The following opinion was filed October 12, 1900:
Maeshall, J.
This appeal, as to appellants Pierce and Killen, is ruled by Sherman v. Bemis, 58 Wis. 343, and Webster v. Killen, 99 Wis. 525. It was decided in the first of such cases, and affirmed in the second, that if a defendant in ejectment neither has nor claims to have any interest in the subject of the action or any possession thereof actually or constructively at the time of the commencement of the action, he is entitled to a dismissal thereof with costs. In the Webster Case it was held,*as to unoccupied lands, that the situation of the grantee in a.recorded tax deed, as regards being in the constructive possession of the property covered by it, claiming title thereto, and in such circumstances liable to an action of ejectment if the tax deed be void, is destroyed [412]*412by such grantee conveying his tax-title interest to another before suit brought, regardless of whether such other places his deed on record or not. Both cases hold that, if a defendant in ejectment answer that he parted with all right, title, and interest in the subject of the action prior to the commencement thereof and is neither possessed of nor claims any interest in the property, the only issues to be litigated are whether the allegations of the answer are true. The cases follow the law as long settled and as laid down in the books as elementary. “A disclaimer is a renunciation of the title and right of possession. If not falsified it defeats the action. But the demandant is thereupon entitled to the possession of the land, and the party pleading the disclaimer is forever estopped by the judgment from denying his right of possession. If, however, the plea is falsified, the tenant is bound nevertheless, and the demandant may have judgment against him. The judgment upon a disclaimer, whether for or against the demandant, is conclusive in his favor upon title, as between the parties.” Newell, Ejectment, 812, § 4.
From the foregoing it must be seen that the judgment against Pierce and Killen is erroneous. Both disclaimed having any title or claim of title or possession of the property in dispute, and their answer, upon such points, was not falsified.
It is claimed that, under the lis pendens statute (sec. 3187, Stats. 1898), hereafter to be considered, and the rule as to the status of the grantee in tax deeds as regards the former owner of the property, the elementary principle referred to does not apply. It is not deemed necessary, however, at this time, to rediscuss the whole question. It seems to be fully covered by Webster v. Killen, supra, and the principle of the Sherman Case. The law for this state has been settled for too long a time to be now changed in a matter so involving property rights, without more weighty reasons for it than have been presented by counsel or discovered by our own inves[413]*413tigations, even if doubts were to exist whether the same result would be reached if we were so circumstanced as to be able to view the subject unhampered by previous adjudications. The judgment against Pierce and Kitten was based on the conclusion of law made by the trial court that their status, as regards the subject of the action, created by the taking and recording of the tax deed, was not changed prior to the commencement of the action, because the record title to the property was not changed. We must hold that such conclusion, and the judgment to which it led, are erroneous.
What has been said necessarily requires a reversal of the judgment as to appellant Markham, as the findings of fact show that he parted with all claim to the property before he was called upon to defend in the action.
The question left for consideration is, Is the defendant Northern Wisconsin Land Company, Markham's grantee, bound by the judgment from the time of the commencement of the action, because Markham's deed was not placed upon record, by force of the lis pendens statute (sec. 3187, Stats. 1898) ? Counsel for respondent claim that for all the purposes of the action the holders of the record title, Pierce and Kitten, represented the title in fact, because of the lis -pendens statute, which provides that, “ In an action affecting the title to real property, . . . from the time of the filing of the Us pendens, the pendency of such action shall be constructive notice thereof to a purchaser or incumbrancer of the property affected thereby; and every purchaser or incumbrancer whose conveyance or incumbrance is not recorded or filed shall be deemed a subsequent purchaser or incumbrancer and shall be bound by the proceedings in the action to the same extent and in the same manner as if he were a party thereto.” It cannot be doubted but that such language, in its literal reading, includes actions'in ejectment. Our attention is called to the fact that it was borrowed from New York in 1867 and that, though it was not construed [414]*414there as applying to actions of this kind, before such adoption nor thereafter, it was, as early at least as 1866, referred to in some cases in such a way as to indicate that its application was intended to be as broad as the literal sense of the words indicates. Stern v. O’Connell, 35 N. Y. 104; Ayrault v. Murphy, 54 N. Y. 203; Lamont v. Cheshire, 65 N. Y. 30; Kursheedt v. Union D. S. Inst. 118 N. Y. 358. It is significant, however, that no New York adjudication has been called to our attention by counsel, or discovered otherwise, where it has been held that the actual owner of property under an unrecorded deed can be bound by a judgment in ejectment against his grantor merely from the fact that the record title was in such grantor at the time of the commencement of the action and a Us pendens was placed on file before the deed of the secret owner was placed on record. While Lamont v. Cheshire, supra, was an action in ejectment, it did not involve the effect of the filing of a notice of lis pendens in such an action. The lis pendens there considered was filed in an ordinary action to recover a debt where real estate is attached under the New York Code.
