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5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 9 10 WASTE ACTION PROJECT, CASE NO. C21-240 MJP 11 Plaintiff, ORDER ON MOTION TO DISMISS AND MOTION FOR LEAVE TO 12 v. FILE A SUPPLEMENTAL COMPLAINT 13 SNOQUALMIE MILL VENTURES LLC, et al., 14 Defendants. 15
16 This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. No. 36), and 17 Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to File a Supplemental Complaint (Dkt. No. 49). Having reviewed 18 the Motions, the Oppositions (Dkt. Nos. 42, 50, 51, 52), the Replies (Dkt. Nos. 45, 53), the 19 Joinders (Dkt. Nos. 37, 38, 46), the Court DENIES the Motion to Dismiss and GRANTS the 20 Motion for Leave. 21 BACKGROUND 22 Plaintiff Waste Action Project pursues claims under the Clean Water Act against a group 23 Defendants who own and/or operate facilities on a decommissioned Weyerhaeuser sawmill in 24 1 Snoqualmie, Washington—the Mill Site. (First Amended Complaint (FAC) ¶¶ 10-18, 24 (Dkt. 2 No. 28).) Plaintiff is a non-profit entity filing suit on behalf of its members and it alleges that 3 Defendants have violated the CWA by discharging industrial wastewater without a permit from 4 the Mill Site through nearly 12,000 linear feet of human-made channels that cross the site and
5 drain into the Snoqualmie River and Borst Lake. (Id. ¶¶ 7-10, 24-34.) Plaintiff does not allege 6 that it has taken any samples of the stormwater runoff. But Plaintiff alleges that each day that 7 there is at least 0.1 inch of precipitation in Snoqualmie the legacy industrial contamination at the 8 Mill Site has the potential to be released as stormwater and Defendants’ current industrial 9 activities discharge industrial wastewater. (Id. ¶¶ 24-34.) Plaintiff’s pre-suit notices also identify 10 the days on which there was at least 0.1 inch of precipitation. (See, e.g., Notice of Intent to Sue, 11 at 24-84 (Dkt. No. 28-1 at 24-84).) 12 Defendants include the owners of the Mill Site and various entities operating on it. 13 Defendant Snoqualmie Mill Ventures LLC owns the Mill Site and its owner/governor is Stephen 14 Rimmer. (FAC ¶¶ 10, 12.) Rimmer also owns Defendant Dirtfish LLC, which operates a
15 racetrack and rally car driving school on the Mill Site. (Id. ¶¶ 11-12.) Plaintiff alleges that 16 Dirtfish constructed and operates a racetrack in a portion of the Mill Site “known to be 17 contaminated with hazardous substances” and that it discharges industrial wastewater “from 18 unpaved areas cleared, graded, or excavated” by Dirtfish that “is part of a larger common 19 development plan that will ultimately disturb five acres or more.” (Id. ¶ 11; Notice of Intent to Sue 20 at 2 (Dkt. No. 28-1 at 2).) Plaintiff alleges that Rimmer and Snoqualmie Mill Ventures know of 21 and have control over the activities at the Mill Site associated with industrial stormwater 22 discharges at issue in this action. (FAC ¶ 12.) Defendant Brookwater Advisors, LLC and its 23 owner/governor Thomas Sroufe manage the Mill Site, and Plaintiff alleges that they have
24 1 knowledge of and control over the activities at the Mill Site that constitute industrial wastewater 2 discharges at issue in this action. (Id. ¶¶ 13-14.) Plaintiff alleges that three other entities run 3 industrial operations on portions of the Mill Site that result in industrial wastewater discharges: 4 (1) Defendant Merrill & Ring Forest Products LLC operates an industrial site related to its
5 timber business on a portion of the Mill Site (Id. ¶ 15); (2) Hos Brothers Construction, Inc. 6 operates an industrial site related its construction and mining business on a portion of the Mill 7 Site (Id. ¶ 16); and (3) Flatiron West, Inc. operates an industrial site on a portion of the Mill Site 8 related to its construction business (Id. ¶ 17.) (See FAC ¶¶ 31-34.) As required by the CWA, 9 Plaintiff served pre-suit notice letters to Defendants, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 10 and the Washington Department of Ecology more than 60 days before filing its initial complaint. 11 (Id. ¶¶ 3-4 & Exs. 1-4 to FAC (Dkt. Nos. 28-1, 28-2, 28-3, 28-4).) 12 In the FAC, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants did not obtain any coverage under 13 Ecology’s general National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (“NPDES”) permit to 14 discharge wastewater from the Mill Site. (FAC ¶¶ 1, 38.) But in 2015, Sroufe had applied for
