In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-16-00140-CR
WAYLON SPARKMAN, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 2 Tarrant County, Texas Trial Court No. 1429443D
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley MEMORANDUM OPINION Waylon Sparkman was convicted by a jury of the third degree felony offense of indecency
with a child and was sentenced to eight years’ imprisonment. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 21.11(a)(2) (West 2011). Claiming that the evidence is legally insufficient to support his
conviction, Sparkman appeals.1 Because the evidence is legally sufficient for a reasonable jury to
conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Sparkman committed the offense of indecency with a
child, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. Standard of Review
In evaluating legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to
the trial court’s judgment to determine whether any rational jury could have found the essential
elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield
v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d). Our rigorous legal
sufficiency review focuses on the quality of the evidence presented. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917–
18 (Cochran, J., concurring). We examine legal sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks
opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in
testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate
1 Originally appealed to the Second Court of Appeals in Fort Worth, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme Court pursuant to Section 73.001 of the Texas Government Code. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013). We are unaware of any conflict between precedent of the Second Court of Appeals and that of this Court on any relevant issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
2 facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at
318–19); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by
a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
The “hypothetically correct” jury charge is “one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by
the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict
the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the
defendant was tried.” Id.
II. Analysis
The indictment in this case alleged that Sparkman intentionally exposed his genitals,
knowing a child younger than seventeen years-of-age was present, with the intent to arouse or
gratify Sparkman’s sexual desire. Sparkman committed the offense of indecency with a child “if,
with a child younger than 17 years of age, whether the child is of the same or opposite sex,” he
(1) exposed any part of his genitals, (2) knowing the child was present, (3) with the intent to arouse
or gratify his sexual desire. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11(a)(2)(A). We review the evidence in
light of Sparkman’s point of error.
In the summer of 2015, fifteen-year-old Candace and her sixteen-year-old brother, Chris,2
along with their mother, moved into an apartment shared by thirty-one-year-old Sparkman, his
sister, and her two children. When their mother moved out after approximately one month,
Candace and Chris decided to stay. Over the summer, Sparkman and Candace began spending
2 We refer to the minor victim and her brother by pseudonyms to protect their identities. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.10. 3 time alone together, and family members began to suspect there was something going on between
the two. Chris noticed that Candace had become protective of Sparkman.
On August 9, 2015, Chris awoke during the early morning hours to discover that Candace
and Sparkman were not in the apartment. After searching for the pair around the apartment
complex, Chris discovered Candace and Sparkman on the building’s roof where he saw Candace
covered by a blanket. Judging by the movement of the blanket, Chris suspected someone was with
Candace. Chris began to scream at Candace and asked her what she was doing. As he approached
Candace, Chris saw that Sparkman was with her. Chris assumed they were having sex, and, after
a slight struggle, removed the blanket. When he did, Chris saw Sparkman on his back with his
pants down, with his erect penis exposed. Candace was in the process of pulling her pants up.
Sparkman apologized and told Chris that Chris could beat him up, and he would not fight back.
Rather than attack Sparkman, Chris returned to the apartment and called his mother. When their
mother arrived, Chris and Candace returned home with her.
Candace admitted that, over the summer, she grew close to Sparkman. She referred to
Sparkman as a father figure who was always there for her, and she sported a tattoo on her wrist
that said “Sparkman” placed there by Sparkman during the summer. Candace said Sparkman made
her feel special because he saw her like nobody else did. She eventually admitted that she saw
Sparkman as more than a father figure and used the phrase “[w]e were talking” to describe their
relationship. It is apparent, however, that the relationship had evolved past talking, as evidenced
by a photograph depicting a nude Candace about to kiss Sparkman and as evidenced by a second
photograph of Sparkman and Candace kissing. Candace reluctantly admitted that she and
4 Sparkman had been intimate with each other. Her description of the events of August 9, however,
stood in stark contrast to Chris’ testimony.