It would seem, independent of authority, that the effect ■of a judgment of ejectment in New York, notwithstanding the general provision regarding the filing of a notice of lis pendens in an action affecting real estate (sec. 132, p. 486, 3 Banks & Bros.’ R. S., 6th ed.), which provision is substantially the same as ours, is governed by the special provision on the subject (sec. 32, p. 576), which reads as follows: “Every judgment in an action of ejectment rendered upon •a verdict of a jury, or a report of a referee upon the facts, or upon the decision of a single judge upon the facts, shall be conclusive as to the title established in such action, upon the party against whom the same is rendered, and against .all persons claiming from, through, or under such party, by “title accruing after the commencement of such action.” It will be seen that the special and general provisions are di[415]*415rectly in conflict if each can be said to apply to the same thing, hence, by a very familiar rule of statutory construction, the special governs the general provision, the presumption of law being that it was the legislative purpose to make an exception to that effect. Rut the New York court seems to have passed upon the question in Sheridan v. Andrews, 49 N. Y.
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The following opinion was filed October 12, 1900:
Maeshall, J.
This appeal, as to appellants Pierce and Killen, is ruled by Sherman v. Bemis, 58 Wis. 343, and Webster v. Killen, 99 Wis. 525. It was decided in the first of such cases, and affirmed in the second, that if a defendant in ejectment neither has nor claims to have any interest in the subject of the action or any possession thereof actually or constructively at the time of the commencement of the action, he is entitled to a dismissal thereof with costs. In the Webster Case it was held,*as to unoccupied lands, that the situation of the grantee in a.recorded tax deed, as regards being in the constructive possession of the property covered by it, claiming title thereto, and in such circumstances liable to an action of ejectment if the tax deed be void, is destroyed [412]*412by such grantee conveying his tax-title interest to another before suit brought, regardless of whether such other places his deed on record or not. Both cases hold that, if a defendant in ejectment answer that he parted with all right, title, and interest in the subject of the action prior to the commencement thereof and is neither possessed of nor claims any interest in the property, the only issues to be litigated are whether the allegations of the answer are true. The cases follow the law as long settled and as laid down in the books as elementary. “A disclaimer is a renunciation of the title and right of possession. If not falsified it defeats the action. But the demandant is thereupon entitled to the possession of the land, and the party pleading the disclaimer is forever estopped by the judgment from denying his right of possession. If, however, the plea is falsified, the tenant is bound nevertheless, and the demandant may have judgment against him. The judgment upon a disclaimer, whether for or against the demandant, is conclusive in his favor upon title, as between the parties.” Newell, Ejectment, 812, § 4.
From the foregoing it must be seen that the judgment against Pierce and Killen is erroneous. Both disclaimed having any title or claim of title or possession of the property in dispute, and their answer, upon such points, was not falsified.
It is claimed that, under the lis pendens statute (sec. 3187, Stats. 1898), hereafter to be considered, and the rule as to the status of the grantee in tax deeds as regards the former owner of the property, the elementary principle referred to does not apply. It is not deemed necessary, however, at this time, to rediscuss the whole question. It seems to be fully covered by Webster v. Killen, supra, and the principle of the Sherman Case. The law for this state has been settled for too long a time to be now changed in a matter so involving property rights, without more weighty reasons for it than have been presented by counsel or discovered by our own inves[413]*413tigations, even if doubts were to exist whether the same result would be reached if we were so circumstanced as to be able to view the subject unhampered by previous adjudications. The judgment against Pierce and Kitten was based on the conclusion of law made by the trial court that their status, as regards the subject of the action, created by the taking and recording of the tax deed, was not changed prior to the commencement of the action, because the record title to the property was not changed. We must hold that such conclusion, and the judgment to which it led, are erroneous.
What has been said necessarily requires a reversal of the judgment as to appellant Markham, as the findings of fact show that he parted with all claim to the property before he was called upon to defend in the action.
