Weaver, C. J.
The Amusement-Company was an organization engaged in giving theatrical exhibitions at cities and towns along the course of the Mississippi River. It owned and operated a steamboat, “Dixie,” 110 feet in length, and an amusement or show boat, about 150 feet in length. The latter craft ivas in barge form, having no motive power of its own, and ivas moved from place to place by being placed in front of the steamboat and pushed by its power. EL ID. Steiner, president and manager of the company, was also the captain of the boat, and John EL Brown was mate, and one Dietz its only licensed pilot. The theatrical company, some 30 or 10 people in all, was transported on the steamer and barge, as was also its outfit of accessories.
The company, with its boats, was at the city of Mont-rose, loAva, on the night of May 10, 1915, intending, on the folloAving morning, to go therefrom to the city of Nauvoo, Illinois, on the opposite side of the river. This part of the river is above the defendant’s great poAver dam, and the general level of the water at this point has been raised some 12 to 15 feet above its natural fioAv at ordinary stages. BetAAreen Montrose on the Avest and Nauvoo on the east, there intervene two islands, known as Kimball and Dundy. Kim-ball Island lies to the north, and is separated from Dundy Island on the south by what is called the ferry channel, about 100 yards in Avidth. For navigation between Mont-rose and Nauvoo, there seem, at this time, to have been [531] three recognized routes or channels. The only one which was marked by buoys passed from Montrose around the south end of Dundy Island. Another, unmarked, kept to the north from Montrose, and thence around the north end of Kimball Island. The third, also unmarked, we have already mentioned as passing between the two islands. This latter route was the one usually taken by the ferry boat plying between the two cities, and occasionally by other boats.
On the morning in question, the boat and barge of the Amusement Company undertook to make the passage between the islands, and, in so doing, the steamer struck an obstruction, alleged to have been a submerged stump, with the result that she sank in 12 feet of water. The steamer was subsequently raised and repaired at very considerable expense. It is for the damage so done to the boat and to the property thereon and for other consequential injuries that this action is brought.
The defendant is charged with liability for the losses so suffered by reason of its alleged negligence in removing the timber from the submerged parts of these islands, and leaving the stumps of trees standing at such heights as to obstruct the navigation and render it dangerous.
The charge of negligence is denied by the defendant, which also claims that the accident to the boat was occasioned by the negligence of its owner and its servants and pilot having the boat in charge.
At the close of all the evidence, the trial court sustained the defendant’s motion for a directed verdict, on the ground that the contributory negligence of the Amusement .Company was conclusively established. In so ruling, the court stated to the jury the reasons for its ruling. From that statement, we quote as follows:
“The defendant, the Mississippi River Power Company, had authority from the government of the United States to build this dam. That building of the dam would necessarily raise the water of the river above the dam. Before this water ivas raised, the Mississippi River Power Company cleared off the timber from certain islands. The raising of [532] the Avater AArould necessarily change AAdiat may be called the topography of the river. Before the raising of the Avater, these islands were cleared of timber, — if not Avholly, to a large extent. Among the islands cleared off in AAdiole, I think, Avere the islands knoAvn as Kimball’s Island and Dundy’s Island, both lying betAveen the tOAvn of, Montrose, Ioavu, and Nauvoo, Illinois. In clearing the island of Dundy, it seems to be established by the evidence that at least one, if not more, stumps of trees were left standing, at a height of at least five feet. This clearing aauis done early in 1913, and the Avater Avas raised in the same year, flooding these islands. Before the change in the level of the Avater, there had existed three channels; and, in speaking of the river noAV, I aaúII refer to up the river as being north. There Avas one channel used from Montrose on the Avest bank Avhich Avent north and around Kimball Island, Kimball Island being the island lying north of Dundy Island, and another channel, marked by buoys, Avhich Avent south and around the loAver end of Dundy Island, and the third chan-nel, Avhich Avas used by the ferry boat, and perhaps to some extent by the larger boats, AAdiieh Avas knoAvn as the ferry channel, and AAdiieh has been described as being 100 yards wide betAveen the loAver or southern point of Kimball Island and the upper or northern point of Dundy Island.
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Weaver, C. J.
The Amusement-Company was an organization engaged in giving theatrical exhibitions at cities and towns along the course of the Mississippi River. It owned and operated a steamboat, “Dixie,” 110 feet in length, and an amusement or show boat, about 150 feet in length. The latter craft ivas in barge form, having no motive power of its own, and ivas moved from place to place by being placed in front of the steamboat and pushed by its power. EL ID. Steiner, president and manager of the company, was also the captain of the boat, and John EL Brown was mate, and one Dietz its only licensed pilot. The theatrical company, some 30 or 10 people in all, was transported on the steamer and barge, as was also its outfit of accessories.
