Mr. Chief Justice Alvey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This action is one founded upon the alleged negligence of the defendant, The Washington and Georgetown Railroad Company, producing an injury to the female plaintiff, Lavinia Patterson. It is alleged, and shown in proof, that the female plaintiff was a passenger upon the street railroad car of the defendant, and that the injury complained of was received while she was such passenger. And the only real question of fact for the jury was, whether the injury complained of was occasioned by the negligence of the defendant, or by that of the plaintiff herself. The inquiry was very fully submitted to the jury upon instructions that covered the whole case, and every aspect of it, and the instructions granted at the instance of the defendant were very liberal to the defence. Indeed, upon a close analysis of some of the instructions given, it might be reasonably questioned whether they were not more liberal than the defendant had a right to receive, in view of the whole evidence of the case.
At the close of the evidence, the plaintiff asked for two instructions to the j ury, which were given by the court. The first of these stated the hypothesis of fact upon which the plaintiffs were entitled to recover; and the second related to the elements to be considered, and the measure of damages that the jury might allow, if they found for the plaintiffs. And, on the part of the defendant, there were eighteen prayers propounded, of which number twelve were granted, and six [432]*432refused. To the refusal of these latter six prayers, and to the granting of the two instructions on the part of the plaintiffs, the defendant excepted; and it also excepted to the refusal to grant certain motions made for direction to the jury to find for the defendant, at the close of the plaintiff’s evidence, because of supposed variance.
On the exceptions taken, the defendant assigned the following as errors in this court:
1. In overruling motions of the defendant at the close of the plaintiff’s case, and refusing defendant’s prayers numbered 9, 10, and 11, and granting the first prayer of the plaintiffs—all of which having reference to the subject of variance between the allegations and proofs.
2. In refusing the first, second, and twelfth prayers of the defendant, and in granting the plaintiffs’ second prayer, thereby permitting the jury to assess damages for a period not covered by the declaration; and,
3. In refusing to withdraw a juror and continue the case, because of the improper remarks made by one of the counsel for the plaintiffs in his closing argument to the jury.
1. The first assignment of errors has reference to a question made by the prayers therein referred to, as to whether the female plaintiff was a passenger on the car of the defendant, as alleged in the declaration, at the time of the injury received. The declaration alleges that the defendant had received the plaintiff on its car as a passenger, and this allegation is fully supported by the evidence in the case, if believed by the jury, as it must have been to have enabled them to find the verdict for the plaintiffs. The defendant is a common carrier of passengers, and the female plaintiff was entitled to be carried as a passenger, if there was room in the car for the purpose. The car had stopped to receive passengers, and the plaintiff was one of those who had obtained a ticket of transfer from another car, and which entitled her to ride on the defendant’s car, and she was entitled to a reasonable time and a fair opportunity to enter the car with [433]*433safety. The proof by the plaintiff, and several others, is to the effect that she had, with others, approached the car, then standing to receive passengers, and she had one foot on the running board of the car, which was an open summer car, and had taken hold of an upright or stanchion and was in the act of raising herself to a seat, when by a sudden start or jerk of the car she was thrown backwards from the car to the pavement, and was injured. This is according to the proof by the plaintiff herself, and of other witnesses who were present and saw the occurrence; and such facts, if found by the jury as required by the plaintiff’s first prayer, placed the female plaintiff in the position of a passenger and entitled her to the protection of a passenger on the car. Such facts brought the case within the terms of the declaration, and the facts were fully and clearly submitted to the jury by the first instruction given at the instance of the plaintiffs, as also the question of the exercise of due care by the plaintiff in boarding the car. There was, therefore, no error in granting the first prayer of the plaintiffs. Nor was there any error in refusing to direct a verdict for the defendant on the motions and prayers addressed to the court for that purpose upon the supposed ground of variance, and which motions and prayers are referred to in the first assignment of error. There was no variance between the allegations and proof.
2. The second assignment of error presents the question whether, on the allegations made in the declaration, the right to recover damages for the injury sustained was restricted to the time of bringing the suit ?
3. The declaration, after alleging the manner in which the injury was sustained by the female plaintiff, proceeds to declare that “she was greatly bruised, wounded, and permanently injured, and also by means of the premises the said plaintiff became and was sick, sore, lame and disordered, and her spine was permanently injured, and her nervous system greatly and permanently impaired, and she, the said female plaintiff, so remained and continued for a long space [434]*434of time, to wit, from the 15th day of July, A. D. 1891, to the time of bringing this suit,” etc.
