CUNNING-HAM, J.
It is the duty of the trial court to declare the law applicable to the state of facts disclosed by the evidence upon the trial. The jury must decide the facts and render a verdict in accordance with the law as declared by the court applicable to the -facts found. In this case it became the duty of the court to instruct the jury that, before they could find for plaintiff, they must be satisfied from a preponderance of the evidence that plaintiff and defendant entered into a contract on the terms and conditions substantially as set forth in the complaint. This was declaring the elementary rule of law requiring the proof to correspond to the allegations of the complaint and the rule of quantum of proof to sustain the plaintiff’s burden justifying a verdict.
It was likewise the duty of the court to declare the legal effect of the contract, if the jury determined the contract pleaded was entered into, and to instruct as to the liability imposed by the contract. The charge, as given, is to the effect [431]*431that, if the jury believe from a preponderance of the evidence that the parties entered into the contract, then they must find for the plaintiff such damages as they determine he has suffered ; and, on the other hand, if they find that the weight of evidence of the making of the contract does not preponderate in favor of the plaintiff, they must find for the defendant. In fairness to the parties, the trial court should make clear to the jury the issues on trial and the rules of law applicable to the evidence, controlling their deliberations.
The instruction, as given, may be criticised as approaching the limits in brevity, but it cannot be said that the charge was erroneous. Appellant does not complain of the charge as erroneous, but he does complain of its brevity; that is, of a failure or omission to instruct further. Appellant does not claim that he requested in writing further instructions, and that such request was refused. Such procedure is allowed by paragraph 516, Civil Code of 1913. Refusal by the court to give an instruction requested in writing is an adverse ruling, and becomes a part of the record of the case, and is deemed excepted to at the time, without formal exceptions, and is subject to revision by this court for error. Paragraph 601, Civ. Code 1913. Matters occurring at the trial not formally excepted to or deemed excepted to, at the time, are no part of the record, unless made such, nor subjects of review as a general rule. Certainly an instruction believed by counsel to be beneficial to a party’s cause, but not requested in writing, not made a part of the record of the case, and not excepted to formally or otherwise, brought to the attention of the trial court, could not be complained of for the first time on appeal. The matter complained of is no part of the record before this court, and the assignment of a failure to instruct further upon a particular question presents no record for consideration, nor question for review.
The second assignment can he considered only in so far as it may be construed as an assignment to the effect that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the verdict of the jury. Por a decision of this ease we will concede that the assignment has that effect. The evidence of the plaintiff is to the following .effect:
He owned ten acres of land. He fixed a price for which he was willing to sell. Defendant was introduced to him as a [432]*432possible buyer. The matter was talked over, and defendant wanted plaintiff to take stock of the Overland Telephone and Telegraph Company in exchange for the land. Plaintiff required time to consider the matter of taking the stock. The defendant offered testimony that plaintiff said, “I am not in need of the money, if I can get something just as good as money, ’ ’ and that he said he would investigate the matter, and later let defendant know what he would do about accepting the stock. Plaintiff did not deny this statement attributed to him. Plaintiff testified that after a day or two he and defendant had a further talk about the matter at plaintiff’s house, where plaintiff said: “I will take bonds for this property, but I won’t want your stock.” Defendant replied: “I haven’t got but one bond; I will let you havejhat.” After an extended conversation, defendant returned to the subject, and said: ‘ ‘ This stock, Mr. Hanger, is worth 50 cents a share, and I will guarantee after the election is over that it will be worth 65 cents a share.” Plaintiff said: “If you will let me have the bond and the stock to the amount of $4,200, why, I guess we will call it a trade.” Plaintiff testifies: “So we made the trade, and it was made on his guarantee that the stock was now worth 50 cents, and it would be worth 65 cents after the election.” On further examination plaintiff was asked: “What was the inducement to you to make this trade, Mr. Hanger?” He answered: “It was simply I wanted to get rid of this property, and I wanted to get rid of it at what it was worth, . . . and he being one of the directors, and representing this company to be as he said it was, and then the talk that he had relative to the value of the stock at that time, and then the guaranty he put upon it that it would be worth 65 cents soon after the election—that was the inducement that caused me to take the stock.”
The testimony of plaintiff’s wife in a measure corroborated plaintiff’s testimony of the conversation had at plaintiff’s house.