15 coverage under the Ecology’s Construction Stormwater General Permit for a small portion of the 16 land—4.2 acres. (Id. ¶ 39.) As alleged, the application “falsely certified that the applicant was 17 not aware of any contaminated soils present on the site or any groundwater contamination 18 located within the site boundary.” (Id. ¶ 39.) But the application admitted that the site’s 19 stormwater is discharged into the Snoqualmie River and Borst Lake. (Id.) Ecology granted that 20 permit, which “authorized discharges of stormwater associated with construction activity from 21 that subarea only, subject to the permit’s terms and conditions.” (Id. ¶ 40.) The permit did not 22 allow industrial wastewater discharge and expired on December 31, 2020. (Id. ¶¶ 40-41.) 23
24 1 Plaintiff alleges that the permit should have been renewed because the site has not been 2 stabilized such that a construction permit would not be necessary. (Id. ¶ 42.) 3 Snoqualmie Mill Ventures has applied for coverage under Ecology’s general NPDES 4 permit and the Industrial Stormwater General Permit (ISGP) for 18.7 acres of the Mill Site. (Dkt.
5 No. 40-3 at 57.) Plaintiff did not make mention of this fact in the FAC, although it occurred in 6 late March 2021, before Plaintiff filed the FAC. The FAC also omits mention that Ecology 7 granted Snoqualmie Mills Ventures coverage under the ISGP. (Dkt. No. 40-3 at 57.) This latter 8 omission appears likely due to the fact that the approval occurred the same day Plaintiff filed the 9 FAC—May 5, 2021. (Compare Dkt. No. 40-3 at 57 with Dkt. No. 28.) 10 Plaintiff now seeks leave of Court to file what it calls a “supplemental” complaint, to 11 challenge what it alleges to be Snoqualmie Mill Venture’s post-permit failure to implement 12 stormwater pollution control best management practices, to adopt a compliant stormwater 13 pollution prevention plan, and to collect requisite stormwater discharge samples from all 14 required locations. (Mot. for Leave at 3.) In pursuit of filing its “supplemental” complaint,
15 Plaintiff served notice to Defendant Snoqualmie Mill Ventures of its intent to sue under the 16 CWA. (Id.) The 60-day notice period expires on September 18, 2021. (Id. at 3-4.) 17 ANALYSIS 18 A. Legal Standard 19 1. Rule 12(b)(1) 20 Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss requires the Court to first assess whether their Motion 21 asserts a facial or factual attack to subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1). The Court 22 concludes that the attack is facial—that is, based on the allegations in the FAC. 23
24 1 “A Rule 12(b)(1) jurisdictional attack may be facial or factual.” Safe Air for Everyone v. 2 Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing White v. Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir. 3 2000)). “In a facial attack, the challenger asserts that the allegations contained in a complaint are 4 insufficient on their face to invoke federal jurisdiction.” Id. And “[b]y contrast, in a factual
5 attack, the challenger disputes the truth of the allegations that, by themselves, would otherwise 6 invoke federal jurisdiction.” Id. “In resolving a factual attack on jurisdiction, the district court 7 may review evidence beyond the complaint without converting the motion to dismiss into a 8 motion for summary judgment.” Id. “Once the moving party has converted the motion to dismiss 9 into a factual motion by presenting affidavits or other evidence properly brought before the 10 court, the party opposing the motion must furnish affidavits or other evidence necessary to 11 satisfy its burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction.” Savage v. Glendale Union High 12 Sch., 343 F.3d 1036, 1039 n.2 (9th Cir. 2003). But “[j]urisdictional dismissals in cases premised 13 on federal-question jurisdiction are exceptional, and must satisfy the requirements specified in 14 Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 66 S.Ct. 773, 90 L.Ed. 939 (1946).” Sun Valley Gas., Inc. v. Ernst
