[Cite as Watts v. Richmond Run #1 Condominium Unit Owners Assn., Inc., 2013-Ohio-2695.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 99031
RALPH WATTS PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT
vs.
RICHMOND RUN #1 CONDOMINIUM UNIT OWNERS ASSOCIATION, INC., ET AL. DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CV-762878
BEFORE: Celebrezze, J., Stewart, A.J., and Jones, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 27, 2013 ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Jeffrey D. Lojewski Berger & Zavesky Co., L.P.A. 614 West Superior Avenue Suite 1425 Cleveland, Ohio 44113
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
For Richmond Run #1 Condominium Unit Owners Association, Inc.
John B. Stalzer Reminger Co., L.P.A. 1400 Midland Building 101 West Prospect Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 44115
For Rossoll Landscaping, Inc.
Sarah A. Miller Joseph G. Ritzler Ritzler, Coughlin & Paglia, Ltd. 1360 East Ninth Street 1000 IMG Center Cleveland, Ohio 44114 FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J.:
{¶1} Appellant, Ralph Watts, initiated this appeal from the trial court’s grant of
summary judgment in favor of appellees, Richmond Run #1 Condominium Unit Owners
Association, Inc. (“Richmond”) and Thomas Rossoll, d.b.a. Rossoll Landscaping, Inc.
(“Rossoll”).1 The trial court found that the winter conditions that caused Watts to fall
were open and obvious. On appeal, Watts claims the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment. After a thorough review of the record and law, we affirm.
I. Factual and Procedural History
{¶2} Watts filed suit against appellees on August 26, 2011, alleging that he slipped
and fell as a result of appellees’ negligence in clearing snow from a private street within
the condominium development where he resided.
{¶3} On January 6, 2011, at about 12:30 p.m., Watts left his home to walk to the
mailboxes located by the entrance of his condominium development. He noticed that his
driveway was icy and walked with caution to its end and onto the private street that runs
through the condominium development. He also noticed that ice and water had
accumulated at the edges of the street, creating a hazardous slush. The condominium
development lacks sidewalks along the street, so Watts walked in the middle of the street.
According to Watts’s deposition, he was in the middle of the street walking toward the
mailboxes when he heard a car approaching from the rear at a high rate of speed. He
Rossoll Landscaping was, according to Rossoll’s deposition, incorrectly named as a 1
corporation by Watts, and the contract for snow removal drafted by Richmond refers only to “Rossoll Landscaping.” Rossoll indicated he operates his business as a sole proprietorship. stepped to the side of the street in order to get out of the way of the oncoming car. He
stated that he fell because “the snow bank [at the edge of the street] impeded me from
getting out of the way * * * which caused me to fall[,]” and that because of the snow
plowed at the edges of the street, he “had no escape route.” The car stopped and the
occupants inquired if Watts needed assistance.
{¶4} Later in his deposition, Watts admitted that he fell at the edge of the street
before any snow embankment. He admitted to falling on the slushy ice and water that
had accumulated at the edges of the street and never made it as far as the snow
embankment, which he estimated was three-to-four-feet high. After he slipped on the
slush, he attempted to get up and fell a second time. He sought medical attention and, as
a result of his injuries, missed five days of work.
{¶5} Based on the deposition testimony, Richmond and Rossoll separately moved
for summary judgment arguing that the accumulation of snow at the edges of the street
did not cause Watts to fall. They also argued that the cause of Watts’s fall was open and
obvious as a natural weather condition one should be accustomed to living in Ohio.
Watts opposed summary judgment. On September 14, 2012, the trial court granted
Richmond’s and Rossoll’s motions for summary judgment and issued a lengthy opinion
setting forth its rationale a few days later. Watts then appealed to this court assigning
four errors.2
II. Law and Analysis
A. Standard of Review
Appellant’s assignments of error are included in the appendix. 2 {¶6} All of Watts’s assigned errors deal with the grant of summary judgment under
Civ.R. 56. This rule provides that before summary judgment is granted, it must be
determined that
(1) No genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated;
(2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and
(3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing such evidence most strongly in favor of the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that conclusion is adverse to that party.