The company, with its boats, was at the city of Mont-rose, loAva, on the night of May 10, 1915, intending, on the folloAving morning, to go therefrom to the city of Nauvoo, Illinois, on the opposite side of the river. This part of the river is above the defendant’s great poAver dam, and the general level of the water at this point has been raised some 12 to 15 feet above its natural fioAv at ordinary stages. BetAAreen Montrose on the Avest and Nauvoo on the east, there intervene two islands, known as Kimball and Dundy. Kim-ball Island lies to the north, and is separated from Dundy Island on the south by what is called the ferry channel, about 100 yards in Avidth. For navigation between Mont-rose and Nauvoo, there seem, at this time, to have been [531] three recognized routes or channels. The only one which was marked by buoys passed from Montrose around the south end of Dundy Island. Another, unmarked, kept to the north from Montrose, and thence around the north end of Kimball Island. The third, also unmarked, we have already mentioned as passing between the two islands. This latter route was the one usually taken by the ferry boat plying between the two cities, and occasionally by other boats.
On the morning in question, the boat and barge of the Amusement Company undertook to make the passage between the islands, and, in so doing, the steamer struck an obstruction, alleged to have been a submerged stump, with the result that she sank in 12 feet of water. The steamer was subsequently raised and repaired at very considerable expense. It is for the damage so done to the boat and to the property thereon and for other consequential injuries that this action is brought.
The defendant is charged with liability for the losses so suffered by reason of its alleged negligence in removing the timber from the submerged parts of these islands, and leaving the stumps of trees standing at such heights as to obstruct the navigation and render it dangerous.
The charge of negligence is denied by the defendant, which also claims that the accident to the boat was occasioned by the negligence of its owner and its servants and pilot having the boat in charge.
At the close of all the evidence, the trial court sustained the defendant’s motion for a directed verdict, on the ground that the contributory negligence of the Amusement .Company was conclusively established. In so ruling, the court stated to the jury the reasons for its ruling. From that statement, we quote as follows:
“The defendant, the Mississippi River Power Company, had authority from the government of the United States to build this dam. That building of the dam would necessarily raise the water of the river above the dam. Before this water ivas raised, the Mississippi River Power Company cleared off the timber from certain islands. The raising of [532] the Avater AArould necessarily change AAdiat may be called the topography of the river. Before the raising of the Avater, these islands were cleared of timber, — if not Avholly, to a large extent. Among the islands cleared off in AAdiole, I think, Avere the islands knoAvn as Kimball’s Island and Dundy’s Island, both lying betAveen the tOAvn of, Montrose, Ioavu, and Nauvoo, Illinois. In clearing the island of Dundy, it seems to be established by the evidence that at least one, if not more, stumps of trees were left standing, at a height of at least five feet. This clearing aauis done early in 1913, and the Avater Avas raised in the same year, flooding these islands. Before the change in the level of the Avater, there had existed three channels; and, in speaking of the river noAV, I aaúII refer to up the river as being north. There Avas one channel used from Montrose on the Avest bank Avhich Avent north and around Kimball Island, Kimball Island being the island lying north of Dundy Island, and another channel, marked by buoys, Avhich Avent south and around the loAver end of Dundy Island, and the third chan-nel, Avhich Avas used by the ferry boat, and perhaps to some extent by the larger boats, AAdiieh Avas knoAvn as the ferry channel, and AAdiieh has been described as being 100 yards wide betAveen the loAver or southern point of Kimball Island and the upper or northern point of Dundy Island.