Defendant’s version of the transaction is as follows:
“I told Mr. Hanger I didn’t have enough money to buy that place, and if he eared to trade the place for Overland Telephone stock that we could probably come to terms. . . . He said he would consider it. He said: ‘I will look into it, examine into the stock, and try to post myself on it; and if I [433]*433consider the stock a good value—I want to sell the land/ . . . Mr. Hanger was to meet me—No; it wasn’t the next day. ... It may have been the third day. . . . Mrs. Weatherford and I went out to Mr. Hanger’s residence, and we spent . . . some time . . . talking over the proposition, and came to an understanding with Mr. Hanger and Mrs. Hanger. . . . ” The understanding arrived at was that “he [appellee] was to trade me [appellant] the place for $4,250; $425 an acre was the price. He was trading me the place for $4,250 worth of Overland Telephone stock at 50 cents a share, that was the agreement. There wasn’t a word ever said about a guaranty or anything respecting it in any manner, shape or form.” Mr. Hanger was to come downtown and. close the deal the next day, but did not keep his appointment. “Later in the day I [appellant] went out and we talked the matter over, and he asked me if I had any bonds of the Overland Telephone Company, and I told him I had one. He asked me if I would as leave put in that bond, and I told him I would put the bond in to him at $750; then in signing over the stock to him that would leave $3,500. In signing over the stock to him I was short 231 shares of stock, unless I would go to the office and break another 5,000-share certificate. ... I said to him: ‘Mr. Hanger, rather than put myself to the bother, if it is agreeable to you I will pay you the $115.50 in cash, but if you say I shall go over to the office and break up the certificate, I will do that. ’ I never did turn Mr. Hanger over the 7,000 shares of telephone stock. ... I turned him over 7,000 shares, less 231 shares, and I paid him $115.50 in cash according to a mutual agreement between us. . . . There was never anything said about the guaranty for the stock. . . . There was no guaranty or warranty spoken of about the stock at any time.
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CUNNING-HAM, J.
It is the duty of the trial court to declare the law applicable to the state of facts disclosed by the evidence upon the trial. The jury must decide the facts and render a verdict in accordance with the law as declared by the court applicable to the -facts found. In this case it became the duty of the court to instruct the jury that, before they could find for plaintiff, they must be satisfied from a preponderance of the evidence that plaintiff and defendant entered into a contract on the terms and conditions substantially as set forth in the complaint. This was declaring the elementary rule of law requiring the proof to correspond to the allegations of the complaint and the rule of quantum of proof to sustain the plaintiff’s burden justifying a verdict.
It was likewise the duty of the court to declare the legal effect of the contract, if the jury determined the contract pleaded was entered into, and to instruct as to the liability imposed by the contract. The charge, as given, is to the effect [431]*431that, if the jury believe from a preponderance of the evidence that the parties entered into the contract, then they must find for the plaintiff such damages as they determine he has suffered ; and, on the other hand, if they find that the weight of evidence of the making of the contract does not preponderate in favor of the plaintiff, they must find for the defendant. In fairness to the parties, the trial court should make clear to the jury the issues on trial and the rules of law applicable to the evidence, controlling their deliberations.
The instruction, as given, may be criticised as approaching the limits in brevity, but it cannot be said that the charge was erroneous. Appellant does not complain of the charge as erroneous, but he does complain of its brevity; that is, of a failure or omission to instruct further. Appellant does not claim that he requested in writing further instructions, and that such request was refused. Such procedure is allowed by paragraph 516, Civil Code of 1913. Refusal by the court to give an instruction requested in writing is an adverse ruling, and becomes a part of the record of the case, and is deemed excepted to at the time, without formal exceptions, and is subject to revision by this court for error. Paragraph 601, Civ. Code 1913. Matters occurring at the trial not formally excepted to or deemed excepted to, at the time, are no part of the record, unless made such, nor subjects of review as a general rule. Certainly an instruction believed by counsel to be beneficial to a party’s cause, but not requested in writing, not made a part of the record of the case, and not excepted to formally or otherwise, brought to the attention of the trial court, could not be complained of for the first time on appeal. The matter complained of is no part of the record before this court, and the assignment of a failure to instruct further upon a particular question presents no record for consideration, nor question for review.
The second assignment can he considered only in so far as it may be construed as an assignment to the effect that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the verdict of the jury. Por a decision of this ease we will concede that the assignment has that effect. The evidence of the plaintiff is to the following .effect:
He owned ten acres of land. He fixed a price for which he was willing to sell. Defendant was introduced to him as a [432]*432possible buyer. The matter was talked over, and defendant wanted plaintiff to take stock of the Overland Telephone and Telegraph Company in exchange for the land. Plaintiff required time to consider the matter of taking the stock. The defendant offered testimony that plaintiff said, “I am not in need of the money, if I can get something just as good as money, ’ ’ and that he said he would investigate the matter, and later let defendant know what he would do about accepting the stock. Plaintiff did not deny this statement attributed to him. Plaintiff testified that after a day or two he and defendant had a further talk about the matter at plaintiff’s house, where plaintiff said: “I will take bonds for this property, but I won’t want your stock.” Defendant replied: “I haven’t got but one bond; I will let you havejhat.” After an extended conversation, defendant returned to the subject, and said: ‘ ‘ This stock, Mr. Hanger, is worth 50 cents a share, and I will guarantee after the election is over that it will be worth 65 cents a share.” Plaintiff said: “If you will let me have the bond and the stock to the amount of $4,200, why, I guess we will call it a trade.” Plaintiff testifies: “So we made the trade, and it was made on his guarantee that the stock was now worth 50 cents, and it would be worth 65 cents after the election.” On further examination plaintiff was asked: “What was the inducement to you to make this trade, Mr. Hanger?” He answered: “It was simply I wanted to get rid of this property, and I wanted to get rid of it at what it was worth, . . . and he being one of the directors, and representing this company to be as he said it was, and then the talk that he had relative to the value of the stock at that time, and then the guaranty he put upon it that it would be worth 65 cents soon after the election—that was the inducement that caused me to take the stock.”