Temple v. Wean United, Inc., 50 Ohio St.2d 317, 327, 364 N.E.2d 267 (1977).
{¶7} It is well established that the party seeking summary judgment bears the
burden of demonstrating that no issues of material fact exist for trial. Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 330, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Mitseff v. Wheeler, 38
Ohio St.3d 112, 115, 526 N.E.2d 798 (1988). “[T]he moving party bears the initial
responsibility of informing the trial court of the basis for the motion, and identifying those
portions of the record which demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of fact on a
material element of the nonmoving party’s claim.” Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,
296, 1996-Ohio- 107, 662 N.E.2d 264. The nonmoving party has a reciprocal burden of
specificity and cannot rest on mere allegations or denials in the pleadings. Id. at 293.
The nonmoving party must set forth specific facts by the means listed in Civ.R. 56(C)
showing a genuine issue for trial exists. Id.
{¶8} In the present case, Watts contends there are genuine issues of fact relating to
the open and obvious nature of the cause of his fall and attendant circumstances that
would obviate the application of the open and obvious doctrine. B. The Open and Obvious Doctrine
{¶9} In his first assignment of error, Watts argues that the trial court erred in
applying the open and obvious doctrine to the present case.
{¶10} The parties agree that Watts was a business invitee at the time of the
accident because he was a resident in the condominium development and was walking on
a private street within a common area of the development. “An occupier of premises is
under no duty to protect a business invitee against dangers which are known to such
invitee or are so obvious and apparent to such invitee that he may reasonably be expected
to discover them and protect himself against them.” Sidle v. Humphrey, 13 Ohio St.2d
45, 233 N.E.2d 589 (1968), paragraph one of the syllabus. The Ohio Supreme Court
went on to classify normal winter weather conditions as obvious dangers.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
[Cite as Watts v. Richmond Run #1 Condominium Unit Owners Assn., Inc., 2013-Ohio-2695.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 99031
RALPH WATTS PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT
vs.
RICHMOND RUN #1 CONDOMINIUM UNIT OWNERS ASSOCIATION, INC., ET AL. DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CV-762878
BEFORE: Celebrezze, J., Stewart, A.J., and Jones, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 27, 2013 ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Jeffrey D. Lojewski Berger & Zavesky Co., L.P.A. 614 West Superior Avenue Suite 1425 Cleveland, Ohio 44113
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
For Richmond Run #1 Condominium Unit Owners Association, Inc.
John B. Stalzer Reminger Co., L.P.A. 1400 Midland Building 101 West Prospect Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 44115
For Rossoll Landscaping, Inc.
Sarah A. Miller Joseph G. Ritzler Ritzler, Coughlin & Paglia, Ltd. 1360 East Ninth Street 1000 IMG Center Cleveland, Ohio 44114 FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J.:
{¶1} Appellant, Ralph Watts, initiated this appeal from the trial court’s grant of
summary judgment in favor of appellees, Richmond Run #1 Condominium Unit Owners
Association, Inc. (“Richmond”) and Thomas Rossoll, d.b.a. Rossoll Landscaping, Inc.
(“Rossoll”).1 The trial court found that the winter conditions that caused Watts to fall
were open and obvious. On appeal, Watts claims the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment. After a thorough review of the record and law, we affirm.
I. Factual and Procedural History
{¶2} Watts filed suit against appellees on August 26, 2011, alleging that he slipped
and fell as a result of appellees’ negligence in clearing snow from a private street within
the condominium development where he resided.
{¶3} On January 6, 2011, at about 12:30 p.m., Watts left his home to walk to the
mailboxes located by the entrance of his condominium development. He noticed that his
driveway was icy and walked with caution to its end and onto the private street that runs
through the condominium development. He also noticed that ice and water had
accumulated at the edges of the street, creating a hazardous slush. The condominium
development lacks sidewalks along the street, so Watts walked in the middle of the street.
