Hosmer, Ch. J.
In this case, the court has found the following facts.
The plaintiff sold and conveyed to Watson certain land, by a deed well authenticated; for the consideration of which purchase, Watson made to the plaintiff several notes of hand, yet unpaid, and mortgaged to him the premises as a collateral security. Two persons were present as witnesses, but through mere mistake, one of them omitted to subscribe his name as such. The deed was duly recorded ; and the above omission, until within a few months past, was unknown to the plaintiff. Subsequent to the preceding facts, Bissell and Haskell being partners in trade, and bona fide creditors of Watson, took from him a deed of the premiss ; and at the delivery of it, Bissell had full knowledge of all the antecedent facts ; but Haskell had only such notice of them from the recorded deed to the plaintiff, as the law, by construction, will presume.
The court decreed, that the title to the premises should vest in the plaintiff ; and that the costs of suit should be paid by ail the defendants. To reverse this decree, the record is brought for revision, before this court
That equity, as against the grantor, will aid a deed defective, through mistake in a statute requisite, in favour of a purchaser bona fide, and for valuable consideration, is too clear to be questioned. The case of Smith v. Chapman, 4 Conn. Rep. 344. 346. is entirely analogous with the present, and precludes all controversy. Nor is it necessary, that there should be a request for the rectification of it, by the grantor. Established practice, and the case just cited, affirm this proposition.
[472]*472It is equally indisputable, that equity will correct a similar mistake, in a like case, against a subsequent purchaser with notice of the transaction. The equity, in such case, is not equal ; but the purchaser with notice, against integrity and good conscience, endeavours to deprive a prior purchaser of an equitable title. It is laid down by Sugden, in his Law of Vendors and Purchasers, that where a vendor delivers possession of an estate to a purchaser, without receiving the purchase money, equity, whether the estate be, or be not conveyed, gives the vendor a lien on the land for the money. Sug. 352. And this principle is supported by numerous determinations. Chapman v. Tanner, 1 Vern. 267. Pollexfen v Moore, 3 Atk. 272. Cator v. Lord Bolingbroke & al. 1 Brown's C. C. 302. Blackburn v. Gregson, 1 Brown's C. C. 424. Austen v. Halsey, 6 Ves. jr. 483. In Walker v. Preswick, 2 Ves. 622. Lord Hardwicks said, that this lien prevailed against the purchaser, his heir, or any claiming under him, with notice of the equitable title. On a bill against the assignees and heir of a deceased mortgagor, who was bankrupt, a surrender, defective by not having been presented within the time prescribed, was made good. Taylor v. Wheeler, 2 Vern. 564. cited in Finch v. Earl of Winchelsea, 1 P. Wms. 280. This, however, is peculiarly applicable to the first point made in my argument, as the heir and assignees stood in the place of the deceased mortgagor. In the case of Burgh v. Francis, which was the case of a mortgage by a defective conveyance, equity supplied the defect against subsequent incumbrancers. 1 Eq. Ca Abr. 320. A defective surrender of copyhold land, for securing a sum of money, which had become void for want of being presented in due time, in the case of Jennings v. Moore, 2 Vern. 609. was made good against a subsequent purchaser with notice ; and this fully establishes the principle I have advanced. Very recently, on the same principle, Lord Eldon decreed specific performance of a contract against a subsequent purchaser, with notice of the equitable title of the plaintiff. Daniels v. Davison, 17 Ves jr. 433. It was determined, by a learned chancellor, in a neighbouring state, in the case of Wadsworth v. Wendell & al. 5 Johns. Ch. Rep. 224. 231. that a defective conveyance, by a person seised in fee at the time, is good, so as to bind the lands conveyed in the hands of the grantor and his heirs ; and that it is also good against a subsequent purchaser with notice of such conveyance. The defect, in the above case, consisted in the want of a seal, and is precisely analogous with the princi[473]*473pal one under discussion. It was most truly said, by the chancellor, " in shell, the doctrine is too well established, and is too just in itself, to admit of any doubt." The case of Wadsworth v. Wendell & al. was brought before the court of errors, and the decision was reversed ; but on a point entirely distinct from the one before mentioned. 20 Johns. Rep. 659. There was no notice to the subsequent purchaser ; and for this reason, the determination of the chancellor was annulled. But the principle for which I have cited the case, was explicitly affirmed. It was said, by Spencer, Ch. J., Platt and Woodworth, Js. concurring, that as between the parties to the defective conveyance, the agreement, founded on a valuable consideration, would in equity be decreed to be executed specifically ; and that “ it admits of as little doubt that if William Preston and David Matthews, the subsequent purchasers, both of them had actual knowledge of the agreement between Wadsworth and Thomas, when they respectively took their deeds, they and their heirs would be compellable to convey to Wadsworth.” Other cases establishing similar doctrine might be cited, and the strongest confirmation be derived from analogous decisions ; but it cannot be necessary, on this point, to extend my observations. It results, then, unquestionably, that equity will aid the defective deed to the plaintiff, as against Bissell and Haskell, if they had notice of the plaintiff's equitable title, anterior to the delivery of the deeds to them, equally as against Watson.