The testimony of plaintiff’s wife in a measure corroborated plaintiff’s testimony of the conversation had at plaintiff’s house.
Defendant’s version of the transaction is as follows:
“I told Mr. Hanger I didn’t have enough money to buy that place, and if he eared to trade the place for Overland Telephone stock that we could probably come to terms. . . . He said he would consider it. He said: ‘I will look into it, examine into the stock, and try to post myself on it; and if I [433]*433consider the stock a good value—I want to sell the land/ . . . Mr. Hanger was to meet me—No; it wasn’t the next day. ... It may have been the third day. . . . Mrs. Weatherford and I went out to Mr. Hanger’s residence, and we spent . . . some time . . . talking over the proposition, and came to an understanding with Mr. Hanger and Mrs. Hanger. . . . ” The understanding arrived at was that “he [appellee] was to trade me [appellant] the place for $4,250; $425 an acre was the price. He was trading me the place for $4,250 worth of Overland Telephone stock at 50 cents a share, that was the agreement. There wasn’t a word ever said about a guaranty or anything respecting it in any manner, shape or form.” Mr. Hanger was to come downtown and. close the deal the next day, but did not keep his appointment. “Later in the day I [appellant] went out and we talked the matter over, and he asked me if I had any bonds of the Overland Telephone Company, and I told him I had one. He asked me if I would as leave put in that bond, and I told him I would put the bond in to him at $750; then in signing over the stock to him that would leave $3,500. In signing over the stock to him I was short 231 shares of stock, unless I would go to the office and break another 5,000-share certificate. ... I said to him: ‘Mr. Hanger, rather than put myself to the bother, if it is agreeable to you I will pay you the $115.50 in cash, but if you say I shall go over to the office and break up the certificate, I will do that. ’ I never did turn Mr. Hanger over the 7,000 shares of telephone stock. ... I turned him over 7,000 shares, less 231 shares, and I paid him $115.50 in cash according to a mutual agreement between us. . . . There was never anything said about the guaranty for the stock. . . . There was no guaranty or warranty spoken of about the stock at any time. I believe I told Mr. Hanger I believed the stock was good stock; that it would- increase in value. I did believe it ... to the amount of a good many thousand shares that I bought myself.”
The defendant’s testimony was intended as a contradiction, of plaintiff’s evidence upon the question of a promise to plaintiff that plaintiff would receive 65 cents per share for the stock. Defendant denied that anything was said about a guaranty or warranty, but, in effect, his evidence upon all other facts testified to by plaintiff closely agrees with that of [434]*434the plaintiff. As to what defendant intended to mean hy a guaranty or a warranty in relation to a contract is a matter •of conjecture. Whether defendant intended to say that he did not, as an inducement to plaintiff to accept the stock, represent that the stock was worth 50 cents per share, and would he worth 65 cents a share after the election, does not appear. The statement that defendant did not guarantee nor warrant the stock is a statement of a conclusion of the witness’ understanding of the legal effect of what was said and done hy the parties at the time of closing the agreement. Defendant admits having said that the stock was then worth 50 cents per share, and that he believed it would increase in value. From such admission, in the light of plaintiff’s positive evidence upon that subject and the further fact that the parties intended that the property exchanged should be equal in value, the inference may be readily drawn that defendant, in fact, promised plaintiff that, if plaintiff would accept the stock with the bond as of equal value with the land in the event the stock should not prove of the value fixed, defendant would make good to plaintiff such deficiency. Such is the effect of the contract set forth-in the complaint. The evidence is therefore in support of the pleadings.
The liability assumed by the defendant under the contract was to pay to the plaintiff such damages as plaintiff should suffer by reason of the failure of the stock to become of a value equal to $3,500, the value fixed by the parties as a basis of the exchange of property. It is conceded that plaintiff disposed of the stock under circumstances existing at the time to the best advantage, at a price of 15 cents per share. The evidence is that during the time plaintiff held the stock the stock sold for all kinds of prices, ranging from 15 cents a share to 60 cents a share, but that all the sales made were made by special contract, and no market for the stock existed. Under this evidence it was for the jury to determine the amount of damage suffered by the plaintiff. The jury evidently determined that defendant delivered to plaintiff 6,769 shares of stock under the contract as testified by the defendant, and that while plaintiff held the stock he suffered a loss of 20 cents a share—a total loss or damage of $1,353.80. The evidence is sufficient to sustain the verdict. The court committed no error in refusing a new trial.
[435]*435Upon the face of the judgment it appears that plaintiff is adjudged to have and recover of and from the defendant the sum of $1,353.80, “with legal .interest thereon from the 20th day of March, 1911.” The verdict of the jury must necessarily be regarded as determining the actual damages up to the time of its rendition, and this would include all the interest recoverable as a part of the damages.
The judgment is modified so as to bear interest at the legal rate from its date, and, as modified, stands affirmed.
ROSS, C. J., and FRANKLIN, J., concur.
Application for rehearing denied.