Washington v. State

152 S.W.3d 209, 2004 WL 2866979
Court of Appeals of Texas·Decided December 14, 2004·No. 07-03-0122-CR·Published·Cited by 56 cases

Opinion

152 S.W.3d 209 (2004)

Daryl M. WASHINGTON, Appellant,
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee.

No. 07-03-0122-CR.

Court of Appeals of Texas, Amarillo.

December 14, 2004.

*211 Paul E. Mansur, Denver City, for Appellant.

Wade Jackson, Asst. Crim. Dist. Atty., Lubbock, for Appellee.

Before QUINN, REAVIS, and CAMPBELL, JJ.

Opinion

BRIAN QUINN, Justice.

Appellant Daryl M. Washington, a previously convicted felon, appeals his conviction for unlawfully possessing a firearm. He complains, through nine issues, of charge error, ineffective assistance of counsel, and the failure to grant his motion to suppress. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Background

On August 22, 2001, former Officer Ron McGlone and Lieutenant Billy Timms, of the Slaton Police Department, responded to a complaint from the manager of the Housing Authority about several persons smoking marijuana outside of a residence.[1] When the officers arrived, no one was seen in front of the house. So the officers drove towards the back through an alley, saw individuals in the backyard, exited their vehicle, saw an opening in the fence and approached the group. While doing so, they noticed that one or more of the individuals appeared nervous. Also noticed was a partially smoked marijuana cigarette laying on a window sill, appellant standing closest to the cigarette, and a bulge in appellant's right front pocket. When initially asked what was in his pocket, appellant failed to respond. Then, an officer touched the bulge and asked again. Appellant replied that it was a handgun.

At trial, appellant argued that the gun belonged to his grandfather who was visiting due to the death of appellant's aunt. His grandfather allegedly had a fascination with guns and was also suffering from dementia. Appellant allegedly picked up the gun because he saw it laying on a coffee table, knew that his mother's grandchildren would be home from school soon, and was worried that they would come upon it.

Issues 1, 2, 3, and4 — Charge Error

In his first four issues, appellant complains that the trial court erred in instructing the jury about the defense of necessity. That is, when including the defense in the charge, the trial court stated that appellant had the burden to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he acted out of necessity. Though no one objected to that aspect of the charge, the State nonetheless concedes on appeal that the instruction was erroneous. See Stefanoff v. State, 78 S.W.3d 496, 500 (Tex.App.-Austin 2002, pet. ref'd) (holding that necessity is a statutory defense, and if the defendant presents some evidence on each element of the defense, then the burden shifts to the State to disprove the defense beyond a reasonable doubt). However, it further argues that because no one objected, the mistake cannot result in reversal unless it caused appellant to suffer egregious harm. See Degrate v. State, 86 S.W.3d 751, 754 (Tex.App.-Waco 2002, pet. ref'd) (describing egregious harm as that which affects the very basis of the case, *212 deprives the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory). We agree with the State and overrule the issue.

It is a defense to prosecution that the conduct in question was justified. Tex. Pen.Code Ann. § 9.02 (Vernon 2003). Additionally, conduct is justified when the actor reasonably believes that it is immediately necessary to avoid imminent harm. Id. § 9.22(1). Next, for the harm to be imminent it must be impending, not pending; that is, it must be on the "point of happening, not about to happen." Smith v. State, 874 S.W.2d 269, 272-73 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, pet. ref'd). There must exist an emergency situation requiring immediate action or a split second decision to avoid the harm. Id.; accord, Stefanoff v. State, 78 S.W.3d at 501. And, whether the situation is of that ilk is determined from the standpoint of the accused. Pennington v. State, 54 S.W.3d 852, 857 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref'd); Gonzales v. State, 2 S.W.3d 600, 605 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1999, pet. ref'd). Yet, the defendant's belief that his conduct was immediately necessary may be deemed unreasonable as a matter of law if the undisputed facts demonstrate a complete absence of immediate necessity or imminent harm. Arnwine v. State, 20 S.W.3d 155, 159 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2000, no pet.); Brazelton v. State, 947 S.W.2d 644, 648-49 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1997, no pet.).

Appellant alleges that the record contained sufficient evidence to warrant the charge on necessity because children lived in the home and were to return home from school "any minute." Because they often brought friends home with them, he perceived the need to remove the gun from their reach to avoid potential injury. Yet, nothing in the record suggests, much less illustrates, that any of the children were home or in the house at the time appellant saw the weapon. Nor is there evidence suggesting that appellant thought that any children were at home. Again, he simply believed that they would be arriving "at any minute."[2]

We hold, as a matter of law, that this evidence, when viewed in a light most favorable to appellant and from his perspective, does not indicate that there existed some harm that was on the point of occurring and which necessitated a split second decision. Nor does it arise to a level of something about to happen for several contingencies had yet to transpire. Not only was there a need for a child to arrive home, but also the gun had to have remained at its location and the child had to have ventured into the room wherein it lay and perceived it. Given these contingencies, the evidence permits one to reasonably infer no more than that appellant feared the possibility of or potential for harm and acted in response thereto. That, however, falls short of the imminency contemplated under the defense of necessity. See Garcia v. State, 972 S.W.2d 848, 849 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 1998, no pet.) (holding that fear induced by one's presence in a high crime area is not sufficient evidence of an immediate necessity to avoid imminent harm so as to justify unlawfully carrying a handgun). Consequently, no evidence existed to entitle appellant to an instruction on the defense in the first *213 place. And, because he was not entitled to such an instruction, we cannot say that he was egregiously harmed when the trial court told the jury that he had the burden of proving the defense.[3]

Issues 5 and 6 — Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In his fifth and sixth issues, appellant asserts that his counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the misstatement in the jury charge about which we discussed in the first four issues. Yet, having determined that appellant was not entitled to the charge, we cannot say that his attorney erred in failing to object to its wording. See Young v. State, 991 S.W.2d 835, 839 (Tex.

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Washington v. State, 152 S.W.3d 209, 2004 WL 2866979 (Tex. Ct. App. 2004).

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