Hammond, J.
The petitioners do not contest their liability to be taxed for that part of the trust fund whose income is payable [20] to certain persons, but they contend that the part whose income is payable to the Wentworth Institute is exempt from taxation. Inasmuch as this case concerns only this latter part, for the sake of brevity this part will be hereinafter designated as the trust fund.
R. L. c. 12, § 5, cl. 3,* so far as material to the question before us, provides that “ the personal property of literary, benevolent, charitable and scientific institutions ” shall be exempt from taxation. And the question is whether personal property held in trust to pay over the income to such an institution is within the statute.
R. L. c. 12, § 23, cl, 5,* provides that with certain exceptions personal property held by a trustee the income of which is payable to another person shall be assessed to the trustee. In any event therefore this fund cannot be assessed to the cestui que trust the Wentworth Institute. The contention of the respondent that the fund is not exempt is based largely upon this provision. It is stated in its brief as follows: “ The statute exempting from taxation the personal property of certain institutions should be construed as exempting it only so far as such property would be otherwise taxable to such institutions. If, under the statutes declaring to whom property shall be assessed, the institution could not legally be assessed for its equitable interest in personal property, then the statute of exemptions cannot be invoked, because the object of this statute is merely to forbid an assessment where one could otherwise be legally made.” And in support of this position it argues that the section exempting the property of the institutions named “ does not operate on the property itself, but, read in connection with those sections of the same chapter which provide where and to whom property shall be assessed . . . [it] in effect declares that such institutions shall not be assessed for such property ”; and further that under our scheme of taxation an assessment, so far, at least, as respects personal estate, is not a proceeding in rem but “ purely one in ' personam ” and “ liability to pay . . . [taxes upon personal estate] attaches to the person and not to the property on account of which the tax is assessed.”
[21] In considering the question it is well to look into the history of the legislation respecting taxation.
Under the Colonial statutes 1651-57 (Anc. Chart. 69), personal property held in trust appears to have been taxed to the trustee arid not to those beneficially interested in the trust. It was described in these statutes as being “ under their [the] custody or managing ” of the person assessed. And the same provision is contained in the Provincial statutes. See Prov. Sts. 1692-93, c. 4, § 1; 1694-95, c. 2, § 4; 1 Prov. Laws, 29, 167, et passim. Early in the tax acts there was a provision that the assessors should make a fair list of the assessment, “ setting forth in distinct columns, against each particular person’s name, how much he or she is assessed at for polls, and how much for houses and lands, and how much for personal estate and income by trade or faculty.” (This last phrase did not mean income from property, but from employment.) Prov. Sts. 1715-16, c. 11, § 2; 1740-41, c. 8, § 2 ; 2 Prov. Laws, 21, 1033, et passim; 1742-43, c. 31, § 2; 1745-46, c. 1, § 2; 3 Prov. Laws, 61,233, et passim. And as early as 1747 this provision was amended by adding thereto the following: “ and if as guardian, or for any estate in his or her improvement, in trust, to be distinctly expressed. ” Prov. Sts. 1746-47, c. 1, § 3; 1747-48, c. 1, § 3 ; 3 Prov. Laws, 288j 354. This provision is continued through the succeeding provincial statutes (Prov. Sts. 1757-58, c. 2, § 3; 1759-60, c. 2, § 3; 1767-68, c. 8, § 3; 4 Prov. Laws, 15, 261, 971, et passim; 1769-70, c. 1, § 3; 1773-74, c. 14, § 3; 1780, c. 16, § 3; 5 Prov., Laws, 19, 319, 1430, et passim) and the earlier State statutes (Sts. 1780, c. 43; 1781, cc. 16, 28; 1782, c. 65; 1784, c. 25; 1785, c. 74), up to St. 1795, c. 11, where the phrase “in his or her improvement ” was changed to “ in his or her possession ”; and as thus verbally changed this part of the provision continued until St. 1804, c. 144, when it was changed so as to read “ distinguishing any sum assessed on such person as "guardian, or for any estate in his or her possession in trust,” and so continued (see among others the tax acts of 1810, 1820) until the statute passed March 4, 1829, commonly cited as St. 1828, c. 143.
This statute made a change as to the assessment of trust property. It provided that “ persons entitled to the income of any [22] personal property held by others in trust for them, shall be liable to be taxed for the capital or principal sum in. the town where such persons reside.” And, with a modification as to married women not here material, such continued to be the law until changed in 1860 by the General Statutes. Rev. Sts. c. 7, § 10, cl. 5, and Report of the Commissioners on this clause.