15 Enters., 711 F.2d 138, 140 (9th Cir. 1983). Under Bell, jurisdictional dismissals are warranted 16 “where the alleged claim under the constitution or federal statutes clearly appears to be 17 immaterial and made solely for the purpose of obtaining federal jurisdiction or where such claim 18 is wholly insubstantial and frivolous.” Bell, 327 U.S. at 682–83. 19 Here, Defendants do not expressly state what sort of jurisdictional attack they make. 20 While Defendants append several items to their Motion to Dismiss, they rely almost exclusively 21 on facial attacks to the FAC. As such, the Court construes the Motion as presenting a facial, not 22 factual challenge to subject matter jurisdiction. In deciding the Motion, the Court accordingly 23
24 1 limits its review to the allegations in the FAC and the pre-suit notices which are incorporated by 2 reference and appended to the FAC. 3 2. Rule 12(b)(6) 4 The Court may dismiss a complaint for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
5 granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “A complaint may fail to show a right of relief either by 6 lacking a cognizable legal theory or by lacking sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal 7 theory.” Woods v. U.S. Bank N.A., 831 F.3d 1159, 1162 (9th Cir. 2016). In ruling on a Rule 8 12(b)(6) motion, the Court must accept all material allegations as true and construe the complaint 9 in the light most favorable to the non-movant. Wyler Summit P’Ship v. Turner Broad. Sys., Inc., 10 135 F.3d 658, 661 (9th Cir. 1998). The complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, 11 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 12 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). 13 B. Clean Water Act Framework 14 To understand the merits of Plaintiff’s claims, the Court reviews the relevant elements of
15 the CWA and its regulations concerning industrial stormwater discharges and the requirements 16 for citizen suits. 17 1. Clean Water Act Protections Against Industrial Stormwater Pollution 18 Congress enacted the Clean Water Act in 1948 to “restore and maintain the chemical, 19 physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.” 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a) (originally 20 codified as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 62 Stat. 1155). To meet these goals, the 21 CWA requires “individuals, corporations, and governments secure National Pollutant Discharge 22 Elimination System (NPDES) permits before discharging pollution from any point source into 23 the navigable waters of the United States.” Decker v. Nw. Env’tl Def. Ctr., 568 U.S. 597, 602
24 1 (2013). “[T]he Act categorically prohibits any discharge of a pollutant from a point source 2 without a permit.” Comm. To Save Mokelumne River v. E. Bay Mun. Util. Dist., 13 F.3d 305, 3 309 (9th Cir. 1993). 4 Stormwater regulation is critical to the CWA because “[s]tormwater runoff is one of the
5 most significant sources of water pollution in the nation, at times comparable to, if not greater 6 than, contamination from industrial and sewage sources.” Env’t Def. Ctr., Inc. v. U.S. E.P.A., 7 344 F.3d 832, 840 (9th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). While some stormwater runoff is exempt 8 from the NPDES permit requirement, “Congress directed the EPA to continue to require permits 9 for stormwater discharges ‘associated with industrial activity.’” Decker, 568 U.S. at 603-04 10 (quoting 33 U.S.C. § 1342(p)(2)(B)). The Ninth Circuit has broadly interpreted the phrase 11 “associated with industrial activity” to require only an “association with any type of industrial 12 activity,”—there is no separate provision requiring “storm water [to] be contaminated or come 13 into direct contact with pollutants.” Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. U.S. E.P.A., 966 F.2d 1292, 14 1304 (9th Cir. 1992); see also Puget Soundkeeper Alliance v. Whitley Mfg. Co., Inc., 145