I am inclined to think, that there was no constructive notice arising from the plaintiff’s deed, to which there was only one witness ; and that from the record of a deed, which is not complete according to law, and which, therefore, conveys nothing, there is no presumption of notice. On this subject, however, I would not be considered as giving an opinion. Bissell, it is, found, had actual knowledge of all the facts stated by the plaintiff ; and that he was a partner in trade with Haskell ; and that the mortgage deed to them, was for the security of a partnership debt.
It is a principle applied to negotiable notes and to bills of exchange, that notice to one of several partners is a sufficient notice to all, regarding the subject in which they are jointly interested. Porthouse v. Parker & al. 1 Campb. 82, Chitt, on Bills, tit. Notice.
This principle, however, is not peculiar to notes and bills only, but it rests on a reasonable and broad presumption, equal[474]*474ly applicable to other cases. Each partner, so far as relates to their joint concerns, is the authorized agent
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Hosmer, Ch. J.
In this case, the court has found the following facts.
The plaintiff sold and conveyed to Watson certain land, by a deed well authenticated; for the consideration of which purchase, Watson made to the plaintiff several notes of hand, yet unpaid, and mortgaged to him the premises as a collateral security. Two persons were present as witnesses, but through mere mistake, one of them omitted to subscribe his name as such. The deed was duly recorded ; and the above omission, until within a few months past, was unknown to the plaintiff. Subsequent to the preceding facts, Bissell and Haskell being partners in trade, and bona fide creditors of Watson, took from him a deed of the premiss ; and at the delivery of it, Bissell had full knowledge of all the antecedent facts ; but Haskell had only such notice of them from the recorded deed to the plaintiff, as the law, by construction, will presume.
The court decreed, that the title to the premises should vest in the plaintiff ; and that the costs of suit should be paid by ail the defendants. To reverse this decree, the record is brought for revision, before this court
That equity, as against the grantor, will aid a deed defective, through mistake in a statute requisite, in favour of a purchaser bona fide, and for valuable consideration, is too clear to be questioned. The case of Smith v. Chapman, 4 Conn. Rep. 344. 346. is entirely analogous with the present, and precludes all controversy. Nor is it necessary, that there should be a request for the rectification of it, by the grantor. Established practice, and the case just cited, affirm this proposition.
[472]*472It is equally indisputable, that equity will correct a similar mistake, in a like case, against a subsequent purchaser with notice of the transaction. The equity, in such case, is not equal ; but the purchaser with notice, against integrity and good conscience, endeavours to deprive a prior purchaser of an equitable title. It is laid down by Sugden, in his Law of Vendors and Purchasers, that where a vendor delivers possession of an estate to a purchaser, without receiving the purchase money, equity, whether the estate be, or be not conveyed, gives the vendor a lien on the land for the money. Sug. 352. And this principle is supported by numerous determinations. Chapman v. Tanner, 1 Vern. 267. Pollexfen v Moore, 3 Atk. 272. Cator v. Lord Bolingbroke & al. 1 Brown's C. C. 302. Blackburn v. Gregson, 1 Brown's C. C. 424. Austen v. Halsey, 6 Ves. jr. 483. In Walker v. Preswick, 2 Ves. 622. Lord Hardwicks said, that this lien prevailed against the purchaser, his heir, or any claiming under him, with notice of the equitable title. On a bill against the assignees and heir of a deceased mortgagor, who was bankrupt, a surrender, defective by not having been presented within the time prescribed, was made good. Taylor v. Wheeler, 2 Vern. 564. cited in Finch v. Earl of Winchelsea, 1 P. Wms. 280. This, however, is peculiarly applicable to the first point made in my argument, as the heir and assignees stood in the place of the deceased mortgagor. In the case of Burgh v. Francis, which was the case of a mortgage by a defective conveyance, equity supplied the defect against subsequent incumbrancers. 1 Eq. Ca Abr. 320. A defective surrender of copyhold land, for securing a sum of money, which had become void for want of being presented in due time, in the case of Jennings v. Moore, 2 Vern. 609. was made good against a subsequent purchaser with notice ; and this fully establishes the principle I have advanced. Very recently, on the same principle, Lord Eldon decreed specific performance of a contract against a subsequent purchaser, with notice of the equitable title of the plaintiff. Daniels v. Davison, 17 Ves jr. 433. It was determined, by a learned chancellor, in a neighbouring state, in the case of Wadsworth v. Wendell & al. 5 Johns. Ch. Rep. 224. 