The commissioners on the General Statutes recommended a change which in substance was adopted and became Gen. Sts. c. 11, § 12, cl. 5, which reads as follows: “Personal property held in trust by an executor, administrator, or trustee, the income of which is payable to another person, shall be assessed to the executor, administrator, or trustee, in the place where such other person resides, if within the State, and if he resides out of the State it shall be assessed in the place where the executor, administrator, or trustee, resides, and if there are two or more executors, administrators, or trustees, residing in different places, the property shall be assessed to them in equal portions in such places, and the tg,x thereon shall be paid out of said income. If the executor, administrator, or trustee, is not an inhabitant of this State, it shall be assessed to the person to whom the income is payable, in the place where he resides.” And such has been the law up to the present time. Pub. Sts. c. 11, § 20, cl. 5. R. L. c. 12, § 23, cl. 5. St. 1909, c. 490, Part I. § 23, cl. 5.
From this review of the tax legislation it appears that from 1651 to 1828 property held in trust was assessed to the trustee; from 1828 to 1860 to the eestuis que trust; and from 1860 to the present time, in certain cases to the trustee and in certain other cases to the eestuis que trust.
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Hammond, J.
The petitioners do not contest their liability to be taxed for that part of the trust fund whose income is payable [20] to certain persons, but they contend that the part whose income is payable to the Wentworth Institute is exempt from taxation. Inasmuch as this case concerns only this latter part, for the sake of brevity this part will be hereinafter designated as the trust fund.
R. L. c. 12, § 5, cl. 3,* so far as material to the question before us, provides that “ the personal property of literary, benevolent, charitable and scientific institutions ” shall be exempt from taxation. And the question is whether personal property held in trust to pay over the income to such an institution is within the statute.
R. L. c. 12, § 23, cl, 5,* provides that with certain exceptions personal property held by a trustee the income of which is payable to another person shall be assessed to the trustee. In any event therefore this fund cannot be assessed to the cestui que trust the Wentworth Institute. The contention of the respondent that the fund is not exempt is based largely upon this provision. It is stated in its brief as follows: “ The statute exempting from taxation the personal property of certain institutions should be construed as exempting it only so far as such property would be otherwise taxable to such institutions. If, under the statutes declaring to whom property shall be assessed, the institution could not legally be assessed for its equitable interest in personal property, then the statute of exemptions cannot be invoked, because the object of this statute is merely to forbid an assessment where one could otherwise be legally made.” And in support of this position it argues that the section exempting the property of the institutions named “ does not operate on the property itself, but, read in connection with those sections of the same chapter which provide where and to whom property shall be assessed . . . [it] in effect declares that such institutions shall not be assessed for such property ”; and further that under our scheme of taxation an assessment, so far, at least, as respects personal estate, is not a proceeding in rem but “ purely one in ' personam ” and “ liability to pay . . . [taxes upon personal estate] attaches to the person and not to the property on account of which the tax is assessed.”
[21] In considering the question it is well to look into the history of the legislation respecting taxation.
Under the Colonial statutes 1651-57 (Anc. Chart. 69), personal property held in trust appears to have been taxed to the trustee arid not to those beneficially interested in the trust. It was described in these statutes as being “ under their [the] custody or managing ” of the person assessed. And the same provision is contained in the Provincial statutes. See Prov. Sts. 1692-93, c. 4, § 1; 1694-95, c. 2, § 4; 1 Prov. Laws, 29, 167, et passim. Early in the tax acts there was a provision that the assessors should make a fair list of the assessment, “ setting forth in distinct columns, against each particular person’s name, how much he or she is assessed at for polls, and how much for houses and lands, and how much for personal estate and income by trade or faculty.” (This last phrase did not mean income from property, but from employment.) Prov. Sts. 1715-16, c. 11, § 2; 1740-41, c. 8, § 2 ; 2 Prov. Laws, 21, 1033, et passim; 1742-43, c. 31, § 2; 1745-46, c. 1, § 2; 3 Prov. Laws, 61,233, et passim. And as early as 1747 this provision was amended by adding thereto the following: “ and if as guardian, or for any estate in his or her improvement, in trust, to be distinctly expressed. ” Prov. Sts. 1746-47, c. 1, § 3; 1747-48, c. 1, § 3 ; 3 Prov. Laws, 288j 354. This provision is continued through the succeeding provincial statutes (Prov. Sts. 1757-58, c. 2, § 3; 1759-60, c. 2, § 3; 1767-68, c. 8, § 3; 4 Prov. Laws, 15, 261, 971, et passim; 1769-70, c. 1, § 3; 1773-74, c. 14, § 3; 1780, c. 16, § 3; 5 Prov., Laws, 19, 319, 1430, et passim) and the earlier State statutes (Sts. 1780, c. 43; 1781, cc. 16, 28; 1782, c. 65; 1784, c. 25; 1785, c. 74), up to St. 1795, c. 11, where the phrase “in his or her improvement ” was changed to “ in his or her possession ”; and as thus verbally changed this part of the provision continued until St. 1804, c. 144, when it was changed so as to read “ distinguishing any sum assessed on such person as "guardian, or for any estate in his or her possession in trust,” and so continued (see among others the tax acts of 1810, 1820) until the statute passed March 4, 1829, commonly cited as St. 1828, c. 143.