It is contended by the defendant that the laying of the time of the pain and suffering of the plaintiff from the injury received under a videlicet, or a to wit, to the time of suit brought, restricts the right to recover damages to the time of bringing the suit, notwithstanding the proof and the character of the injury itself may have shown that the effect and natural consequences of the injury extended to a much longer period than to the time of bringing the and may be of permanent duration. Here, as will be observed, the injury complained of is expressly alleged to be permanent, though afterwards alleged, under a to wit, to continue to the time of bringing the suit. It is plain, however, upon well established authority, that this latter allegation is simply nugatory as being contrary to and inconsistent with what precedes it. This is the principle laid down in the the leading cases upon the subject. In Dakin’s Case, 2 Wms. Saund. 2906, it was held, that if what comes under a scilicet be contrary to the preceding matter it is void. . And Mr. Sergt. Williams, in note (1) to that case, in stating the ruling in Stukeld v. Butler, Hob. 175, says, that the natural and proper use of a videlicet, according to Lord Hobart, “is to particularize that which is general before, and to ■explain that which is indifferent, doubtful or obscure; but it must neither be' contrary to the premises, nor increase nor diminish the precedent matter; and therefore if a man seized in fee of black acre, white acre, and green acre, in D, should grant all his lands in D, that is to say, black acre and white acre, yet green acre shall also pass by the grant; but if lands lying out of I) are added under the
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Mr. Chief Justice Alvey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This action is one founded upon the alleged negligence of the defendant, The Washington and Georgetown Railroad Company, producing an injury to the female plaintiff, Lavinia Patterson. It is alleged, and shown in proof, that the female plaintiff was a passenger upon the street railroad car of the defendant, and that the injury complained of was received while she was such passenger. And the only real question of fact for the jury was, whether the injury complained of was occasioned by the negligence of the defendant, or by that of the plaintiff herself. The inquiry was very fully submitted to the jury upon instructions that covered the whole case, and every aspect of it, and the instructions granted at the instance of the defendant were very liberal to the defence. Indeed, upon a close analysis of some of the instructions given, it might be reasonably questioned whether they were not more liberal than the defendant had a right to receive, in view of the whole evidence of the case.
At the close of the evidence, the plaintiff asked for two instructions to the j ury, which were given by the court. The first of these stated the hypothesis of fact upon which the plaintiffs were entitled to recover; and the second related to the elements to be considered, and the measure of damages that the jury might allow, if they found for the plaintiffs. And, on the part of the defendant, there were eighteen prayers propounded, of which number twelve were granted, and six [432]*432refused. To the refusal of these latter six prayers, and to the granting of the two instructions on the part of the plaintiffs, the defendant excepted; and it also excepted to the refusal to grant certain motions made for direction to the jury to find for the defendant, at the close of the plaintiff’s evidence, because of supposed variance.
On the exceptions taken, the defendant assigned the following as errors in this court:
1. In overruling motions of the defendant at the close of the plaintiff’s case, and refusing defendant’s prayers numbered 9, 10, and 11, and granting the first prayer of the plaintiffs—all of which having reference to the subject of variance between the allegations and proofs.
2. In refusing the first, second, and twelfth prayers of the defendant, and in granting the plaintiffs’ second prayer, thereby permitting the jury to assess damages for a period not covered by the declaration; and,
3. In refusing to withdraw a juror and continue the case, because of the improper remarks made by one of the counsel for the plaintiffs in his closing argument to the jury.