231. that a defective conveyance, by a person seised in fee at the time, is good, so as to bind the lands conveyed in the hands of the grantor and his heirs ; and that it is also good against a subsequent purchaser with notice of such conveyance. The defect, in the above case, consisted in the want of a seal, and is precisely analogous with the princi[473]*473pal one under discussion. It was most truly said, by the chancellor, " in shell, the doctrine is too well established, and is too just in itself, to admit of any doubt." The case of Wadsworth v. Wendell & al. was brought before the court of errors, and the decision was reversed ; but on a point entirely distinct from the one before mentioned. 20 Johns. Rep. 659. There was no notice to the subsequent purchaser ; and for this reason, the determination of the chancellor was annulled. But the principle for which I have cited the case, was explicitly affirmed. It was said, by Spencer, Ch. J., Platt and Woodworth, Js. concurring, that as between the parties to the defective conveyance, the agreement, founded on a valuable consideration, would in equity be decreed to be executed specifically ; and that “ it admits of as little doubt that if William Preston and David Matthews, the subsequent purchasers, both of them had actual knowledge of the agreement between Wadsworth and Thomas, when they respectively took their deeds, they and their heirs would be compellable to convey to Wadsworth.” Other cases establishing similar doctrine might be cited, and the strongest confirmation be derived from analogous decisions ; but it cannot be necessary, on this point, to extend my observations. It results, then, unquestionably, that equity will aid the defective deed to the plaintiff, as against Bissell and Haskell, if they had notice of the plaintiff's equitable title, anterior to the delivery of the deeds to them, equally as against Watson.
I am inclined to think, that there was no constructive notice arising from the plaintiff’s deed, to which there was only one witness ; and that from the record of a deed, which is not complete according to law, and which, therefore, conveys nothing, there is no presumption of notice. On this subject, however, I would not be considered as giving an opinion. Bissell, it is, found, had actual knowledge of all the facts stated by the plaintiff ; and that he was a partner in trade with Haskell ; and that the mortgage deed to them, was for the security of a partnership debt.
It is a principle applied to negotiable notes and to bills of exchange, that notice to one of several partners is a sufficient notice to all, regarding the subject in which they are jointly interested. Porthouse v. Parker & al. 1 Campb. 82, Chitt, on Bills, tit. Notice.
This principle, however, is not peculiar to notes and bills only, but it rests on a reasonable and broad presumption, equal[474]*474ly applicable to other cases. Each partner, so far as relates to their joint concerns, is the authorized agent of the other; and hence, notice to one partner is considered as notice to all the partners. A more rational presumption can scarcely be deduced ; as from the habits of mutual communication on subjects of mutual interest, it would be extremely improbable that interesting facts, made known to one partner, should not be notified to those who have equal advantage in knowing them. Now, if one partner is agent for his co-partner, then the rule directly applies, that notice to the agent is notice to the principal. Sheldon v. Cox & al., Ambl. 626. In Le Neve v. Le Neve, 1 Ves. 64. Lord Hardwicks having decided, that the taking of real estate after a prior right, on valuable consideration, was a fraud, observes, that “ this being so on notice in general, the next consideration under this head, is, whether notice to the attorney or agent is sufficient,” he determines that it is. “ Fraud,” said he, “ in the party being the foundation, it is the same, whether in the party himself, or in the person employed." Haskell, then, had constructive notice of the facts before mentioned.
The decree against Watson was not erroneous. It was necessary, on the ground of interest, to make him a party to the suit ; and the court had a discretionary right of subjecting him to costs ; and as Watson defended, the discretion was rightly exercised.
Of the equity of the decree complained of, there exists no doubt; but the value of the mortgaged premises, essential to give jurisdiction to the court, not appearing on the record, the decision, for this reason only, must be reversed: and the cause remanded. Griswold v. Mather, ante 435.
Peters, Brainard and Bristol, Js. were of the same opinion.
Judgment reversed ; and the cause remanded, to be proceeded with according to law.