15 F.Supp.3d 1054, 1057 (W.D. Wash. 2015) (collecting cases and holding that industrial 16 stormwater is itself a pollutant subject to the NPDES permitting requirement). And, as 17 Defendants concede, legacy contamination can constitute industrial stormwater subject to the 18 permitting requirements under the CWA: “If, and only if, a former industrial area has significant 19 materials which are still exposed to stormwater, is a permit required.” (Def. Mot. to Dismiss at 20 19 (citing 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(b)(14)). 21 EPA has also defined “stormwater associated with industrial activities.” The lengthy 22 regulations broadly define “discharges associated with industrial activity” to mean “the discharge 23 from any conveyance that is used for collecting and conveying storm water and that is directly
24 1 related to manufacturing, processing or raw materials storage areas at an industrial plant.” 40 2 C.F.R. § 122.26(b)(14). This includes, “but is not limited to, storm water discharges from 3 industrial plant yards; immediate access roads …; refuse sites; … shipping and receiving areas; 4 … storage areas …; and areas where industrial activity has taken place in the past and significant
5 materials remain and are exposed to storm water.” Id. “[A]reas located on plant lands separate 6 from the plant’s industrial activities, such as office buildings and accompanying parking lots” are 7 excluded, only if “the drainage from the excluded areas is not mixed with storm water drained” 8 from areas specifically included in the industrial stormwater definition. Id. 9 “In Washington, stormwater discharge from industrial facilities is generally permitted 10 under the state’s Industrial Stormwater General Permit (‘ISGP’).” Whitley, 145 F. Supp. 3d at 11 1056. “The ISGP provides standards for prevention, control, and treatment of discharges, 12 imposes sampling and reporting requirements, and specifies escalating corrective actions if a 13 facility’s discharge exceeds certain benchmark levels of contaminants.” Id. 14 2. Citizen Suits under the CWA
15 “The Clean Water Act explicitly allows private citizens to bring enforcement actions 16 against any person alleged to be in violation of federal pollution control requirements.” Ass’n to 17 Protect Hammersley, Eld, & Totten Inlets v. Taylor Res., Inc., 299 F.3d 1007, 1012 (9th Cir. 18 2002). “To establish a violation of the Act’s NPDES requirements, a plaintiff must prove that 19 defendants (1) discharged, i.e., added (2) a pollutant (3) to navigable waters (4) from (5) a point 20 source.” Mokelumne, 13 F.3d at 308. There is no private right of action to enforce the mere 21 failure to obtain a NPDES permit. See Whitley, 145 F. Supp. 3d at 1057. But the CWA allows 22 citizen suits asserting that the defendant has discharged a pollutant into navigable waters from a 23 point source. See Taylor, 299 F.3d at 1012.
24 1 “The Clean Water Act requires citizen plaintiffs to notify alleged violators of their intent 2 to sue at least sixty days before filing a complaint.” Waterkeepers N. California v. AG Indus. 3 Mfg., Inc., 375 F.3d 913, 916 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing 33 U.S.C. § 1365(b)(1)(A)). The letter must 4 contain “sufficient information to permit the recipient to identify the specific standard, limitation,
5 or order alleged to have been violated, the activity alleged to constitute a violation, ... [and] the 6 date or dates of such violation.” 40 C.F.R. § 135.3(a). “Although the Act’s notice requirement is 7 strictly construed, plaintiffs are not required to list every specific aspect or detail of every alleged 8 violation.” Waterkeepers, 375 F.3d at 917 (citation and quotation omitted). “Notice is sufficient 9 if it is specific enough to give the accused company the opportunity to correct the problem.” San 10 Francisco BayKeeper, Inc. v. Tosco Corp., 309 F.3d 1153, 1158 (9th Cir. 2002) (citation and 11 quotation omitted). This requires only “reasonable specificity.” See id. “A reviewing court may 12 examine both the notice itself and the behavior of its recipients to determine whether they 13 understood or reasonably should have understood the alleged violations.” Klamath-Siskiyou 14 Wildlands Ctr. v. MacWhorter, 797 F.3d 645, 651 (9th Cir. 2015).