1. The first assignment of errors has reference to a question made by the prayers therein referred to, as to whether the female plaintiff was a passenger on the car of the defendant, as alleged in the declaration, at the time of the injury received. The declaration alleges that the defendant had received the plaintiff on its car as a passenger, and this allegation is fully supported by the evidence in the case, if believed by the jury, as it must have been to have enabled them to find the verdict for the plaintiffs. The defendant is a common carrier of passengers, and the female plaintiff was entitled to be carried as a passenger, if there was room in the car for the purpose. The car had stopped to receive passengers, and the plaintiff was one of those who had obtained a ticket of transfer from another car, and which entitled her to ride on the defendant’s car, and she was entitled to a reasonable time and a fair opportunity to enter the car with [433]*433safety. The proof by the plaintiff, and several others, is to the effect that she had, with others, approached the car, then standing to receive passengers, and she had one foot on the running board of the car, which was an open summer car, and had taken hold of an upright or stanchion and was in the act of raising herself to a seat, when by a sudden start or jerk of the car she was thrown backwards from the car to the pavement, and was injured. This is according to the proof by the plaintiff herself, and of other witnesses who were present and saw the occurrence; and such facts, if found by the jury as required by the plaintiff’s first prayer, placed the female plaintiff in the position of a passenger and entitled her to the protection of a passenger on the car. Such facts brought the case within the terms of the declaration, and the facts were fully and clearly submitted to the jury by the first instruction given at the instance of the plaintiffs, as also the question of the exercise of due care by the plaintiff in boarding the car. There was, therefore, no error in granting the first prayer of the plaintiffs. Nor was there any error in refusing to direct a verdict for the defendant on the motions and prayers addressed to the court for that purpose upon the supposed ground of variance, and which motions and prayers are referred to in the first assignment of error. There was no variance between the allegations and proof.
2. The second assignment of error presents the question whether, on the allegations made in the declaration, the right to recover damages for the injury sustained was restricted to the time of bringing the suit ?
3. The declaration, after alleging the manner in which the injury was sustained by the female plaintiff, proceeds to declare that “she was greatly bruised, wounded, and permanently injured, and also by means of the premises the said plaintiff became and was sick, sore, lame and disordered, and her spine was permanently injured, and her nervous system greatly and permanently impaired, and she, the said female plaintiff, so remained and continued for a long space [434]*434of time, to wit, from the 15th day of July, A. D. 1891, to the time of bringing this suit,” etc.
It is contended by the defendant that the laying of the time of the pain and suffering of the plaintiff from the injury received under a videlicet, or a to wit, to the time of suit brought, restricts the right to recover damages to the time of bringing the suit, notwithstanding the proof and the character of the injury itself may have shown that the effect and natural consequences of the injury extended to a much longer period than to the time of bringing the and may be of permanent duration. Here, as will be observed, the injury complained of is expressly alleged to be permanent, though afterwards alleged, under a to wit, to continue to the time of bringing the suit. It is plain, however, upon well established authority, that this latter allegation is simply nugatory as being contrary to and inconsistent with what precedes it. This is the principle laid down in the the leading cases upon the subject. In Dakin’s Case, 2 Wms. Saund. 2906, it was held, that if what comes under a scilicet be contrary to the preceding matter it is void. . And Mr. Sergt. Williams, in note (1) to that case, in stating the ruling in Stukeld v. Butler, Hob. 175, says, that the natural and proper use of a videlicet, according to Lord Hobart, “is to particularize that which is general before, and to ■explain that which is indifferent, doubtful or obscure; but it must neither be' contrary to the premises, nor increase nor diminish the precedent matter; and therefore if a man seized in fee of black acre, white acre, and green acre, in D, should grant all his lands in D, that is to say, black acre and white acre, yet green acre shall also pass by the grant; but if lands lying out of I) are added under the scilicet, they will not pass. So a videlicet may sometimes restrain the generality of the former words, where they are not express and special, but stand indifferent so as to be capable of being restrained without apparent injury to them; as if lands be granted to [435]*435a man and his heirs, that is to say, the heirs of his body, it is an estate tail.”
This principle is well illustrated in the case of Wyatt v. Aland, 1 Salk. 325; S. C. 2 Ld. Raym. 977, where it was said by Lord Chief Justice Holt, that “ where a matter is nonsense by being contradictory and repugnant to something precedent, then the precedent matter which is sense shall not be defeated by the repugnancy which follows, but that which is contradictory shall be rejected; as in ejectment where the declaration is of a demise the second of January, and that the defendant postea, soil, the first of January, ejected him. Here the scilicet may be rejected as being expressly contrary to the postea and the precedent matter.”
The allegation that the injury was permanent has nothing doubtful or obscure about it. The meaning of the word “ permanent,” according to lexicographers, is, “ continuing in the same state, or without any change that destroys form or character; remaining unaltered or unremoved; abiding; durable; fixed; stable; lasting; as a permanent impression. Syn.—Lasting; durable; constant.” Webster’s Dictionary.
