Opinion by
Mr. Chief Justice Moore.
The evidence shows that a contract was made July 20, 1908, whereby Ellis G. Hughes engaged, upon the payment of a stipulated consideration, to sell and convey to the defendant Sharkey certain real property in Waverly, a suburb of Portland, Oregon. Mr. Hughes died testate August 27, 1909, leaving as his. sole heirs at law Maria L. Hughes, his widow, and Mrs. Louise J. Martin, a daughter. At the time of Mr. Hughes’ death there was past due on account of the purchase price of the land $8,800 and, on unmatured installments thereof, the further sum of $16,900. Evidently to obtain money with which to pay the obligations in arrears, a written contract was made September 30, 1909, by the plaintiffs and Sharkey, whereby he secured from them $10,000, and agreed to complete the purchase of such land, to take the title in his name, but to hold an undivided half of the premises for them and to execute a declaration of such trust. The contract further provided that he should sell the land, [289]*289receive payments therefor, retain 15 per cent thereof as commission, and on the first day of each succeeding month render an accurate statement of the sums so obtained to' the plaintiffs, who were entitled to one half of the money, less such brokerage. It was guaranteed by the writing that from the profits to be derived from such sales the plaintiffs would double their money, and if they failed to do so Sharkey would make up the deficiency. This contract was never recorded. The last testament of Mr. Hughes was duly admitted to probate October 18,1909, and Mrs. Hughes was regularly appointed administratrix with the will annexed and thereupon qualified for the trust. Pursuant to an order of the County Court of Multnomah County, Oregon, and in consideration of the payment of a sum of money by Sharkey on account of the debt that was past due, and the giving by him and his wife of a mortgage of the premises, to secure $14,881.23, the remainder of the purchase price, Mrs. Hughes in her representative capacity and individuality, and Mrs. Martin and her husband on November 8, 1909, executed to Sharkey a deed conveying all such real property. In consideration of the release by the defendant Richardson of Sharkey’s promissory note for $3,500 and interest and the payment by Richardson of the remainder of $10,000, Sharkey agreed to convey to a corporation to be formed by them an undivided half of such lands. Gh W. Holcomb, Richardson and Sharkey on April 22, 1910, incorporated the Richardson-Sharkey Company, with a capital stock of $25,000, divided into 250 shares of the par value of $100 each. Of these Richardson subscribed for 100 shares, Sharkey for a like number, and Holcomb for 1 share. The company was organized the next day by electing as directors each of such stock subscribers who after [290]*290having duly qualified chose Sharkey president, Holcomb vice-president, and Richardson secretary and treasurer. Sharkey and his wife, on April 23, 1910, for the expressed consideration of $20,100, evidenced by the capital stock subscribed for, executed to the Richardson-Sharkey Company a deed to all such real property that remained unsold, subject, however, to the lien of the mortgage referred to, and also transferred to the corporation all the contracts that had been made for the sale of land and the right to the money then remaining due thereon,' amounting to $23,468.47, whereupon shares of capital stock were issued and delivered as subscribed for.
1. The plaintiffs have received on account of the $10,000 which they furnished to Sharkey only $924.28. He on May 9, 1911, caused to be conveyed, by a corporation in which he was interested, to the plaintiff Frank I. Weber, 76 lots in Waverleigh Heights, a suburb of Portland, which real property was then heavily encumbered with liens. This deed was not recorded' until August 9th of that year, when the culmination of threatened suits against Sharkey evidently induced the filing of the conveyance in the proper office. The grantee last named testified that such deed was executed and recorded without his knowledge, while Sharkey stated upon oath that the conveyance was made pursuant to an agreement with such witness who accepted the land in full settlement of all claims on account of the $10,000 so furnished. Based on this testimony the trial court found that the conveyance was intended only as a mortgage to secure the plaintiffs’ demand. That court not only saw these witnesses but, as indicated by an expression in the transcript, personally knew them, and hence the finding in this particular must be upheld.
[291]*291A. B. Richardson testified that on July 14, 1911, Sharkey transferred 90 of his 100 shares of the capital stock of the corporation, but it does not appear to whom they were assigned, or what sum of money or value in property, if any, was given for them. It appears from the record of a stockholders’ meeting, held August 30,1911, that the following named persons were present and held corporate stock, viz.: A. B. Richardson, 197 shares, J. P. Sharkey, 2 shares; J. P. Mattingly, 1 share, and Gr. W. Holcomb, 1 share. Prom this entry it is fair to infer that Richardson had secured 97 shares of the stock originally held by Sharkey, but whether he paid anything therefor is not disclosed by the transcript of the testimony. The shares' of stock held by Holcomb and Mattingly, respectively, were paid for by Richardson as testified to by him.