This statute made a change as to the assessment of trust property. It provided that “ persons entitled to the income of any [22] personal property held by others in trust for them, shall be liable to be taxed for the capital or principal sum in. the town where such persons reside.” And, with a modification as to married women not here material, such continued to be the law until changed in 1860 by the General Statutes. Rev. Sts. c. 7, § 10, cl. 5, and Report of the Commissioners on this clause.
The commissioners on the General Statutes recommended a change which in substance was adopted and became Gen. Sts. c. 11, § 12, cl. 5, which reads as follows: “Personal property held in trust by an executor, administrator, or trustee, the income of which is payable to another person, shall be assessed to the executor, administrator, or trustee, in the place where such other person resides, if within the State, and if he resides out of the State it shall be assessed in the place where the executor, administrator, or trustee, resides, and if there are two or more executors, administrators, or trustees, residing in different places, the property shall be assessed to them in equal portions in such places, and the tg,x thereon shall be paid out of said income. If the executor, administrator, or trustee, is not an inhabitant of this State, it shall be assessed to the person to whom the income is payable, in the place where he resides.” And such has been the law up to the present time. Pub. Sts. c. 11, § 20, cl. 5. R. L. c. 12, § 23, cl. 5. St. 1909, c. 490, Part I. § 23, cl. 5.
From this review of the tax legislation it appears that from 1651 to 1828 property held in trust was assessed to the trustee; from 1828 to 1860 to the eestuis que trust; and from 1860 to the present time, in certain cases to the trustee and in certain other cases to the eestuis que trust.
From an early period in our history there have been exemptions from general taxation. There are at least two classes, the first based upon the use to which the property is appropriated, as for instance the personal property of educational institutions, household furniture and workmen’s tools; the second based upon the inability of the owner to pay a tax, as for example the estates of infirm and poor people. The property is exempt in the first class irrespective of the question whether the owner is able to pay a tax, and in the second irrespective of the nature of the use. The present general provision as to the exemption of the personal property of institutions like the Wentworth Institute [23] was inserted in the Revised Statutes, and, with some modifications not material to the question before us, has continued to the present time. Rev. Sts. c. 7, § 5, cl. 2. Gen. Sts. c. 11, § 5, cl. 3. Sts. 1874, c. 375, § 8; 1878, c. 214. Pub. Sts. c. 11, § 5, cl. 3. Sts. 1882, c. 217, § 2; 1886, c. 231; 1888, c. 158; 1889, c. 465. R. L. c. 12, § 5, cl. 3. St. 1909, c. 490, Part I. § 5, cl. 3.
The legal title to this trust fund, it is true, is in the trustees, but the whole beneficial interest is in the institution. The term “ property ” in its ordinary legal signification “ is nomen generalissimum, and extends to every species of valuable right and interest.” Boston & Lowell Railroad v. Salem & Lowell Railroad, 2 Gray, 1, 35. See also Williston Seminary v. County Commissioners, 147 Mass. 427. It certainly is broad enough to cover an equitable interest like that possessed by the Wentworth Institute in this trust fund.
Nor can it be material that the property is by law assessable to the trustee and not to the person entitled to the beneficial interest. The exemption is based upon the use which is presumed to be made of the fund, namely, for an educational purpose, and not upon the persons in whom stands the legal title. The law as to the assessment of personal property held in trust whose income is payable to another has been changed from time to time. As already stated, from 1828 to 1860 the fund was assessed to the cestui que trust, if living in the State, otherwise to the trustee in the town where he resided. R. L. c. 12, § 23, cl. 5, makes various provisions about the assessment of property held in trust, depending upon the respective residences of the trustee and beneficiaries. It is assessed to the trustee if residing in this Commonwealth, otherwise to the beneficial owner residing in this Commonwealth. And there are various provisions as to the particular town in which it shall be assessed. In this very case, if the trustees should remove from the Commonwealth the fund would be taxable to the Wentworth Institute; and hence, even upon the reasoning of the respondent, would be exempt. And if one of the trustees should afterwards become a resident of this Commonwealth, then it would be taxable to him and upon the same reasoning would not be exempt. And so, if the respondent’s position is correct, property whose exemption is based upon the use to which it is appropriated would be exempt or not [24] exempt according as the trustee lived without or within the Commonwealth.
This interpretation loses sight of the ground of the exemption and makes the exemption hinge upon a merely accidental circumstance not pertaining to the ground upon which it is based. It must be held to be unreasonable.
For the reasons above stated we are of opinion that the equitable interest of the Wentworth Institute in the trust fund is “property” within the meaning of the exempting clause of the statute, and that the section prescribing the manner of assessing trust funds in no way affects the right of exemption under that clause. Under this interpretation the question of exemption is made to depend not upon the irrelevant fact of the residence of the trustee within or without the Commonwealth as the case may be, but upon the true test, namely, the use to which the property is to be appropriated.
In accordance with the terms of the report the order is
Judgment for the petitioners.