According to Watts’s deposition, he was in the middle of the street walking toward the
mailboxes when he heard a car approaching from the rear at a high rate of speed. He
Rossoll Landscaping was, according to Rossoll’s deposition, incorrectly named as a 1
corporation by Watts, and the contract for snow removal drafted by Richmond refers only to “Rossoll Landscaping.” Rossoll indicated he operates his business as a sole proprietorship. stepped to the side of the street in order to get out of the way of the oncoming car. He
stated that he fell because “the snow bank [at the edge of the street] impeded me from
getting out of the way * * * which caused me to fall[,]” and that because of the snow
plowed at the edges of the street, he “had no escape route.” The car stopped and the
occupants inquired if Watts needed assistance.
{¶4} Later in his deposition, Watts admitted that he fell at the edge of the street
before any snow embankment. He admitted to falling on the slushy ice and water that
had accumulated at the edges of the street and never made it as far as the snow
embankment, which he estimated was three-to-four-feet high. After he slipped on the
slush, he attempted to get up and fell a second time. He sought medical attention and, as
a result of his injuries, missed five days of work.
{¶5} Based on the deposition testimony, Richmond and Rossoll separately moved
for summary judgment arguing that the accumulation of snow at the edges of the street
did not cause Watts to fall. They also argued that the cause of Watts’s fall was open and
obvious as a natural weather condition one should be accustomed to living in Ohio.
Watts opposed summary judgment. On September 14, 2012, the trial court granted
Richmond’s and Rossoll’s motions for summary judgment and issued a lengthy opinion
setting forth its rationale a few days later. Watts then appealed to this court assigning
four errors.2
II. Law and Analysis
A. Standard of Review
Appellant’s assignments of error are included in the appendix. 2 {¶6} All of Watts’s assigned errors deal with the grant of summary judgment under
Civ.R. 56. This rule provides that before summary judgment is granted, it must be
determined that
(1) No genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated;
(2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and
(3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing such evidence most strongly in favor of the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that conclusion is adverse to that party.
Temple v. Wean United, Inc., 50 Ohio St.2d 317, 327, 364 N.E.2d 267 (1977).
{¶7} It is well established that the party seeking summary judgment bears the
burden of demonstrating that no issues of material fact exist for trial. Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 330, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986); Mitseff v. Wheeler, 38
Ohio St.3d 112, 115, 526 N.E.2d 798 (1988). “[T]he moving party bears the initial
responsibility of informing the trial court of the basis for the motion, and identifying those
portions of the record which demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of fact on a
material element of the nonmoving party’s claim.” Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,
296, 1996-Ohio- 107, 662 N.E.2d 264. The nonmoving party has a reciprocal burden of
specificity and cannot rest on mere allegations or denials in the pleadings. Id. at 293.
The nonmoving party must set forth specific facts by the means listed in Civ.R. 56(C)
showing a genuine issue for trial exists. Id.
{¶8} In the present case, Watts contends there are genuine issues of fact relating to
the open and obvious nature of the cause of his fall and attendant circumstances that
would obviate the application of the open and obvious doctrine. B. The Open and Obvious Doctrine
{¶9} In his first assignment of error, Watts argues that the trial court erred in
applying the open and obvious doctrine to the present case.
{¶10} The parties agree that Watts was a business invitee at the time of the
accident because he was a resident in the condominium development and was walking on
a private street within a common area of the development. “An occupier of premises is
under no duty to protect a business invitee against dangers which are known to such
invitee or are so obvious and apparent to such invitee that he may reasonably be expected
to discover them and protect himself against them.” Sidle v. Humphrey, 13 Ohio St.2d
45, 233 N.E.2d 589 (1968), paragraph one of the syllabus. The Ohio Supreme Court
went on to classify normal winter weather conditions as obvious dangers. “The dangers
from natural accumulations of ice and snow are ordinarily so obvious and apparent that an
occupier of premises may reasonably expect that a business invitee on his premises will
discover those dangers and protect himself against them.” Id. at paragraph two of the
syllabus.
