Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-11940 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-03917-RWS-CMS
WASEEM DAKER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
CATHELENE TINA ROBINSON, Clerk, EMMA LUCIER, Deputy Clerk, R. WARE, Deputy Clerk, Fulton County Superior Court, GAIL S. TUSAN, Chief Judge, WENDY L. SHOOB, Deputy, Chief Judge, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees. Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 2 of 8
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________ (February 19, 2020)
Before ROSENBAUM, LAGOA, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Waseem Daker is “a Georgia prisoner serving a life sentence for murder” and
a “serial litigant who has clogged the federal courts with frivolous litigation” by
“submit[ting] over a thousand pro se filings in over a hundred actions and appeals in
at least nine different federal courts.” Daker v. Comm’r, Ga. Dep’t of Corr., 820
F.3d 1278, 1281 (11th Cir. 2016) (“Daker v. Commissioner”). In this action, Daker
appeals the district court’s sua sponte dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil-rights
complaint, filed in September 2016, alleging claims against various state-court
judges and clerks for mishandling many of his state cases, including a petition to
compel state prison officials to use sanitized and properly maintained clippers when
shaving prisoners. Daker requested permission to proceed in forma pauperis
(“IFP”). The district court denied that request and dismissed Daker’s complaint
2 Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 3 of 8
under the “three-strikes” provision of the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”),
28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). 1
On appeal, Daker contends that the district court erred in determining he had
at least three strikes under the PLRA. He also argues that the “three-strikes”
provision is unconstitutional because it violates the First Amendment’s “breathing
space” principle and a prisoner’s rights to equal protection and access the courts.
After careful review, we affirm.
I.
We review de novo interpretations of § 1915, including the determination of
whether a previous lawsuit counts as a strike. Daker v. Commissioner, 820 F.3d at
1283. Section 1915(g) reads,
In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action or proceeding under this section if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury.
28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
In Daker v. Commissioner, we explained that, under § 1915(g), the “only
grounds that can render a dismissal a strike” are the three grounds enumerated in the
1 Alternatively, the district court dismissed the case because it concluded that Daker was not actually indigent. Because we affirm the district court on the three-strikes bar, we need not address the district court’s alternative holding.
3 Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 4 of 8
statute: that it was “frivolous,” “malicious,” or “fails to state a claim upon which
relief may be granted.” 820 F.3d at 1283–84 (emphasis in original). Therefore,
dismissals for lack of jurisdiction or want of prosecution, without more, cannot count
as strikes. Id. at 1284. Instead, to count as a strike, the dismissing court must make
“some express statement” to the effect that the dismissal was based on one of the
three enumerated grounds. Id. We further explained that “[a] dismissal for want of
prosecution, even after the denial of a petition to proceed [IFP on appeal] on the
grounds of frivolousness, cannot be a strike” because IFP petitions are decided by a
single judge, and a single judge may not dismiss an appeal. Id. at 1285.
Here, the district court did not err by dismissing Daker’s complaint on the
ground that he had “at least” three strikes under § 1915(g). Of the cases listed by
the district court, we have held that two of them—Daker v. Warden, No. 15-13148
(11th Cir. May 26, 2016), and Daker v. Mokwa, No. 2:14-CV-395, docs. 2, 5 (C.D.
Cal. Mar. 19, 2014)—constitute strikes. Daker v. Keaton, 787 F. App’x. 630, 633
(11th Cir. 2019) (holding that Daker v. Warden and Daker v. Mokwa count as
strikes); Daker v. Head, 730 F. App’x 765, 767 (11th Cir. 2018) (holding that Daker
v. Mokwa counts as a strike). In addition, Daker had at least two other strikes under
§ 1915(g) before he filed this case in September 2016. See Daker v. Jackson, 942
F.3d 1252, 1256–57 (11th Cir. 2019) (holding that Daker v. NBC, No. 15-330 (2d
Cir. May 22, 2015), counted as a strike); Daker v. Warren, 779 F. App’x 654, 657
4 Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 5 of 8
(11th Cir. 2019) (holding that Daker v. Warren, No. 13-11630 (11th Cir. Mar. 4,
2014), counted as a strike).
Because these cases establish that Daker had at least three strikes under
§ 1915(g) before filing this lawsuit, he was ineligible to proceed IFP without a
showing of “imminent danger of serious physical injury.” 28 U.S.C. 1915(g). Daker
does not address the “imminent danger” requirement on appeal, however, so any
challenge to that issue has been abandoned. See Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870,
874 (11th Cir. 2008) (“[I]ssues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed
abandoned.” (citations omitted)).