In the case of Hodsoll v. Stallebrass, 11 Adol. & El. 301, the action was for tort for wounding the plaintiff’s servant, whereby the latter was disabled from serving the master, and it was held that the jury might properly give damages for the loss of service not only before action brought, but afterwards, down to the time when, as it appeared in evidence, the disability might be expected to cease. And it was further held, that the declaration for such injury stating the servant to have been permanently crippled, was supported by evidence that the injured part was still disabled and likely to remain so, but, with care, might be restored in time. In that case, it was insisted for the defendant, that, under the declaration, the damage after action brought should not have been left to the jury. But that contention [436]*436was not sustained by the court. Mr. Justice Littledale, in delivering his judgment, said: “There is no ground for this application. The allegation of permanent damage in the declaration was not negatived. It was satisfied if the plaintiff gave proof of an injury likely to last six months; as a party may allege a total loss, and recover for a partial one. Then, as to the estimate of damages; they might be given prospectively, because the damage arose from the injury done at the time specified in the declaration. The damage so arising was not the sole cause of action; the injury and the damage together were the cause.”
Mr. Justice Coleridge, in his opinion, said: “Mr. Erie does not deny that, if the action had been for an injury to the master’s own person, he might have recovered for future damages. In that case the allegation of permanent injury would have been borne out by the evidence here given; and there is no material distinction between such a case and the present. The argument here, that the complainant is grounded, not on the act, but on the resulting damage, is a fallacy. The action is for the two united.” Lord Chief Justice Denman was of the same opinion.
It is now a well settled principle of the law both in this country and in England, that in actions for personal injuries, the plaintiff is entitled to recover compensation, as far as it is susceptible of an estimate in money, for the loss and damage caused him or her by the defendant’s negligence, including not only expenses incurred for medical attendance, and a reasonable sum for his or her pain and suffering, but also a fair recompense for the loss of what he or she would otherwise have earned in his or her trade or business, and has been deprived of the capacity of earning by the wrongful act of the defendant. Vicksburg, &c., R. Co. v. Putnam, 118 U. S. 545, 554, and cases there cited.
The second instruction granted at the "instance of the plaintiffs, as to the measure of damages, is fully within the [437]*437principle just stated, and as we have shown, the plaintiff was clearly entitled, under the terms of the declaration, to recover as for permanent injury, if the jury found that she had sustained such injury. And as to the first, second, and twelfth prayers of the defendant, which sought to restrict plaintiff’s right to recover damages to the time of bringing the suit, they were clearly erroneous, and the court rightfully rejected them.
3. The third error assigned relates to remarks indulged in by counsel for the plaintiffs during the closing argument to the jury, supposed to be calculated to inflame or unduly influence the minds of the jurors to the prejudice of the defendant. It is true the remarks of counsel objected to, as stated in the bill of exception, were entirely without justification or warrant by any evidence submitted to the jury for their consideration, and were of a character that might have a tendency to excite prejudice in the minds of some jurors; and hence were improper; and the court was right in requiring them to be withdrawn, and in instructing the jury to disregard them. To declare in argument, of opposing counsel, that they were “ hired by this rich corporation [meaning the defendant] to defeat every claim that is brought against them,” is quite unallowable in what ought to be the orderly and dispassionate trial of a cause in a court of justice, and it becomes the duty of the court, whenever such remarks are made, to interpose to prevent any possible influence that they might have upon the minds of the jurors. Butin this case the remarks objected to seem to have been by way of retort made in reply to some out of the way remarks of counsel for the defendant; and when the remarks of plaintiff’s counsel were objected to and brought to the attention of the court, they were at once withdrawn, and the court in explicit terms admonished the jury that they were to pay no heed to the remarks objected to, and not allow them in any manner to affect their minds. [438]*438This having been done, we think there was no ground for exception. Railroad Co. v. Dashiell, 7 App. D. C. 507. The case does not fall within the reason or principle of the case of Waldron v. Waldron, 156 U. S. 361, relied on by the appellant.
The case appears to have been fairly-tried, and we find no ground for reversal. The judgment must, therefore, be affirmed; and it is so ordered.
Judgment affirmed.