{¶11} This rule, as it applies to natural winter conditions in Ohio, is even more
encompassing than the general open and obvious doctrine. This is because “everyone is
assumed to appreciate the risks associated with natural accumulations of ice and snow
and, therefore, everyone is responsible to protect himself or herself against the inherent
risks presented by [them].” Brinkman v. Ross, 68 Ohio St.3d 82, 84, 1993-Ohio-72, 623
N.E.2d 1175. “Thus, the issue of which party has superior knowledge or a better
appreciation of a natural accumulation of ice and snow on the premises is generally irrelevant, since the invitee is charged with an appreciation of those risks as a matter of
law.” Miller v. Tractor Supply Co., 6th Dist. No. H-11-001, 2011-Ohio-5906, ¶ 9, citing
Brinkman at id. This has come to be called the “no-duty winter rule.”
{¶12} In his third assignment of error, Watts argues that the snow embankments
are unnatural accumulations and the open and obvious doctrine should not apply.
{¶13} There are two recognized exceptions to the “no-duty winter rule” set forth
above — the “unnatural accumulation” exception and the “improper accumulation”
exception. Tractor Supply at ¶ 10-11. “By definition, an unnatural condition is
man-made or man-caused. Unnatural accumulations are caused by a person doing
something that would cause ice and snow to accumulate in an unexpected place or way.”
Mubarak v. Giant Eagle, Inc., 8th Dist. No. 84179, 2004-Ohio-6011, ¶ 19, citing Porter
v. Miller, 13 Ohio App.3d 93, 468 N.E.2d 134 (6th Dist.1983).
{¶14} In the present case, accumulations of snow at the edge of the roadway are
not unnatural accumulations. The snow banks at the edges of the street are not
accumulations in an unexpected place. When trucks plow snow from a street, it goes to
the side and accumulates next to the street. This is an expected phenomenon and one
often encountered in everyday life in Ohio during winter. Flint v. Cleveland Clinic
Found., 8th Dist. Nos. 80177 and 80478, 2002-Ohio-2747; Hill v. Monday Villas Prop.
Owners Assn., 2d Dist. No. 24714, 2012-Ohio-836, ¶ 20; McDonald v. Koger, 150 Ohio
App.3d 191, 2002-Ohio-6195, 779 N.E.2d 1083 (2d Dist.). Plowed snow at the edges of
a street in the tree lawn area is a natural accumulation one would expect to encounter. {¶15} Further, “it is well-settled that ‘[s]lush is a natural phenomenon of changing
weather conditions.’” Sellers v. Metrohealth Clement Ctr. for Family, 8th Dist. No.
84092, 2004-Ohio-4235, ¶ 16, citing Hoenigman v. McDonald’s Corp., 8th Dist. No.
56010, 1990 Ohio App. LEXIS 131 (Jan. 11, 1990). Even where melting snow from a
pile causes ice to accumulate, the resulting slick conditions are still natural
accumulations. Flint at ¶ 20.
{¶16} “The improper accumulation exception arises when a natural accumulation
conceals a hazardous condition, which is substantially more dangerous than conditions
normally associated with ice and snow, and about which the owner or occupier has actual
or constructive knowledge.” Luft v. Ravemor, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-16, 2011-Ohio-6765,
¶ 16, citing Pesci v. William Miller & Assocs., 10th Dist. No. 10AP-800,
2011-Ohio-6290, at ¶ 12-13, citing Mikula v. Tailors, 24 Ohio St.2d 48, 57, 263 N.E.2d
316 (1970), and Crossman v. Smith Clinic, 3d Dist. No. 9-10-10, 2010-Ohio-3552, ¶ 15.
However, this exception applies only when the accumulation hides what would otherwise
be an open and obvious danger that the landowner knew or should have known about.
Tractor Supply at ¶ 13.
{¶17} The accumulations of snow at the edges of the street did not conceal an
already dangerous condition, and the slush that caused Watts to fall was not concealed by
this accumulation. Therefore, this exception does not apply.