In any case, we agree with the district court that Daker failed to allege
imminent danger of serious physical injury. In the district court, Daker contended
that he met the imminent danger requirement because Georgia Department of
Corrections officials “forcibly shaved Plaintiff with unsanitized clippers on several
occasions,” “cutting him” and burning him in the process, on another occasion
“twice banged his head against the wall,” and “as a result, Plaintiff is still at risk of
use of force and infection with HIV, Hepatitis, and other infectious diseases.”
However, past harm is insufficient to meet the imminent-danger requirement.
Medberry v. Butler, 185 F.3d 1189, 1193 (11th Cir. 1999). And Daker’s allegations
of future harm arising from the use of unsanitized clippers are both too speculative
to meet the imminent danger standard and too attenuated from the crux of the
5 Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 6 of 8
complaint—that state actors mishandled his state cases. See Pettus v. Morgenthau,
554 F.3d 293, 297 (2d Cir. 2009) (“[T]he statute requires that the prisoner’s
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Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-11940 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-03917-RWS-CMS
WASEEM DAKER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
CATHELENE TINA ROBINSON, Clerk, EMMA LUCIER, Deputy Clerk, R. WARE, Deputy Clerk, Fulton County Superior Court, GAIL S. TUSAN, Chief Judge, WENDY L. SHOOB, Deputy, Chief Judge, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees. Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 2 of 8
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________ (February 19, 2020)
Before ROSENBAUM, LAGOA, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Waseem Daker is “a Georgia prisoner serving a life sentence for murder” and
a “serial litigant who has clogged the federal courts with frivolous litigation” by
“submit[ting] over a thousand pro se filings in over a hundred actions and appeals in
at least nine different federal courts.” Daker v. Comm’r, Ga. Dep’t of Corr., 820
F.3d 1278, 1281 (11th Cir. 2016) (“Daker v. Commissioner”). In this action, Daker
appeals the district court’s sua sponte dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil-rights
complaint, filed in September 2016, alleging claims against various state-court
judges and clerks for mishandling many of his state cases, including a petition to
compel state prison officials to use sanitized and properly maintained clippers when
shaving prisoners. Daker requested permission to proceed in forma pauperis
(“IFP”). The district court denied that request and dismissed Daker’s complaint
2 Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 3 of 8
under the “three-strikes” provision of the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”),
28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). 1
On appeal, Daker contends that the district court erred in determining he had
at least three strikes under the PLRA. He also argues that the “three-strikes”
provision is unconstitutional because it violates the First Amendment’s “breathing
space” principle and a prisoner’s rights to equal protection and access the courts.
After careful review, we affirm.
I.
We review de novo interpretations of § 1915, including the determination of
whether a previous lawsuit counts as a strike. Daker v. Commissioner, 820 F.3d at
1283. Section 1915(g) reads,
In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action or proceeding under this section if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury.
28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
In Daker v. Commissioner, we explained that, under § 1915(g), the “only
grounds that can render a dismissal a strike” are the three grounds enumerated in the
1 Alternatively, the district court dismissed the case because it concluded that Daker was not actually indigent. Because we affirm the district court on the three-strikes bar, we need not address the district court’s alternative holding.
3 Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 4 of 8
statute: that it was “frivolous,” “malicious,” or “fails to state a claim upon which
relief may be granted.” 820 F.3d at 1283–84 (emphasis in original). Therefore,
dismissals for lack of jurisdiction or want of prosecution, without more, cannot count
as strikes. Id. at 1284. Instead, to count as a strike, the dismissing court must make
“some express statement” to the effect that the dismissal was based on one of the
three enumerated grounds. Id. We further explained that “[a] dismissal for want of
prosecution, even after the denial of a petition to proceed [IFP on appeal] on the
grounds of frivolousness, cannot be a strike” because IFP petitions are decided by a
single judge, and a single judge may not dismiss an appeal. Id. at 1285.
Here, the district court did not err by dismissing Daker’s complaint on the
ground that he had “at least” three strikes under § 1915(g). Of the cases listed by
the district court, we have held that two of them—Daker v. Warden, No. 15-13148
(11th Cir. May 26, 2016), and Daker v. Mokwa, No. 2:14-CV-395, docs. 2, 5 (C.D.
Cal. Mar. 19, 2014)—constitute strikes. Daker v. Keaton, 787 F. App’x. 630, 633
(11th Cir. 2019) (holding that Daker v. Warden and Daker v. Mokwa count as
strikes); Daker v. Head, 730 F. App’x 765, 767 (11th Cir. 2018) (holding that Daker
v. Mokwa counts as a strike). In addition, Daker had at least two other strikes under
§ 1915(g) before he filed this case in September 2016. See Daker v. Jackson, 942
F.3d 1252, 1256–57 (11th Cir. 2019) (holding that Daker v. NBC, No. 15-330 (2d
Cir. May 22, 2015), counted as a strike); Daker v. Warren, 779 F. App’x 654, 657
4 Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 5 of 8
(11th Cir. 2019) (holding that Daker v. Warren, No. 13-11630 (11th Cir. Mar. 4,
2014), counted as a strike).
