20 Mont. 225, 50 Pac. 553, this court went quite fully into the question now presented, and there approved the doctrine announced in the early ease of Dodge v. Jones, 7 Mont. 121, 14 Pac. 707, and in Porter v. Bucher, 98 Cal. 454, 33 Pac. 335, and quoted with approval from the decision in the Dodge Case, as follows: “No particular act or formal- ceremony is necessary to make a delivery in law. Any act done, coupled with the intent to change .the ownership, which has the effect to transfer the dominion over the thing -sold to the buyer, is a delivery. Any small chattel capable of being handled may be delivered by handing it to the buyer, as selling goods across the counter in a store; but horses are not capable of this manual kind of delivery. We think [457]*457when the bar was branded under the £K,’ so that the appellant’s horses could be distinguished from those of the Kirkpatricks, and they were turned out on the same range, those acts were done with the intent to transfer the ownership and dominion over these horses to the appellant.”
Thus far we have proceeded upon the assumption that section 4491 above is applicable to a transfer of personal property between husband and wife; but it is at least a serious question whether it has such application. Under its provisions any creditor of the vendor can raise the question of the want of immediate delivery or actual and continued change of possession of the property sold; but, if the transaction be between husband and wife, may the rule not be altogether different! If the sale was sufficient to pass title from the husband to the wife, as between themselves, the property actually becomes the separate property of the wife, and, under section 227 of the Civil Code, cannot be held “liable for the debts of the husband unless such property is in the sole and exclusive possession of the husband, and then only to such persons as deal with the husband in good faith on the credit of such property without knowledge or notice that the property belongs to the wife.” Under this section these inquiries are pertinent: Did the husband have the sole and exclusive possession of the property! Did the creditor deal with the husband in good faith on the credit of the property! And, finally, did the creditor have any knowledge of the wife’s ownership of the property! Under section 4491 above, not any of these inquiries would be material.
In Crawford v. Davis, 99 Pa. St. 576, it is said: “In the determination of the question as to the kind of possession necessary to be given (in order to make a sale of personal property valid as against creditors) regard must be had, not only to the character of the property, but also to the nature of the transaction, the position of the parties, and the intended use of the property.” This is quoted with approval in Porter v. Bucher above, and to it is added: “The law only requires that which could naturally be done in an honest and business-like transae[458]*458fcion, where there was no thought of fraud or concealment.” The facts in Crawford v. Davis and in Porter v. Bucher are almost identical with those in the case at bar; and, if the facts disclosed in those cases and in the case of Dodge v. Jones above will support a finding of a sufficient delivery' and actual and continued change of possession to satisfy the law, it is clear that they do so in this instance.
The law does not require the plaintiff to abandon her own home and the use of her own real estate, or desert her husband, in order to hold property in her own name free from the claims of her husband’s creditors, even though she purchased it from him. It is difficult to understand just what more could have been expected of her under the circumstances; for she appears to have done everything which could have been done, regard being had to the nature of the property, its intended use, and the situation and relation of herself and her husband.
(b) The hay in controversy was grown upon plaintiff’s desert elaim. It was seeded and harvested by the husband under some kind of an arrangement between them. The court instructed the jury that the ownership of the land carries with it a prima facie presumption that such owner is likewise the owner of the crops grown upon the land. We think this correctly states the rule. (12 Cyc. 976; Ellestad v. Northwestern Elevator Co., 6 N. Dak. 88, 69 N. W. 44.) Of course, that presumption is a disputable one, and it was so explained to the jury by the court in making a direct application of the rule to the case at bar. We think the court properly submitted to the jury the question whether or not there was any arrangement between the plaintiff and her husband under which the title to the hay grown upon plaintiff’s land should vest in her husband, and thereby overcome the presumption announced in the rule above.