The stockholders of the Richardson-Sharkey Company, at a special meeting held August 30, 1912, by a vote of .a majority of all the stock, adopted supplementary articles, whereby the name of the corporation was changed to that of the defendant, the Richardson Investment Company, and five days thereafter the Secretary of State issued a certificate acknowledging the filing and recording of such additional instrument.
It is contended by appellants’ counsel that as the contract entered into between the plaintiffs and Sharkey was never recorded, and as no other stockholder ever knew anything about such agreement until this suit was instituted, the Richardson-Sharkey Company was an innocent purchaser of the real property; that in negotiating such sale Sharkey acted adversely for himself, and the knowledge he had of. such trust, though he was president of the corporation, is not chargeable to it; that as between the appellants' and the plaintiffs the failure of the latter to secure the [292]*292money furnished to Sharkey was due to their neglect to have the contract recorded, and the loss occasioned thereby should fall on them rather than on innocent third persons who relied upon the validity of the record title, and for these reasons an error was committed in rendering the decree herein.
2, 3. The contract entered into by the plaintiffs and Sharkey was neither sealed, witnessed nor acknowledged, and if it had been recorded, no notice would have been imparted. It is reasonable to suppose that the declaration "of trust which Sharkey was to have made when he secured the title to the land would have been executed with such formalities as to entitle it to be recorded. .The recognition of the plaintiffs’ right in the premises never having been legally made by Sharkey, they cannot properly be accused of any neglect in failing to give notice of the trust which should have been charged upon the land.
4. The general rule, deduced from the presumption that official duty will be regularly performed, is that notice given to the president or other manager of a corporation is notice to it.
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Opinion by
Mr. Chief Justice Moore.
The evidence shows that a contract was made July 20, 1908, whereby Ellis G. Hughes engaged, upon the payment of a stipulated consideration, to sell and convey to the defendant Sharkey certain real property in Waverly, a suburb of Portland, Oregon. Mr. Hughes died testate August 27, 1909, leaving as his. sole heirs at law Maria L. Hughes, his widow, and Mrs. Louise J. Martin, a daughter. At the time of Mr. Hughes’ death there was past due on account of the purchase price of the land $8,800 and, on unmatured installments thereof, the further sum of $16,900. Evidently to obtain money with which to pay the obligations in arrears, a written contract was made September 30, 1909, by the plaintiffs and Sharkey, whereby he secured from them $10,000, and agreed to complete the purchase of such land, to take the title in his name, but to hold an undivided half of the premises for them and to execute a declaration of such trust. The contract further provided that he should sell the land, [289]*289receive payments therefor, retain 15 per cent thereof as commission, and on the first day of each succeeding month render an accurate statement of the sums so obtained to' the plaintiffs, who were entitled to one half of the money, less such brokerage. It was guaranteed by the writing that from the profits to be derived from such sales the plaintiffs would double their money, and if they failed to do so Sharkey would make up the deficiency. This contract was never recorded. The last testament of Mr. Hughes was duly admitted to probate October 18,1909, and Mrs. Hughes was regularly appointed administratrix with the will annexed and thereupon qualified for the trust. Pursuant to an order of the County Court of Multnomah County, Oregon, and in consideration of the payment of a sum of money by Sharkey on account of the debt that was past due, and the giving by him and his wife of a mortgage of the premises, to secure $14,881.23, the remainder of the purchase price, Mrs. Hughes in her representative capacity and individuality, and Mrs. Martin and her husband on November 8, 1909, executed to Sharkey a deed conveying all such real property. In consideration of the release by the defendant Richardson of Sharkey’s promissory note for $3,500 and interest and the payment by Richardson of the remainder of $10,000, Sharkey agreed to convey to a corporation to be formed by them an undivided half of such lands. Gh W. Holcomb, Richardson and Sharkey on April 22, 1910, incorporated the Richardson-Sharkey Company, with a capital stock of $25,000, divided into 250 shares of the par value of $100 each. Of these Richardson subscribed for 100 shares, Sharkey for a like number, and Holcomb for 1 share. The company was organized the next day by electing as directors each of such stock subscribers who after [290]*290having duly qualified chose Sharkey president, Holcomb vice-president, and Richardson secretary and treasurer. Sharkey and his wife, on April 23, 1910, for the expressed consideration of $20,100, evidenced by the capital stock subscribed for, executed to the Richardson-Sharkey Company a deed to all such real property that remained unsold, subject, however, to the lien of the mortgage referred to, and also transferred to the corporation all the contracts that had been made for the sale of land and the right to the money then remaining due thereon,' amounting to $23,468.47, whereupon shares of capital stock were issued and delivered as subscribed for.
