Warren Alkek, Individually and D/B/A A&A Bail Bonds v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: August 11, 2005
• Docket: 13-04-00470-CV
• Status: Published

Opinion

                             NUMBER 13-04-470-CV

                         COURT OF APPEALS

               THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                  CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

WARREN ALKEK, INDIVIDUALLY AND

D/B/A  A&A BAIL BONDS,                                         Appellant,

                                           v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,                                              Appellee.

                  On appeal from the 135th District Court

                           of Jackson County, Texas.

                     MEMORANDUM OPINION^[1]

                          Before Justices Yañez, Castillo, and Garza

                           Memorandum Opinion by Justice Castillo

Appellant Warren Alkek appeals the denial of his special bill of review in a bail bond case.^[2]  We dismiss for want of jurisdiction.

I.  BACKGROUND

On January 31, 2002, the trial court entered a judgment on forfeiture of a bond against the principal on a bond, Gregorio Manuel Baladez, and the surety, Alkek.  On August 8, 2002, Alkek filed a timely "Special Bill of Review."  On September 23, 2002, Alkek filed a motion for rehearing of his special bill of review.^[3]  The State filed a response asserting, in part, that Alkek could not set up a meritorious defense.  On September 25, 2002, the trial court signed an order denying Alkek's motion for rehearing of special bill of review.^[4]  The order became final on October 25, 2002.   Alkek did not appeal.

On November 4, 2002, Alkek filed an application for special bill of review asserting as grounds, in part, that his conduct "is not characterized by conscious indifference or any negligence."  The trial court convened a hearing on February 13, 2003, for one reason stating, "My understanding of what I'm doing here today is, I'm hearing this testimony, but what I'm going to rule is whether or not I'm going to hear this special bill of review at all."  At the hearing, Alkek and his former counsel testified.  Counsel stated that at the hearing convened on the original "Special Bill of Review," he argued the general bill of review standards to the trial court and not the special bill of review standards applicable to bail bond forfeiture judgments.  The trial court took the matter under advisement.  On December 17, 2003, the trial court sent the parties a letter and requested that the State prepare an order.^[5]  On August 13, 2004, the trial court entered an order denying Alkek's request for rehearing.  On September 10, 2004, Alkek filed his notice of appeal.  By three issues, Alkek asserts that the trial court erred by (1) denying the special bill of review in its August 13, 2004 order, (2) refusing to grant a remittitur, and (3) applying the standards for a general bill of review to a special bill of review proceeding.  The State counters that the trial court lost plenary jurisdiction after the September 25, 2002, order became final.

II.  JURISDICTION

A.  The Law

The initial inquiry for our court is always whether we have jurisdiction over an appeal.  Tex. Ass'n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443 (Tex. 1993).  The question of jurisdiction is a legal issue; therefore, we follow the de novo standard of review.  Mayhew v. Town of Sunnyvale, 964 S.W.2d 922, 928 (Tex.  1998).  A court's jurisdiction is never presumed.  Alaniz v. Hoyt, 105 S.W.3d 330, 335 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 2003, no pet.) (citing El‑Kareh v. Tex. Alcoholic Beverage Comm'n, 874 S.W.2d 192, 194 (Tex. App.BHouston [14th Dist.] 1994, no writ)).  If the record does not affirmatively demonstrate the appellate court's jurisdiction, the appeal must be dismissed.  Id.  Therefore, before we consider the issues, we first must determine if the notice of appeal was timely filed.  A trial court retains plenary power to grant a new trial or to vacate, modify, correct, or reform a judgment within thirty days after the judgment is signed.  Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(d); First Alief Bank v. White, 682 S.W.2d 251, 252 (Tex. 1984) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam).  After the expiration of those thirty days, the trial court has no authority to set aside a judgment except by bill of review for sufficient cause.  Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(f); Thursby v. Stovall, 647 S.W.2d 953, 954 (Tex. 1983) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); In re Parker, 117 S.W.3d 484, 487 (Tex. App.BTexarkana 2003, orig. proceeding); In re Garcia, 94 S.W.3d 832, 834 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 2002, orig. proceeding).  If no party to a judgment files a motion to extend the trial court's plenary power, the trial court loses plenary power over the judgment thirty days after the judgment is signed.  Bass v. Bass, 106 S.W.3d 311, 314 (Tex. App.BHouston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.).

B.  Bill of Review

In a bond forfeiture case, article 22.17 authorizes the surety on a bond to file "a special bill of review."  See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 22.17(a) (Vernon 1989).  The court in its discretion may grant or deny the bill in whole or in part.