The question left for consideration is, Is the defendant Northern Wisconsin Land Company, Markham's grantee, bound by the judgment from the time of the commencement of the action, because Markham's deed was not placed upon record, by force of the lis pendens statute (sec. 3187, Stats. 1898) ? Counsel for respondent claim that for all the purposes of the action the holders of the record title, Pierce and Kitten, represented the title in fact, because of the lis -pendens statute, which provides that, “ In an action affecting the title to real property, . . . from the time of the filing of the Us pendens, the pendency of such action shall be constructive notice thereof to a purchaser or incumbrancer of the property affected thereby; and every purchaser or incumbrancer whose conveyance or incumbrance is not recorded or filed shall be deemed a subsequent purchaser or incumbrancer and shall be bound by the proceedings in the action to the same extent and in the same manner as if he were a party thereto.” It cannot be doubted but that such language, in its literal reading, includes actions'in ejectment. Our attention is called to the fact that it was borrowed from New York in 1867 and that, though it was not construed [414]*414there as applying to actions of this kind, before such adoption nor thereafter, it was, as early at least as 1866, referred to in some cases in such a way as to indicate that its application was intended to be as broad as the literal sense of the words indicates. Stern v. O’Connell, 35 N. Y. 104; Ayrault v. Murphy, 54 N. Y. 203; Lamont v. Cheshire, 65 N. Y. 30; Kursheedt v. Union D. S. Inst. 118 N. Y. 358. It is significant, however, that no New York adjudication has been called to our attention by counsel, or discovered otherwise, where it has been held that the actual owner of property under an unrecorded deed can be bound by a judgment in ejectment against his grantor merely from the fact that the record title was in such grantor at the time of the commencement of the action and a Us pendens was placed on file before the deed of the secret owner was placed on record. While Lamont v. Cheshire, supra, was an action in ejectment, it did not involve the effect of the filing of a notice of lis pendens in such an action. The lis pendens there considered was filed in an ordinary action to recover a debt where real estate is attached under the New York Code.
It would seem, independent of authority, that the effect ■of a judgment of ejectment in New York, notwithstanding the general provision regarding the filing of a notice of lis pendens in an action affecting real estate (sec. 132, p. 486, 3 Banks & Bros.’ R. S., 6th ed.), which provision is substantially the same as ours, is governed by the special provision on the subject (sec. 32, p. 576), which reads as follows: “Every judgment in an action of ejectment rendered upon •a verdict of a jury, or a report of a referee upon the facts, or upon the decision of a single judge upon the facts, shall be conclusive as to the title established in such action, upon the party against whom the same is rendered, and against .all persons claiming from, through, or under such party, by “title accruing after the commencement of such action.” It will be seen that the special and general provisions are di[415]*415rectly in conflict if each can be said to apply to the same thing, hence, by a very familiar rule of statutory construction, the special governs the general provision, the presumption of law being that it was the legislative purpose to make an exception to that effect. Rut the New York court seems to have passed upon the question in Sheridan v. Andrews, 49 N. Y. 478, which we apprehend was not discovered by counsel either for appellants or respondent in their study of this case and the preparation of it for presentation to this court, else some attention would have been paid to it by them. That was an action of ejectment, and the question was raised of whether a purchaser of the subject of the action pendente lite, there being no notice of lis pendens on file pursuant to the general lis pendens statute relating to actions affecting the title to real estate, was bound by the judgment. The court decided in the affirmative on the ground that the effect of the judgment was governed wholly by the special statute regarding the effect of judgments in ejectment; that by such statute such a judgment reaches all titles acquired from, through, or under the defendant subsequent to the commencement of the action; that compliance with the provisions of the lis pendens statute, in order to protect the plaintiff against the conduct of the defendant pending the action, was unnecessary. The court used the following decisive language: “ It is difficult to see how, in an action of ejectment, a notice of lis pendens can be necessary to bind even purchasers pendente Ute by the judgment. The statute is explicit that the judgment shall bind all persons claiming under the defendant by title acquired after the commencement of the action.” True, the precise point to which the quoted language refers was not necessarily involved in the case; but the general question of the effect of a judgment in ejectment was under consideration, and it is fair to conclude that the quoted language shows clearly the views of the New York court upon such point. It should be noted [416]*416that tbe Us pendens feature of our sec. 3088 is not found in the New York statutes.
There are found in the decisions of this court, as in those of New York, expressions regarding the general Us pendens statute that would indicate, if sec. 3088, Stats. 1898, were left out of view, that such statute is considered to have general application according to the literal sense of the words. Counsel for appellants called our attention to instances of that kind — Coe v. Manseau, 62 Wis. 81, and Cutler v. James, 64 Wis. 173,— but it will be noted that the question now under consideration was not raised in either of those cases. The lis pendens to which the remarks of the court were directed in one case was in an action to foreclose a mortgage, and in the other an action to remove a cloud on the title to real property.