{¶18} Even assuming one of these exceptions applied, the accumulation of snow at
the edge of the street did not cause Watts to fall. Watts readily admitted that he saw the
icy conditions that existed at the edges of the street when he began his trek on the street to the mailboxes. He further admitted that it was this icy slush that caused him to fall when
he moved to the side of the street to avoid the oncoming car.
{¶19} Watts also relies on the contractual duties that Richmond owed through its
bylaws and declarations as well as the contract for snow removal between Richmond and
Rossoll. Rossoll was required to remove snow from the private street as well as four
walkways that run perpendicular to the street to the front doors of condominiums. Watts
testified these walkways were not clear at the time of his fall. Assuming a duty exists,
whether the walkways were clear or not does not create a genuine issue of material fact.
Watts fell on the accumulation of ice and water at the edge of the street created by natural
weather conditions that existed whether the walkways were clear or not. Watts admitted
to being aware of this hazard. The contractual duty that Watts cites has no bearing on his
accident.
{¶20} “To prove a breach in a case where a defendant has assumed a duty to
remove snow and ice, the plaintiff must show that the defendant removed the snow and
ice in a manner inconsistent with what a reasonable person would have done under
similar circumstances — in other words, negligently.” Davis v. Timbers Owners’ Assn.,
1st Dist. No. C-990409, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 115, *7 (Jan. 21, 2000), citing Kinkey v.
Jewish Hosp. Assn. of Cincinnati, 16 Ohio App.2d 93, 95, 242 N.E.2d 352 (1st
Dist.1968). In Davis, there was no evidence that
the defendants plowed or piled the snow in a negligent manner. Persons who plow or shovel snow are not negligent merely because ice remains after snow is cleared. And the snow had to be piled somewhere, with a certain natural runoff of water to be expected. See Hoenigman v. McDonald’s Corp. (Jan. 11, 1990), Cuyahoga App. No. 56010, 1990 Ohio App. LEXIS 131, unreported. * * * Ice and snow are dangerous, but the danger is the price we pay for living in an area with an ever-changing kaleidoscope of weather.
Id.
{¶21} Regarding snow and ice removal, a contractor breaches a duty of care if its
actions create an unnatural accumulation that substantially increases the risk of injury
normally associated with winter accumulations of ice and snow. Jackson v. J-F Ents., 6th
Dist. No. L-10-1285, 2011-Ohio-1543, ¶ 14, citing Zamano v. Hammerschmidt, Inc., 6th
Dist. No. H-02-031, 2003-Ohio-1618, ¶ 21; Dunbar v. Denny’s Restaurant, 8th Dist. No.
86385, 2006-Ohio-1248, ¶ 13.
{¶22} Here, there is no evidence that Rossoll removed snow in a negligent manner
that created a dangerous condition related to the slush at the edge of the street that caused
Watts to fall. There is no evidence that a cleared walkway some distance away from the
area of Watts’s fall would have impacted the situation at all. Watts claims a cleared
walkway would have given him an escape route to avoid the oncoming car. However,
the photographs submitted by Watts indicate the closest walkway was a good distance
away from the spot of his accident. It was not the snow covering the walkway or even
the snow at the edge of the street that caused Watts to fall. It was the slush that
accumulated at the edge of the street. This was a natural accumulation of snow and ice
of which Watts was admittedly aware. Further, the edge of the street was covered in
slush, and a cleared walkway would not have offered Watts a way off the street without
stepping through the same slush that caused his fall.
{¶23} Therefore, the open and obvious doctrine applies to this situation because
the weather conditions that caused Watts to fall were natural accumulations of ice and water at the edge of the street. Appellant’s first and third assignments of error are
overruled.
C. The Attendant Circumstances Exception
{¶24} Watts also claims that attendant circumstances, namely the car coming
toward him, created a risk greater than that normally encountered and should preclude the
application of the open and obvious doctrine.
{¶25} Attendant circumstances are factors that could lead an ordinary person
exercising reasonable caution to fail to discover an otherwise observable hazardous
condition. In a given situation, they may create a genuine issue of material fact as to
whether a hazard was open and obvious. Sexton v. Certified Oil Co., 4th Dist. No.
11CA3299, 2013-Ohio-482, ¶ 18.