(e) Upon the trial plaintiff offered evidence to prove her general damages which she claimed to have sustained by reason of the wrongful detention of her property by the defendant. The evidence consisted of opinions of witnesses given in response to the following question: “Q. Assuming that there were fifty [459]*459adult cattle, with their calves, owned by the plaintiff and run upon that ranch on the 22d of August, 1903, which had been all raised upon the ranch, and which constituted her stock or bunch of stock cattle and her cattle business, and they were taken from her, taken away from her at that time, and she had plenty of feed to feed them through the winter, and were detained from her up until the present time so as to prevent her going on with her stock ■ business, what would you say she was damaged by reason of the taking and detention of those cattle?”
The property in controversy was seized by the sheriff on August 22, 1903. This action was commenced on October 10th of the same year, and the property so seized was sold under execution on December 22d following. The cause was tried in June, 1904, so that at the time of the trial it was apparent that, as the property had been sold and dissipated, it could not be returned, and that, if plaintiff prevailed, she would be left to the alternative of accepting such sum of money as the value of the property as might be returned by the jury, together with damages for the wrongful taking and detention of the same. Our Code does not define the measure of damages in a case of this character; but, upon reason, it would appear to be analogous to the action in' conversion, and that the rule applicable in such an action should be applied.
Section 4333 of the Civil Code prescribes the rule for ascertaining damages in a case of conversion, as follows: ‘ ‘ The detriment caused by the wrongful conversion of personal property is presumed to be: (1) The value of the property at the time of its conversion, with the interest from that time; or, where the action has been prosecuted with reasonable diligence, the highest market value of the property at any time between the conversion and the verdict, without interest, at the option of the injured party. * * # ” All the evidence of value was directed to the date of seizure of the property, and, in our opinion, the damages for detention should have been limited to interest on the amount recovered from the date of seizure of the property to the time the verdict was returned. This appears to be the [460]*460view of text-writers and courts. (2 Cobbey on Replevin, sec. 855, and eases cited; Kelly v. McKibben, 54 Cal. 192; Schmidt v. Nunan, 63 Cal. 371; State Bank v. Showers, 65 Kan. 431, 70 Pac. 332.) And to this interest plaintiff; was entitled without any special finding to that effect. It is to be observed that there are no allegations of special damages in the complaint. It is not claimed that any of the property had a usable value. The difference between the damages allowed by the jury for the detention and interest on the value of the property fixed by the jury from the time of its seizure to the date of the verdict is $66.75.
2. The district court gave instructions 7 and 18, which in effect told the jury that, if they believed from the evidence that the property was the property of the plaintiff, it could not then be taken for her husband’s debts, unless such property was in the sole and exclusive possession of her husband at the time it was seized by the sheriff, and that Alexander & Hopkins dealt with Frank S. Webster in good faith on the credit of the property. Appellant contends that these instructions are erroneous in referring to the time the property was seized by the sheriff, instead of the time Alexander & Hopkins extended credit to Frank S. Webster. The criticism is just; but the court would have been fully justified in not giving any instruction upon the subject at all, for there was no proof whatever, and no offer of proof, that Alexander & Hopkins dealt with Webster on the credit of this property. The instructions, therefore, were upon an entirely immaterial matter, and could not have misled the jury. Under the decisions of this court in Thornton-Thomas Merc. Co. v. Bretherton, 32 Mont. 80, 80 Pac. 10, and Robinson v. Mills, 25 Mont. 391, 65 Pac. 114, the error is not a reversible one.
The court also gave instructions 9 and 20, which are conflicting. In No. 9 the court told the jury that the plaintiff in this action could not prevail unless it appeared that she had made a third party claim and presented to the sheriff an affidavit in support thereof; and in No. 20 the court in effect said to the jury that it was not necessary for the plaintiff to make such [461]*461claim in order to maintain her action. Instruction No. 20, of course, correctly states the law, and instruction No. 9 is erroneous; but the error is altogether in the defendant’s favor, and therefore a mere conflict in the instructions will not warrant a reversal. (State v. Jones, 32 Mont. 442, 80 Pac. 1095; Robinson v. Mills, above; Thornton-Thomas Merc. Co. v. Bretherton, above.) This consideration of the instructions given disposes of the questions presented by the instructions which were refused, which relate to the same subjects.