“Now, the Steiner Amusement Company, on the Sunday before this accident, had shown at the toAim of Nauvoo, the pilot of the boat being one EdAvard Dietz, who had piloted the boat from the tOAAm of Nauvoo over to the to ato of Mont-rose, where they had shown the eA'ening before, May 11,1915. Noav, at this time, there Avas but one of these channels marked by buoys, and that Avas the one running south from Montrose, around the southern point of Dundy Island, and out into the river or lake. The ferry channel Avas not marked by any buoys. On the morning of May 11, 1915, about the hour of 4 o’clock in the morning, the boat Dixie was taken from the landing at Montrose, being backed out by the pilot, Edward Dietz. The boat had in front of it an amusement barge, called America. Upon that barge was [533] located a pilot house, and from that pilot house, the pilot apparently steered. The evidence is undisputed that navigating such a steamer as the Dixie, with a barge of that character in front of it, ivas a different proposition from the operation of the steamer Dixie by itself. Now, a craft, in navigating the Mississippi River, navigates it under well-defined rules and regulations. Many of these regulations are by virtue of the statutes of the United States. A craft such as the Dixie could not be operated, in the exercise of due care, except by one who knew the river; and the government recognizes that fact, because the government provides for the licensing as pilots men who know the river. They must be men who are familiar with the river, with its channel, with its sand bars, with its snags, with its rocks, with its sinuosities; they must be experienced men; and, for that reason, they are examined by the United States government as to their familiarity with the portion of the river over which they expect to pilot vessels; and persons who pass' this examination are what are known as licensed pilots. EdAvard Dietz Avas such a licensed pilot. He held a license from the government as a pilot from Dubuque, Iowa, doAAm the river, — at any rate the territory in question Avas embraced in the territory covered by his license; and, in addition to that, he had naiúgated this same steamer Dixie the summer previous to the accident. He started from the harbor of Montrose on the morning of May 11th, at four o’clock. The evidence shows that this Avas a hazy morning, — not a clear morning, by any means. He tells in his OAvn testimony just what took place. He says: ‘When we AArere at Mont-rose, the morning of the accident, BroAvn and I had a talk about taking the boat and barge out, and about AAdiich channel I should take. I told him Ave had better go doAvn aro.und the foot of the, island, because we could not see the marks through the slougli; and he said he could see them plain.’ Then he Avas asked, ‘After this talk, did you take the boat out yourself, or did Brown take the Avheel ?’ to Avhich lie replied: ‘I backed the boat out from the land myself, and was going doAA'n through the slough, through the main chan[534] nel; and he said for us to hurry out as fast as we could, to get out of the lake before the wind raised; he said he could see the hole between the two. islands ivhere the slough was, and, if I let him have the wheel, he could take the boat through. I let him have the wheel, and stood right behind him. At the time, I could not see but one end of the hole through between the islands.’ I néed not read much more of this testimony, except the question, ‘What, if anything, prevented you from seeing the hole between the islands?’ to which he answered, ‘It ivas hazy, — kind of a smoke, rather. You could not see both ends, and you couldn’t see clear through. That was the reason I would not take the boat through myself.’ Brown was the mate, who took the wheel, and undertook to go through this ferry channel; and I may say that it has been established by the evidence that he went out of the channel 150 feet, and struck a snag, or one of these stumps left by the Power Company on the upper end of Dundy Island, within a short distance of where the Dixie sunk. A pilot has peculiar responsibilities; so has a captain. The captain is' the man who has control of the boat; the mate is the man who acts in place of captain when the captain is off watch. He has charge of the boat when the captain is off watch.1 He has charge of the men and of the boat, but that authority ceases, the moment the pilot takes the wheel and the boat starts on its trip on the water. The pilot then becomes the supreme dictator, and certain well-defined duties devolve upon him. One of these duties is that provided by the Eevised Statutes of the United States, Section 4487, as follows: ‘On any steamer navigating rivers only, when, from darkness, fog, or other cause, the pilot on watch shall be of opinion that the navigation is unsafe, * * * the vessel shall be brought to anchor, or moored as soon as it can be prudently done.’ It is also provided that, if he does go on, it is at his own risk; and, in such case, both he and the owners of such steamer shall be held responsible for all damages which may arise.
“In order to recover, in a case like this, the plaintiff must establish, not only that the defendant ivas negligent, [535] but that the injury which he sustained came about without any negligence on his part, contributing thereto • in any degree; and, unless these two facts are established, he cannot recover. If either of these facts is not established by the evidence, if he fails to establish both of these facts, it is the duty of the court to direct a verdict. No contributory negligence can be blamed on the defendant. But the plaintiff avers that a person has a right to navigate this whole river. There is no question about that; but, in the navigation of the river, he must exercise due care on his part, and he must follow the regular channel; and I think the law of the United States is that, if he goes out of this channel, he does so at his own risk; but, if he goes out of this channel without any fault on his part, the case is different, and in such case, gentlemen, I would not direct a verdict, but, on the question of negligence, I would leave it to you gentlemen to say whether or not, under all the facts and circumstances of going out of the channel, it imputed contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff.”
This statement of the facts, which we approve, renders it unnecessary for us to discuss the legal propositions urged by' counsel upon the question of defendant’s negligence. We may concede, for the purposes of the case, the soundness of the plaintiff’s contention in this respect, but the concession avails nothing, in face of the clear and decisive proof of the negligence of plaintiff’s assignor.
The judgment of the district court is — Affirmed.
Evans, Preston, and Salinger, JJ., concur.