1. The plaintiffs have received on account of the $10,000 which they furnished to Sharkey only $924.28. He on May 9, 1911, caused to be conveyed, by a corporation in which he was interested, to the plaintiff Frank I. Weber, 76 lots in Waverleigh Heights, a suburb of Portland, which real property was then heavily encumbered with liens. This deed was not recorded' until August 9th of that year, when the culmination of threatened suits against Sharkey evidently induced the filing of the conveyance in the proper office. The grantee last named testified that such deed was executed and recorded without his knowledge, while Sharkey stated upon oath that the conveyance was made pursuant to an agreement with such witness who accepted the land in full settlement of all claims on account of the $10,000 so furnished. Based on this testimony the trial court found that the conveyance was intended only as a mortgage to secure the plaintiffs’ demand. That court not only saw these witnesses but, as indicated by an expression in the transcript, personally knew them, and hence the finding in this particular must be upheld.
[291]*291A. B. Richardson testified that on July 14, 1911, Sharkey transferred 90 of his 100 shares of the capital stock of the corporation, but it does not appear to whom they were assigned, or what sum of money or value in property, if any, was given for them. It appears from the record of a stockholders’ meeting, held August 30,1911, that the following named persons were present and held corporate stock, viz.: A. B. Richardson, 197 shares, J. P. Sharkey, 2 shares; J. P. Mattingly, 1 share, and Gr. W. Holcomb, 1 share. Prom this entry it is fair to infer that Richardson had secured 97 shares of the stock originally held by Sharkey, but whether he paid anything therefor is not disclosed by the transcript of the testimony. The shares' of stock held by Holcomb and Mattingly, respectively, were paid for by Richardson as testified to by him.
The stockholders of the Richardson-Sharkey Company, at a special meeting held August 30, 1912, by a vote of .a majority of all the stock, adopted supplementary articles, whereby the name of the corporation was changed to that of the defendant, the Richardson Investment Company, and five days thereafter the Secretary of State issued a certificate acknowledging the filing and recording of such additional instrument.
It is contended by appellants’ counsel that as the contract entered into between the plaintiffs and Sharkey was never recorded, and as no other stockholder ever knew anything about such agreement until this suit was instituted, the Richardson-Sharkey Company was an innocent purchaser of the real property; that in negotiating such sale Sharkey acted adversely for himself, and the knowledge he had of. such trust, though he was president of the corporation, is not chargeable to it; that as between the appellants' and the plaintiffs the failure of the latter to secure the [292]*292money furnished to Sharkey was due to their neglect to have the contract recorded, and the loss occasioned thereby should fall on them rather than on innocent third persons who relied upon the validity of the record title, and for these reasons an error was committed in rendering the decree herein.
2, 3. The contract entered into by the plaintiffs and Sharkey was neither sealed, witnessed nor acknowledged, and if it had been recorded, no notice would have been imparted. It is reasonable to suppose that the declaration "of trust which Sharkey was to have made when he secured the title to the land would have been executed with such formalities as to entitle it to be recorded. .The recognition of the plaintiffs’ right in the premises never having been legally made by Sharkey, they cannot properly be accused of any neglect in failing to give notice of the trust which should have been charged upon the land.