15 C. Plaintiff has Stated a Claim under the Clean Water Act 16 Having reviewed the FAC and the pre-suit notices, the Court finds that Plaintiff has 17 plausibly stated a claim for relief. 18 First, Plaintiff has identified the discharge of a “pollutant” covered by the CWA. The 19 FAC and pre-suit notices specify that the stormwater at issue is “associated with industrial 20 activity.” See 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(b)(14). Plaintiff adequately alleges that Defendants Hos 21 Brothers, M&R, and Flatiron’s timber, mining, and/or construction activities fall within the 22 regulatory definitions of 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(b)(14). (FAC ¶¶ 31-33.) Plaintiff has also plausibly 23 alleged that Dirtfish’s activities fall within 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(b)(14)(x), given the allegations in
24 1 the notice that Dirtfish’s construction activities are part of a common plan of development that 2 will ultimately disturb more than five acres. (Dkt. No. 28-1 at 2-3.) The discharges of wastewater 3 associated with these industrial activities qualify as “pollutants” without further allegations as to 4 the specific composition of the industrial stormwater. See Nat. Res. Def. Council, 966 F.2d at
5 1304; Whitley, 145 F. Supp. 3d at 1057. And while Plaintiff has not measured specific 6 discharges, it has alleged that discharges from Defendants’ industrial activities occur when there 7 is at least 0.1 inch of precipitation and it identifies the days on which the measured precipitation 8 has met or exceeded this threshold. (See FAC ¶ 34; see, e.g., Dkt. No. 28-1 at 24-84.) Plaintiff 9 has also identified various legacy pollutants that exist on the site that are likely to be contained in 10 the stormwater discharged at the same precipitation levels. (FAC ¶¶ 24-34; see Dkt. No. 28-2 at 11 2, 10 – 17; Dkt. No. 28-3 at 2, 10 – 17; Dkt. No 28-4 at 2, 10 - 17.) As Defendants concede, 12 those sorts of discharges are subject to the NPDES permit requirements. (Def. Mot. to Dismiss at 13 19.) These allegations satisfy the requirement to show discharges of pollutants from industrial 14 wastewater that require permit coverage.
15 Defendants incorrectly argue that industrial wastewater is not a pollutant, citing for 16 support the decision in Ecological Rights Found. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 713 F.3d 502 (9th Cir. 17 2013). But in that case, among other reasons, the plaintiff failed to state a claim because the 18 discharge of chemicals from utility poles did not fit within the regulatory definition of 19 “associated with industrial activity.” Id. at 511-14. The opinion does not announce a general rule 20 that industrial wastewater is not a pollutant. And the case also presented a unique factual 21 scenario which strained the application of the term “associated with industrial activities” to 22 utility poles. That is a far cry from the factual allegations here, where Plaintiff has sufficiently 23 alleged that the industrial activities and legacy industrial contamination, unlike utility poles, fits
24 1 well within the regulatory provisions for stormwater associated with industrial activities. See 40 2 C.F.R. § 122.26(b)(14). Defendants’ argument also contradicts their own concession that legacy 3 industrial contamination can be subject to the permitting requirements for industrial wastewater 4 under 40 C.F.R. § 122.26(b)(14). (See Def. Mot. to Dismiss at 18.) Defendants have failed to
5 identify any basis for the Court to conclude that the alleged discharges of industrial wastewater 6 fall outside of the CWA’s permitting requirements. 7 Second, Plaintiff has identified that the discharges of industrial wastewater occur through 8 point sources to navigable waters. The pre-suit notices and FAC explain that the U.S. Army 9 Corps of Engineers has found the network of drainage and channels to be streams and wetlands 10 of the United States, and Plaintiff alleges that this network is also a point source that drains into 11 the Snoqualmie River and Borst Lake. (FAC ¶¶ 34-37; see Dkt. Nos. 28-1, 28-2, 28-3, 28-4.) 12 These allegations sufficiently describe the features and activities that cause industrial stormwater 13 discharges to occur through point sources into navigable waters. Mokelumne, 13 F.3d at 308 14 Third, Plaintiff’s pre-suit notices were adequate to inform Defendants of the alleged
15 CWA violations. The notices are detailed as to each defendant and they explain the basis for the 16 claims. And the notices’ adequacy is evident in Defendants’ post-notice decision to apply for 17 stormwater coverage for a portion of the Mill Site. See Klamath-Sikskiyou, 797 F.3d at 651. 18 Defendants make two additional arguments the Court briefly addresses. First, Defendants 19 argue that Plaintiff is improperly attacking events more than 5 years old. But this ignores the 20 FAC’s allegations that are limited to current activities and discharges within 5 years of the filing 21 of the initial complaint. Second, Defendants argue that the construction activities Dirtfish has 22 engaged in have now ceased, making the claim moot. Given that Defendants’ Motion presents a 23 facial challenge, the Court’s review is limited to the pleadings. Safe Air, 373 F.3d at 1039.