So the question for consideration comes down to this: Are actions in ejectment excepted from the general language of sec. 3187, Stats. 1898, by sec. 3088 ? The one says that in an action affecting the title to real property, from the time of the filing of the lis pendens “ the pendency of such action shall be constructive notice thereof to a purchaser or incumbrancer of the property affected thereby; and every purchaser or incumbrancer whose conveyance or incum-brance is not recorded or filed shall be deemed a subsequent purchaser or incumbrancer and shall be bound by the proceedings in the action to the same extent and in the same manner as if-he were a party thereto;” the other, that “every judgment rendered in any such action [an action of ejectment] shall be conclusive as to the title established therein upon the party against whom it is rendered and upon all persons claiming from, through or under him by title accruing after the filing of a notice of the pendency of the action in the office of the proper register of deeds,” etc. Up to 1878 the latter section was similar to the law of New York, referred to in Sheridan v. Andrews, 49 N. Y. 478. In [417]*417the revision of that year the lis pendens feature was added, not, as it appears by the revisers’ notes, for the purpose of extending, but of limiting, the scope of the section. They remarked, in substance, that the old statute was good enough when first enacted, because then actions of ejectment were commenced by declaration, the filing of which furnished some means of acquainting a subsequent purchaser with the pendency of the action; but that under the Code the action is commenced by summons, without anything necessarily appearing of record to show that an action has been commenced; that in view of the changed method of procedure, the effect of a judgment in ejectment should date only from the time some public notice, accessible to purchasers, is given. That, so far as it is entitled to weight, indicates that the purpose of the amendment was to regulate actions of ejectment, as regards persons not named as defendants, wholly by sec. 3088. The lis pendens feature was added eleven years after the change was made in sec. 3181 extending the effect of the filing of a notice of lis pendens to persons claiming title to the subject of the action under unrecorded deeds.
Now, if we look at the situation as it existed before the change in sec. 3088, we must say, as indicated by the New York court, that actions of ejectment, by such section, were excepted out of the general Us pendens provision, under the familiar rule of statutory construction, that where there is a general statute covering a class, and a particular statute covering a particular member of such class, the latter will prevail, upon the legal presumption, that obtains in the absence of a clear indication to the contrary, that it was the legislative purpose to except the particular matter from the general class. Mason v. Ashland, 98 Wis. 540; Maxwell, Interpretation of Statutes, 232. If we could say, but we cannot, that the general language of sec. 3181 was originally intended to cover sec. 3088, then, as the amendment to [418]*418•the latter is clearly repugnant to the former as regards the owners of land under unrecorded deeds, the conclusion must be that the law of 1878 amends, by implication, sec. 3187. In any event it seems that the effect of a judgment in ejectment is governed wholly by sec. 3088. If that was not the situation prior to the amendment of the section in 1878, such amendment certainly had that effect. So, a judgment in ejectment, by the plain letter of the statute, does not reach further than the defendant and “persons claiming from, through or under him by title accruing after the filing of the notice of the pendency of the action in the office of the proper register of deeds.”
There is a further limitation upon the effect of sec. 3187. While that provides generally who shall be deemed purchasers from the defendant subsequent to the commencement of the action for all general purposes, secs. 4239,4240, Stats. 1898, provide specially for the circumstances under which a person shall be affected by limitation statutes, to the effect that an action shall not be deemed commenced as to any defendant for the purposes of such statutes', till the summons has been served on him or there has been an attempt to make such service in the manner there pointed out. It was held in Levy v. Wilcox, 96 Wis. 127, that a person so circumstanced that his right, at the time of the commencement of the action, is not dependent upon that of the defendant, is not bound by such action, as regards any statute of limitations, till he is brought into the action by amendment and there has been a service or attempted service of the summons upon him. No reason is perceived for changing the rule as there laid down. When an action is commenced against a person, the limitation statute as to such action, as regards the cause of action, is thereby interrupted and such person cannot transfer to another, having actual or constructive notice of the action, a better right than he himself possesses; but the interruption of the running of the [419]*419statute as to such cause of action will not affect the relations between the plaintiff and a person not a party to the action whose right, at the time of the commencement thereof, is independent of that of the defendant. Such a person can no more be affected by the commencement of the action, as regards the statute of limitations, than can a person joined as a defendant with another with whom he is not united in interest, be affected by the mere service or attempted service of the summons upon such other. That is’ the obvious effect of secs. 4239, 4240, Stats. 1898.
In view of the fact that it was, in effect, stipulated and found in the action that plaintiff’s title was effectually divested by the tax titles owned by the Northern Wisconsin Land Company if the statute of limitations upon the right to avoid such titles, as to such company, had run in favor of •such titles before the action was commenced as to such company, it follows from what has been said that the judgment appealed from must be reversed as to all appellants and that the cause must be remanded with directions to render judgment dismissing the complaint with .costs in favor of all of .the defendants.-
By the Qov/rt.— So ordered.
Oassodat, O. J., took no part.
The respondent moved for a rehearing.
Eor the appellants there was a brief by Geo. W. Latía, and for the respondent a brief by W. H. Webster, per se, and Geo. ■G. Greene, of counsel.
The motion was denied January 8, 1901.