Upon the expiration of the trial court's plenary power, a judgment cannot be set aside by the trial court except by bill of review for sufficient cause, filed within the time allowed by law.  See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(f).  A bill of review is an equitable action brought by a party to a prior action who seeks to set aside a judgment that is no longer appealable or subject to a motion for new trial.  State v. 1985 Chevrolet Pickup Truck, 778 S.W.2d 463, 464 (Tex. 1989) (per curiam) (op. on reh'g); Mowbray v. Avery, 76 S.W.3d 663, 682 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 2002, pet. denied).  The grounds upon which a bill of review can be obtained are narrow because the procedure conflicts with the fundamental policy that judgments must become final at some point.  King Ranch v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003) (citing Alexander v. Hagedorn, 226 S.W.2d 996, 998 (Tex. 1950)); see Transworld Fin. Servs. Corp. v. Briscoe, 722 S.W.2d 407 (Tex. 1987); Montgomery v. Kennedy, 669 S.W.2d 309, 312 (Tex. 1984).  The burden on a bill of review petitioner is heavy.  See Layton v. Nationsbanc Mortg. Corp., 141 S.W.3d 760, 763 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 2004, no pet.).  Before a litigant can successfully invoke the equitable powers of the court and secure a bill of review to set aside a final judgment, he must allege and prove: (1) a meritorious defense to the cause of action alleged to support the judgment; (2) which he was prevented from making by the fraud, accident or wrongful act of the opposing party; (3) unmixed with any fault or negligence of his own.  King Ranch, 118 S.W.3d at 752 (citing Hagedorn, 226 S.W.2d at 998); see also Wembley Inv. Co. v. Herrera, 11 S.W.3d 924, 927 (Tex. 1999); Baker v. Goldsmith, 582 S.W.2d 404, 407‑08 (Tex. 1979).  The petitioner must further allege, with particularity, sworn facts sufficient to constitute a meritorious defense and, as a pretrial matter, present prima facie proof to support the contention.  1985 Chevrolet Pickup Truck, 778 S.W.2d at 464. 

C.  Discussion

After the trial court entered the judgment on the bond forfeiture, Alkek timely filed his special bill of review under article 22.17(a).  See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 22.17(a) (Vernon 1989).  The trial court timely denied the special bill of review as memorialized by its order dated September 25, 2002.  That same order denied a rehearing of the special bill of review.  The order became final thirty days later, upon the expiration of the trial court's plenary power.  Bass, 106 S.W.3d at 314; see also In re Garcia, 94 S.W.3d at 834.  Alkek did not appeal.  See Tex. R. App. P. 26.1.  We find nothing in article 22.17(a) authorizing (1) the filing of more than one special bill of review in a bond forfeiture case, and (2) the filing of an additional special bill of review after the trial court's order denying a prior special bill of review in the same proceeding has become final.  Alkek's motions filed after the trial court's September 25, 2002, order became final are unauthorized under article 22.17(a).  See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 22.17(a) (Vernon 1989).  Further, the motions do not comply with the pleading requirements of rule 329a to constitute bills of review because, among other things, they do not allege fraud.  King Ranch, 118 S.W.3d at 752. 

Our jurisdiction extends no further than that of the court from which the appeal is taken.  Pearson v. State, 315 S.W.2d 935, 938 (Tex. 1958); Nabejas v. Tex. Dep't of Pub. Safety, 972 S.W.2d 875, 876 (Tex. App.BCorpus Christi 1998, no pet.).  The trial court's September 25, 2002, order became final after thirty days and the trial court's jurisdiction expired at that time.  Alkek did not appeal.  The trial court's order dated August 13, 2004, denying Alkek's request for rehearing was entered after its plenary jurisdiction expired.  Alkek appealed that order.  Accordingly, we agree with the State.  We have no jurisdiction to consider this appeal.  See Nabejas, 972 S.W.2d at 876. 

III.  CONCLUSION

We dismiss Alkek's appeal for want of jurisdiction.

ERRLINDA CASTILLO

Justice

Memorandum Opinion delivered and filed

this the 11th day of August, 2005. 

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^[1] See Tex. R. App. P. 47.2, 47.4.

^[2] Article 22.17 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedures states, in part:

(a) Not later than two years after the date a final judgment is entered in a bond forfeiture proceeding, the surety on the bond may file with the court a special bill of review.   A special bill of review may include a request, on equitable grounds, that the final judgment be reformed and that all or part of the bond amount be remitted to the surety, after deducting the costs of court, any reasonable costs to the county for the return of the principal, and the interest accrued on the bond amount from the date of forfeiture.  The court in its discretion may grant or deny the bill in whole or in part. 

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 22.17(a) (Vernon 1989).

^[3] As grounds, Alkek asserted, in part, that he set up the meritorious defense of surrendering the principal on the bond. 

^[4] The order states:

Order Denying Defendant-Surety's Motion for Rehearing of Special Bill of Review

The Court, after having considered Defendant-Surety's Motion for Rehearing of Special Bill of Review, along with Affidavits filed in support of such Motion for Rehearing and the State's response to such Motion for Rehearing, finds that Defendant-Surety's Motion for Rehearing of Special Bill of Review should be denied.

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED ADJUDGED and DECREED that Defendant-Surety's Motion for Rehearing of Special Bill of Review be denied, and it is so ordered.

SIGNED this the 25th day of September, 2002.

^[5] The letter states, in part:

The Court has considered the evidence and arguments heard by it and has reviewed the record of the case as represented by the clerk's file.  The Court notes that a Bill of Review was filed on August 8, 2002, and denied from the bench September 12, 2002.  A motion for rehearing was subsequently filed, and on September 25, 2002 was denied by written order signed by Judge Williams.  A subsequent Bill of Review was filed by the surety and opposed by the State as being a second filed on the Bill, which was denied.  The Court agrees that the pending Bill is merely an additional request for rehearing of the Bill.