4. The general rule, deduced from the presumption that official duty will be regularly performed, is that notice given to the president or other manager of a corporation is notice to it. This precept is usually subject to the exception that when such officer acts for, himself and adversely to the corporation, the presumption referred to cannot reasonably be indulged that he would voluntarily inform his principal of any fact tending to disparage the title or to diminish the interest which he would seek to establish to his own advantage, and in such case the knowledge he possesses cannot be imputed to the corporation: 1 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2 ed.), 1145; 10 Cyc. 1063; Angell & Ames, Corp., § 308; Clark & Marshall, Corp., p. 2207. In a note to the case of Bookhouse v. Union Publishing Co., 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 993, 996, in referring to two qualifi[293]*293cations of the deviation from the general rule, it is said:
“(1) That the exception does not apply when the officer of the corporation, though he acts for himself or a third person, is also the sole representative of the corporation in the transaction. This qualification, as applied by the cases, is not at all dependent upon the question whether or not the corporation. would be benefited by the transaction as a whole, if the knowledge possessed by its officer were held not to be chargeable to it. (2) That the exception does not apply where the corporation, if it were held not to be chargeable with notice of the fraud of its officer, would, as a result of the whole transaction, be in a better position than if the transaction had never taken place.”
5. Assuming, without deciding, that the Richardson Investment Company had no knowledge of the contract entered into by Sharkey and the plaintiffs, whereby a trust was to have been charged upon the land in their favor, and that notice thereof cannot be imputed to the corporation, a court of equity will brush aside the several transfers and look through the whole transaction when such course can be pursued without injury to innocent parties. It will not be presumed that Sharkey intended to commit a wrong when he agreed with Richardson to transfer on the latter’s account an undivided half interest in the land to the corporation, and hence it must be taken for granted that he was dealing only with his own moiety in the premises. It will be kept in mind that he conveyed to the corporation the entire real property and also assigned to it the sums of money due and to mature on contracts he had made for the sale of parts of the land. As he 'received for the estate and choses in action thus granted and transferred corporate stock of the par value of $10,000, [294]*294suet proportional part of the capital equitably belongs to the plaintiffs.
6. The testimony shows that prior to the trial herein, Sharkey had transferred this block of stock, and that Eichardson held nearly all of it. A careful examination of the transcript of the testimony fails to show that he paid any consideration for this stock. It was incumbent upon him to establish that fact, but, having failed in this respect, it must be taken for granted that he was not an innocent purchaser thereof. In the notes to the ease of Hagerman v. Buchanan, 14 Am. St. Rep. 732, 748, it is said:
“As a voluntary transfer must either be enforced or disregarded, according to the intent which must be imputed to the grantor at the time it was executed, it is of the utmost importance to ascertain from what circumstances the fraudulent intent should or should not be presumed. If the grantor is at the time financially embarrassed, if there are judgments rendered or actions pending against him or suits threatened, his voluntary conveyance is unquestionably fraudulent and void as against creditors.”
It appears from the evidence that at one time Sharkey was wealthy, but his money being invested in suburban real property, and sales thereof having temporarily declined, he became financially embarrassed, so much so that several suits were instituted against him and he was seemingly compelled to resort to expedients which in prosperous times he would have scorned. We conclude, therefore, that the last transfer by Sharkey to Eichardson of such stock was fraudulent and void as against the plaintiffs.
7. The trial court decreed that upon the payment by the defendants to the plaintiffs of $9,075.72, the remainder due, with interest, all the real property involved herein should be discharged from the trust, but [295]*295if the former failed in this respect, the latter should have a lien on an undivided one half of the premises as security for the payment of that amount, free from any encumbrances created or suffered by either of the defendants, but no time was specified within which the payment was to be made. This part of the determination will be modified so as to allow 60 days from the entry of the mandate in that court in which to raise that amount of money, and if it is not paid within that time, this decree shall stand as and for a conveyance to the plaintiffs of an undivided one half of all the real property involved and also all interests of the defendants therein as of April 23, 1910, when the deed was executed to the Richardson-Sharkey Company.
8. In preparing the decree several lots were inadvertently included, which should not have been so listed, and this error must be corrected in the mandate. As no provision was made in the decree that the plaintiffs upon receiving the amount of money awarded them, or in default thereof by taking title to an undivided half of the premises, should convey to the defendant corporation the interest which they hold by deed as security in the Waverleigh Heights lots, another alteration must be made to that effect. With these modifications the decree complained of should be affirmed; and it is so ordered.
The changes that have been indicated are not considered of sufficient importance to entitle the appellants to their costs in this court.
Modified and Affirmed.
Further Modified and Rehearing Denied.
Mr. Justice Burnett, Mr. Justice McBride and Mr. Justice Benson concur.