Candace testified that she awoke early that morning and went to the roof of the apartment
complex to look at the stars. She discovered that Sparkman was already on the roof, and they just
sat and talked. According to Candace, she and Sparkman were lying on the roof when Chris
arrived. Candace stated that neither she nor Sparkman lowered their pants and that both remained
fully clothed at all times. She did not recall Chris removing the blanket, but she stated that he was
angry and he punched her in the face. Candace was subpoenaed to testify and stated that she did
not “want to be [in court].”3
Sparkman points to Chris’ testimony that Sparkman’s genitals were covered by a blanket
and were only exposed when Chris removed the blanket. He, therefore, contends the evidence is
insufficient to support his conviction because he did not expose his genitals, as contemplated by
the statute. In support of this proposition, Sparkman relies on Beasley v. State,
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In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-16-00140-CR
WAYLON SPARKMAN, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 2 Tarrant County, Texas Trial Court No. 1429443D
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley MEMORANDUM OPINION Waylon Sparkman was convicted by a jury of the third degree felony offense of indecency
with a child and was sentenced to eight years’ imprisonment. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 21.11(a)(2) (West 2011). Claiming that the evidence is legally insufficient to support his
conviction, Sparkman appeals.1 Because the evidence is legally sufficient for a reasonable jury to
conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Sparkman committed the offense of indecency with a
child, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. Standard of Review
In evaluating legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to
the trial court’s judgment to determine whether any rational jury could have found the essential
elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield
v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d). Our rigorous legal
sufficiency review focuses on the quality of the evidence presented. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917–
18 (Cochran, J., concurring). We examine legal sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks
opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in
testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate
1 Originally appealed to the Second Court of Appeals in Fort Worth, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme Court pursuant to Section 73.001 of the Texas Government Code. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013). We are unaware of any conflict between precedent of the Second Court of Appeals and that of this Court on any relevant issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
2 facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at
318–19); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by
a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
The “hypothetically correct” jury charge is “one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by
the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict
the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the
defendant was tried.” Id.
II. Analysis
The indictment in this case alleged that Sparkman intentionally exposed his genitals,
knowing a child younger than seventeen years-of-age was present, with the intent to arouse or
gratify Sparkman’s sexual desire. Sparkman committed the offense of indecency with a child “if,
with a child younger than 17 years of age, whether the child is of the same or opposite sex,” he
(1) exposed any part of his genitals, (2) knowing the child was present, (3) with the intent to arouse
or gratify his sexual desire. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11(a)(2)(A). We review the evidence in
light of Sparkman’s point of error.
In the summer of 2015, fifteen-year-old Candace and her sixteen-year-old brother, Chris,2
along with their mother, moved into an apartment shared by thirty-one-year-old Sparkman, his
sister, and her two children. When their mother moved out after approximately one month,
Candace and Chris decided to stay. Over the summer, Sparkman and Candace began spending
2 We refer to the minor victim and her brother by pseudonyms to protect their identities. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.10. 3 time alone together, and family members began to suspect there was something going on between
the two. Chris noticed that Candace had become protective of Sparkman.
On August 9, 2015, Chris awoke during the early morning hours to discover that Candace
and Sparkman were not in the apartment. After searching for the pair around the apartment
complex, Chris discovered Candace and Sparkman on the building’s roof where he saw Candace
covered by a blanket. Judging by the movement of the blanket, Chris suspected someone was with
Candace. Chris began to scream at Candace and asked her what she was doing. As he approached
Candace, Chris saw that Sparkman was with her. Chris assumed they were having sex, and, after
a slight struggle, removed the blanket. When he did, Chris saw Sparkman on his back with his
pants down, with his erect penis exposed. Candace was in the process of pulling her pants up.
Sparkman apologized and told Chris that Chris could beat him up, and he would not fight back.
Rather than attack Sparkman, Chris returned to the apartment and called his mother. When their
mother arrived, Chris and Candace returned home with her.
Candace admitted that, over the summer, she grew close to Sparkman. She referred to
Sparkman as a father figure who was always there for her, and she sported a tattoo on her wrist
that said “Sparkman” placed there by Sparkman during the summer. Candace said Sparkman made
her feel special because he saw her like nobody else did. She eventually admitted that she saw
Sparkman as more than a father figure and used the phrase “[w]e were talking” to describe their
relationship. It is apparent, however, that the relationship had evolved past talking, as evidenced
by a photograph depicting a nude Candace about to kiss Sparkman and as evidenced by a second
photograph of Sparkman and Candace kissing. Candace reluctantly admitted that she and
4 Sparkman had been intimate with each other. Her description of the events of August 9, however,
stood in stark contrast to Chris’ testimony.