Because these cases establish that Daker had at least three strikes under
§ 1915(g) before filing this lawsuit, he was ineligible to proceed IFP without a
showing of “imminent danger of serious physical injury.” 28 U.S.C. 1915(g). Daker
does not address the “imminent danger” requirement on appeal, however, so any
challenge to that issue has been abandoned. See Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870,
874 (11th Cir. 2008) (“[I]ssues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed
abandoned.” (citations omitted)).
In any case, we agree with the district court that Daker failed to allege
imminent danger of serious physical injury. In the district court, Daker contended
that he met the imminent danger requirement because Georgia Department of
Corrections officials “forcibly shaved Plaintiff with unsanitized clippers on several
occasions,” “cutting him” and burning him in the process, on another occasion
“twice banged his head against the wall,” and “as a result, Plaintiff is still at risk of
use of force and infection with HIV, Hepatitis, and other infectious diseases.”
However, past harm is insufficient to meet the imminent-danger requirement.
Medberry v. Butler, 185 F.3d 1189, 1193 (11th Cir. 1999). And Daker’s allegations
of future harm arising from the use of unsanitized clippers are both too speculative
to meet the imminent danger standard and too attenuated from the crux of the
5 Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 6 of 8
complaint—that state actors mishandled his state cases. See Pettus v. Morgenthau,
554 F.3d 293, 297 (2d Cir. 2009) (“[T]he statute requires that the prisoner’s
complaint seek to redress an imminent danger of serious physical injury and that this
danger must be fairly traceable to a violation of law alleged in the complaint.”).
Because we conclude that Daker had at least three strikes under § 1915(g) and
did not plausibly allege imminent danger of serious physical injury, we affirm the
sua sponte dismissal of Daker’s complaint. 2
II.
Daker next raises an array of constitutional challenges to § 1915(g), both on
its face and as applied to him. Although he acknowledges that our decision in Rivera
v. Allin, 144 F.3d 719, 723 (11th Cir. 1998), abrogated in part on other grounds
Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 215 (2007), rejected several constitutional challenges
to § 1915(g), he asserts that Rivera did not resolve his argument that the three-strikes
provision violates the First Amendment’s “breathing space” principle, nor, in
Daker’s view, did Rivera foreclose his as-applied challenges to § 1915(g).
Alternatively, he contends that Rivera conflicts with Cofield v. Alabama Public
Service Commission, 936 F.2d 512, 517–19 (11th Cir. 1991), which he says controls
2 Daker also contends that the district court wrongly concluded that his objections to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation were untimely. Because, reviewing de novo, we conclude that the complaint was properly dismissed under the three-strikes provision, we need not address whether the district court erred in this regard.
6 Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 7 of 8
over Rivera. Finally, he argues that the three-strikes provision as applied to him
violates the First Amendment and his rights to equal protection and access to the
courts.3
The constitutionality of a statute is a question of law subject to de novo review.
Ranch House, Inc. v. Amerson, 238 F.3d 1273, 1277 (11th Cir. 2001). Under the
prior-panel-precedent rule, a prior panel’s holding is binding on all subsequent
panels unless and until it is overruled or undermined to the point of abrogation by
the Supreme Court or by this Court sitting en banc. United States v. Archer, 531
F.3d 1347, 1352 (11th Cir. 2008).
We recently rejected each of Daker’s arguments in another of his appeals. See
Daker v. Jackson, 942 F.3d at 1258. First, we held that Rivera foreclosed Daker’s
challenge to § 1915(g) based on access-to-the-courts or equal-protection concerns.
Id. Second, we concluded that “[b]ecause there is no First Amendment right to
access the courts for free, it follows that there is also no First Amendment right to
speak in the courts for free and the ‘breathing space’ principle is inapplicable.” Id.
Third, we found that Daker’s argument that Cofield controlled over Rivera was
3 Daker raises due-process concerns with respect to three specific prior cases and their use as strikes. We need not and do not address these concerns because we have not relied on these cases in concluding that Daker had three strikes. Plus, we note that Daker v. Commissioner appears to resolve Daker’s concerns by stating that later courts may not characterize a prior dismissal as a strike unless “the dismissing court made some express statement” to the effect that the dismissal was based on one of the three enumerated grounds in § 1915(g). 820 F.3d at 1284.
7 Case: 17-11940 Date Filed: 02/19/2020 Page: 8 of 8
“without merit,” explaining that “Cofield is inapplicable because it did not involve
the PLRA or the three-strikes provision.”4 Id. at 1258 n.6.
AFFIRMED.
4 Daker also relies on other cases involving filing injunctions imposed by courts. But those cases do not apply here because they did not involve the PLRA or the three-strikes provision.