The court was asked by defendant to instruct the jury that if a married woman willingly allows her separate property to be so mixed into a common mass with that of her husband so as to become indistinguishable, or if she acquiesces in its being so mingled, it must, as to the husband’s creditors, be treated as relinquished to the husband. While this may be a correct statement of an abstract proposition of law, it was not applicable to this case; for there was no proof whatever of any such mingling or mixing of the property of plaintiff and that of her husband.
The court instructed the jury that it was incumbent upon the plaintiff to prove the allegations of her complaint which were not admitted by a preponderance of the evidence. The defendant then asked the court to give an instruction which properly defines “preponderance of the evidence,” but which adds this sentence: “If, after a comparison and consideration of all the evidence in this action, you find the evidence for and against any material allegation of plaintiff’s complaint to be evenly balanced, then plaintiff has failed to prove her case, and your verdict should be for the defendant. ” When the court told the jury that the plaintiff must prove the allegations of her complaint by a preponderance of the' evidence, this was, in effect, saying that if there was not any preponderance in her favor, or if the evidence was evenly balanced, the plaintiff could not prevail. (Harper v. State, 101 Ind. 109.) However, the sentence quoted above renders the instruction asked erroneous or likely to mislead the jury. A material allegation of plaintiff’s complaint is [462]*462that she was the owner of four cows, of the value of $35 a head; but the mere fact that the evidence with relation to this particular allegation might be evenly balanced would not defeat her entire cause of action. And this is particularly pertinent here, where issues are made by the pleadings as to the ownership and value of the several items of property. The instruction asked for should have said, after reciting the facts: “Then your verdict should be for the defendant as to the property described in that allegation.”
3. The defendant sought to show the price for which the cattle in controversy sold at the sheriff’s sale, but the court excluded the offered testimony. However, the verdict rendered by the jury fixes the value of the cattle exactly at the price put upon them by the defendant himself in his testimony, and therefore he cannot complain of this ruling.
Frank S. Webster was a witness for the plaintiff, and upon his cross-examination he was asked if on or about July 15, 1902, at Forsyth, Montana, he had not made a statement to Mr. Terrett, the cashier of the Merchants ’ Bank of Forsyth, that all the cattle on his ranch, including those now claimed by the wife, belonged to him, or words to that effect; and a like effort was made to prove the same by the witness Terrett, a witness for the defendant. It was also sought to show that Frank S. Webster had written a letter to the bank in which he listed the property now claimed by his wife as his property. All this offered testimony was excluded.
The connection in which the evidence was offered discloses that the purpose in offering it was to show that Frank S. Webster held out to Alexander & Hopkins that this property was his, for the purpose of obtaining credit for the moneys for which Alexander & Hopkins had sued him and had attached the property in controversy, and that it was offered for no other purpose. We fehink there was no prejudicial error in the court’s ruling, as it was not followed up by any proof or offer of proof that Alexander & Hopkins dealt with Frank S. Webster upon the credit of the property. It was entirely immaterial what pur[463]*463pose Frank S. Webster had in making those representations, if he did in fact make them. If this property belonged to the plaintiff, it could not be seized for the debt of Frank S. Webster, unless at the time the debt was contracted the property was in the sole and exclusive possession of Frank S. Webster, and Alexander & Hopkins extended credit to him upon the belief in good faith that the property did belong to him, and without any knowledge of the wife’s claim of ownership. So far at least as the letter was concerned, the testimony would seem to indicate that the purpose of Webster in writing it, and of Alexander & Hopkins in having it written, was to enable Alexander & Hopkins to secure a loan for Webster from a bank in Omaha; for Alexander, who was a witness for the defendant, testified that the last he knew of the letter he sent it to Omaha, to the cashier of the South Omaha National Bank, and said: ‘ ‘ The purpose in sending this letter to Omaha was to get a loan for Frank S. Webster.”
The order denying defendant a new trial is affirmed. The cause is remanded to the district court, with directions to modify the judgment by reducing the amount thereof $66.75, and, when so modified, it will be affirmed.
Modified and affirmed.
Mr. Chief Justice Brantly and Mr. Justice Milbubn concur.