Candace testified that she awoke early that morning and went to the roof of the apartment
complex to look at the stars. She discovered that Sparkman was already on the roof, and they just
sat and talked. According to Candace, she and Sparkman were lying on the roof when Chris
arrived. Candace stated that neither she nor Sparkman lowered their pants and that both remained
fully clothed at all times. She did not recall Chris removing the blanket, but she stated that he was
angry and he punched her in the face. Candace was subpoenaed to testify and stated that she did
not “want to be [in court].”3
Sparkman points to Chris’ testimony that Sparkman’s genitals were covered by a blanket
and were only exposed when Chris removed the blanket. He, therefore, contends the evidence is
insufficient to support his conviction because he did not expose his genitals, as contemplated by
the statute. In support of this proposition, Sparkman relies on Beasley v. State, 906 S.W.2d 270
(Tex. App.—Beaumont 1995, no pet.). In Beasley, the complainant testified that she saw Beasley
in his car and that “he didn’t have clothing on from the upper leg to the waist.” Id. at 271. The
complainant could not see Beasley’s penis because “[h]is hand shielded the penis area.” Id.
Consequently, the court determined that Beasley did not commit the offense of indecent exposure
because he did not “expose” his penis. Id.
3 After she returned with Chris to their mother’s home, Candace ran way and returned to Sparkman that same month and repeated that sequence again in September. When she was removed from Sparkman’s apartment for the second time, Candace was placed in two different drug abuse and suicide prevention facilities. 5 Our sister court has declined to follow Beasley. Metts v. State, 22 S.W.3d 544, 547 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. ref’d). In Metts, the complainant saw Metts standing with his truck
door open and his buttocks exposed while engaging in an act of self-gratification. Id. at 546.
Although there was no evidence that the complainant actually saw his genitals, the court
determined that the State only had to prove that Metts’ genitals were exposed, not that the
complainant perceived them. Id. at 547 (citing Wilson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 852, 856 (Tex. App.—
Austin, no pet.) (upholding conviction for indecency with a child by exposure where victim did
not see appellant’s genitals)).4
In a case involving the exposure of the appellant’s “private parts” to a boy under the age
of sixteen years, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals stated that in the context of discussing the
term “expose,” it would be “very difficult to find any single word in the English language that is
used in a wider sense and is more flexible than this particular word.” Miller v. State, 243 S.W.2d
175, 175 (Tex. Crim. App. 1951). The court recognized that the term “expose” was not defined in
the statute pursuant to which Miller was prosecuted—just as it remains undefined in the current
statute. Consequently, the court looked to the common meaning generally in use and concluded
that the term “need not be limited to the meaning ‘exposed to sight[,’] as contended for by
appellant.” Id. at 176.
In more recent decisions, courts have recognized that the offense of indecency with a child
by exposure “is based on the defendant’s actions and mental state, not the other person’s
4 While Beasley and Metts involved convictions for indecent exposure, our sister court recognized, “The statute under which appellant was charged, like indecency with a child by exposure, is based on the accused’s actions and mental state, not the victim’s comprehension,” and concluded, “Because we cannot agree that section 21.08 requires that the victim of the offense see the accused’s genitals, we respectfully decline to follow Beasley.” Metts, 22 S.W.3d at 547. 6 comprehension.” Ex parte Amador, 326 S.W.3d 202, 209 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (Cochran, J.,
concurring) (citing Uribe v. State, 7 S.W.3d 294, 297 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999, pet. ref’d)
(upholding a conviction for indecency with a child by exposure even though the child did not see
the defendant’s genitals)); Breckenridge v. State, 40 S.W.3d 118, 124–25 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio 2000, pet. ref’d) (“[S]ection 21.11(a) does not require proof that the victim actually
saw the accused’s genitals.”). In spite of this authority, though, Sparkman claims that his genitals
were never exposed, as they were at all times covered with a blanket. Based on the foregoing
authority, we reject this argument and hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to support
Sparkman’s conviction.
III. Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Bailey C. Moseley Justice
Date Submitted: March 16, 2017 Date Decided: April 28, 2017
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