24 1 Defendants’ argument improperly asks the Court to look beyond the allegations in the FAC and 2 resolve disputed factual issues that also do not concern subject matter jurisdiction. This argument 3 is premature and inappropriate at this stage of the proceedings. 4 Having considered Defendants’ arguments and the pleadings, the Court DENIES the
5 Motion to Dismiss. 6 D. Motion for Leave 7 In order to assert new claims against Snoqualmie Venture Mills related to the ISGP 8 permit it has now obtained, Plaintiff asks the Court for three forms of relief: (1) leave to file an 9 amended pleading after the deadline; (2) leave to file a “supplemental” complaint; and (3) a new 10 case schedule to be proposed by the Parties. The Court finds the requested relief appropriate and 11 GRANTS the Motion. 12 1. Relief from the Amended Pleading Deadline 13 Plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating good cause under Rule 16(b) to obtain relief 14 from the amended pleading deadline which expired on June 21, 2021. See Johnson v. Mammoth
15 Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 608 (9th Cir. 1992). 16 To obtain an amendment to a scheduling order, the movant must demonstrate good cause. 17 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4). “Rule 16(b)’s ‘good cause’ standard primarily considers the 18 diligence of the party seeking the amendment.” Johnson, 975 F.2d at 609. “The district court 19 may modify the pretrial schedule ‘if it cannot reasonably be met despite the diligence of the party 20 seeking the extension.’” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 16 Adv. Comm. Notes (1983 amendment). 21 “If the party seeking the modification was not diligent, the inquiry should end and the motion to 22 modify should not be granted.” Zivkovic v. S. Cal. Edison Co., 302 F.3d 1080, 1087 (9th Cir. 23 2002). “Prejudice to the non-moving party, while not required under Rule 16(b)’s good cause
24 1 assessment, can serve as an additional reason to deny a motion[.]” Coleman v. Quaker Oats Co., 2 232 F.3d 1271, 1294 (9th Cir. 2000). 3 Plaintiff has demonstrated good cause to modify the case schedule to allow an extension 4 to the amended pleading deadline. Plaintiff argues that the primary thrust of its additional claims
5 is that the stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) does not comply with the ISGP permit. 6 The SWPPP was prepared on June 4, 2021, 17 days before the amended pleading deadline. 7 According to counsel for Plaintiff, it did not receive a copy of the SWPPP despite Defendants’ 8 promise to provide it upon its completion. (See Declaration of Marc Zemel ¶ 5 (Dkt. Nos. 54, 55- 9 2).) Defendants did not provide a copy until July 15, 2021, two weeks after Plaintiff separately 10 demanded a copy. (Id.) Five days after receipt, Plaintiff then served its 60-day notice of intent to 11 sue and then moved for leave to file a new complaint on August 4, 2021. Defendants suggest that 12 Plaintiff should have acted faster to obtain a copy of the SWPPP, but they do not aver that the 13 document was publicly-available, and they do not explain why they did not provided it to 14 Plaintiff as promised. The Court finds that the delay in seeking to amend the complaint is not
15 unreasonable and that Defendants have failed to show a lack of diligence. And Defendants have 16 not identified any prejudice that might flow from altering the amended pleading deadline. The 17 Court therefore GRANTS Plaintiff’s request to amend the amended pleading deadline. 18 2. Leave to File an Amended Pleading 19 Under Rule 15(a)(2), leave to amend “shall be freely given when justice so requires.” 20 “This policy is ‘to be applied with extreme liberality.’” Eminence Cap., LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 21 316 F.3d 1048, 1051 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Owens v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan, Inc., 244 22 F.3d 708, 712 (9th Cir. 2001)). The Court should grant leave “[i]n the absence of any apparent or 23 declared reason—such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant,
24 1 repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the 2 opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment, etc.” Foman v. 3 Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). But “[n]ot all factors merit equal weight”—“[p]rejudice is the 4 touchstone of the inquiry under rule 15(a).” Eminence, 316 F.3d at 1052 (citation and quotation