{¶26} The phrase refers to all circumstances surrounding the event, such as time
and place, the environment or background of the event, and the conditions normally
existing that would unreasonably increase the normal risk of a harmful result of the event.
Attendant circumstances do not include the individual’s activity at the moment of the fall, unless the individual’s attention was diverted by an unusual circumstance of the property owner’s making. Moreover, an individual’s particular sensibilities do not play a role in determining whether attendant circumstances make the individual unable to appreciate the open and obvious nature of the danger.
(Citations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 18-19.
{¶27} “‘The law uses an objective, not subjective, standard when determining
whether a danger is open and obvious. The fact that appellant herself was unaware of
the hazard is not dispositive of the issue. It is the objective, reasonable person that must find that the danger is not obvious or apparent.’” Id. at ¶ 19, quoting Goode v. Mt.
Gillion Baptist Church, 8th Dist. No. 87876, 2006-Ohio-6936, ¶ 25.
{¶28} Appellant claims a car driving down a street is an attendant circumstance.
This is not a factor that would reasonably distract an objective person from discovering a
dangerous condition in this case. Watts testified in his deposition that by the time he
heard the oncoming car and moved from the center of the street to the edge, he had
already observed the dangerous condition that caused his fall. Watts fell despite his
observance and acknowledgment of the danger posed. Further, Watts had time to get out
of the way of the car. The car stopped next to Watts, and the occupants asked if he
needed assistance after his fall.
{¶29} Watts also claims the condition of the unplowed walkways from the street to
the adjoining condominiums was an attendant circumstance. In light of Watts’s
deposition testimony, the condition of these walkways does not constitute a “distraction
that would come to the attention of a pedestrian in the same circumstances and reduce the
degree of care an ordinary person would exercise at the time.” Sexton, 4th Dist. No.
11CA3299, 2013-Ohio-482, ¶ 19. Watts admitted he observed the hazardous condition
that caused his fall and was not distracted from it at the time. He stated that he stepped
carefully into the slush to move to the side of the street to avoid an oncoming car and fell
despite the exercise of caution. The arguments Watts now makes do not go to the open
and obvious nature of the cause of his fall, but to other circumstances that do not change
this court’s conclusion that the cause of his fall was indeed open and obvious.
{¶30} Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled. D. Assumption of the Risk
{¶31} In his fourth assignment of error, appellant raises issues of assumption of
the risk. The trial court’s decision discusses this as an argument raised by Richmond, but
its opinion does not rely on these arguments. The trial court found the accident was the
result of open and obvious natural weather conditions. This assignment of error had no
impact on the trial court’s decision. Review de novo includes independent analysis of
the arguments raised below, but this court has already determined that summary judgment
was appropriate based on the open and obvious nature of the cause of Watts’s fall.
Therefore, this assigned error is moot.
III. Conclusion
{¶32} The trial court correctly granted summary judgment in favor of Richmond
and Rossoll because the cause of Watts’s fall was an open and obvious natural
accumulation of slush at the side of the street. Watts observed this dangerous condition
prior to falling and recognized the hazard, but slipped despite exercising due caution.
Sometimes, “[w]inter is much like unrequited love; cold and merciless.” – Kellie
Elmore.
{¶33} Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellees recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into
execution. A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., JUDGE
MELODY J. STEWART, A.J., and LARRY A. JONES, SR., J., CONCUR APPENDIX
Appellant’s assignments of error:
I. The trial court erred in granting summary judgments on the grounds that the condition causing the appellant’s fall and resulting injuries were open and obvious.
II. The trial court erred in granting summary judgments even if the open and obvious doctrine does apply because the attendant circumstances surrounding the appellant’s fall provide an exception to the open and obvious doctrine, creating an issue of material fact that must be decided by a jury.
III. The trial court erred in granting summary judgments as genuine issues of fact exist as to whether the appellant’s fall and injuries were proximately caused by a natural or unnatural condition.
IV. Summary judgment is improper where reasonable minds could conclude that appellant did not voluntarily assume a known risk of injury.