5 omitted). “Absent prejudice, or a strong showing of any of the remaining Foman factors, there 6 exists a presumption under Rule 15(a) in favor of granting leave to amend.” Id. 7 All of the Foman factors support amendment. First, as the Court has already discussed 8 above, there is no evidence of undue delay. Second, there is no evidence of bad faith. Third, 9 Defendants have failed to identify any prejudice if the amended pleading is permitted. As 10 Plaintiff notes, it could simply file a new complaint against Snoqualmie Mill Venture, meaning 11 that Snoqualmie Mill Venture faces no specific prejudice from having these new allegations 12 addressed in this ongoing matter rather than a new proceeding. The Court agrees. Allowing the 13 amendment will also avoid any unnecessary burden on the Court to wade through any dispute 14 over consolidation. Fourth, Defendants have not convinced the Court that the proposed
15 amendment is futile. Defendants are correct that an amended pleading cannot be filed before 16 September 18, 2021—anything earlier would violate the jurisdictional requirement of the 60-day 17 pre-suit notice. To address this legitimate concern, the Court will allow Plaintiff to file a second 18 amended complaint only after the expiration of the 60-day notice and only after Plaintiff 19 considers any responses to the notices. Defendants also argue that an amended complaint would 20 be futile given the arguments raised in its Motion to Dismiss. But as explained above, the Court 21 rejects those arguments and finds the initial claims are adequately pleaded. The Court will, of 22 course, address any new arguments Defendants may pursue in attacking the new allegations 23 against Snoqualmie Mill Ventures should it seek dismissal of the new claims contained in the
24 1 second amended complaint. Having considered the Foman factors, the Court GRANTS the 2 request to file a second amended complaint, but only after the expiration of the 60-day notice and 3 only after Plaintiff considers any responses to the notices. 4 3. New Case Schedule
5 The Court also agrees with Plaintiff that the Parties should meet and confer to discuss a 6 new case schedule in light of this Order. While the Court set a shorter case schedule than the 7 Parties proposed, the developments presented by Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend require a re- 8 evaluation of the current case schedule. The Court therefore ORDERS the Parties to meet and 9 confer within 7 days of entry of this Order to discuss what changes they wish to propose to the 10 current case schedule and trial date. Within 14 days of entry of this Order, the Parties must file a 11 joint status report to provide the Court with their respective positions as to the case schedule and 12 trial date. The Court encourages the Parties to work cooperatively to propose a new schedule. 13 CONCLUSION 14 Plaintiff’s FAC presents sufficient allegations that Defendants have violated the CWA
15 through unpermitted discharges of industrial stormwater into the navigable waters of the United 16 States. The Court remains unconvinced by any of Defendants’ arguments that dismissal is 17 appropriate, and it DENIES the Motion to Dismiss. 18 The Court agrees with Plaintiff that it should be permitted to amend its complaint to add 19 its allegations concerning the newly-obtained permit and the SWPPP. The Court finds good 20 cause to extend the amended pleading deadline under Rule 16. And the Court finds that the 21 proposed amended complaint conforms to the considerations of Rule 15 and Foman. The Court 22 therefore GRANTS the Motion for Leave to Amend. Plaintiff shall be permitted to file a second 23 amended complaint after expiration of the 60-day notice period. The Court also ORDERS the
24 1 Parties to meet and confer within 7 days of entry of this Order and to file a joint status report 2 within 14 days of entry of this Order to provide their respective positions on whether the Court 3 should alter any case deadlines and the trial date. 4 The clerk is ordered to provide copies of this order to all counsel.
5 Dated September 21, 2021. A 6 7 Marsha J. Pechman United States Senior District Judge 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24