BLAIR, 0.
E.ebruary 5, 1895, John and Barbara Marr, husband and wife, executed wills. By these each was given a life estate in the property' of the other and the remainder was devised to plaintiffs and defendant as hereinafter more fully explained. In February, 1897, John Marr executed a second will. ■In 1898 Barbara Marr. died. John Marr took possession of her land. In 1906 he executed a third will and .thereafter died.
The petition alleges the two wills of February 5, 1895, were executed. pursuant to a contract between John and Barbara,. and prays the specific performance thereof. Defendant appeals from a decree for .plaintiffs.
John Marr was Barbara’s second husband, and defendant is their only child. By her former marriage Barbara had five children, plaintiffs herein.
The’petition alleged John Marr had failed to invest certain moneys of his wife as she directed but invested ¡them in his own name, and the wife desiring that her children should share alike in her property and that of John, her husband, demanded, and he agreed, “that each of them should, respectively, by last will and testament, so devise and bequeath the property that the survivor should enjoy the use and benefit thereof during life, and that upon the death of the survivor the entire property owned by each at the time of his or her death should go to and become vested in the said six children of Barbara Wanger Marr, absolutely,” and alleges that the wills executed February 5, 1895, sprang from and were designed to carry out this agreement. Of these wills that of Barbara was in evidence; .that of John was not, parol evidence being offered to show its contents.
[486]*486By the will he executed in February, 1897, John Marr gave to Barbara, his wife, a life estate in his property, with remainder to defendant. The will John Marr executed in 1906 differed from that executed in 1897 only in that plaintiffs are named therein and given one dollar each.
February 5, 1895, Barbara Marr owned 280 acres of land. By her will of that date she gave her husband a life estate in the tract, with remainder to her six children, plaintiffs and defendant herein. This will makes no provision as to Barbara’s personalty, if any, and none as to subsequently acquired property.
The will executed by John Marr on the same date not being produced, one of the witnesses thereto and the draftsman were .called to prove its execution and contents. The other witness to the will was dead.
Mr. Stigall, the draftsman, testified he drew the two wills and that both were executed at the same time and place. This witness further testified he remembered that John Marr in his will devised his forty acres of land to Julius, defendant herein, subject to a life estate in Barbara, John’s wife, but did not remember what disposition the will made of John’s personalty. Witness was shown John Marr’s will executed in 1897 and testified he wrote that will but had forgotten doing so; that he remembered writing only one will for John Marr. He said his memory was bad as to one will or the other. He further testified he did not remember anything in the will of February 5,1895, different from that executed in 1897. This witness further testified: ‘ ‘ Q. I wish you would tell the court what, if anything, John Marr said to you with reference to any agreement between him and his wife prior to the time these wills were made? A. I don’t think he ever said anything about an agreement. Q. What did he say? A. He was down at my store, talked to me a time ‘or two, or three or four; he wanted me to write the wills. Q. Then did you speak to him about [487]*487it? A. No, sir; I never did speak to kirn about it; be came down one morning and said they bad agreed as to wbat they wanted in tbe wills; it was a damp, drizzling, rainy morning, and I told bim I would lock tbe store and go up and write tbe wills; I went and did so.. Q. Did be at any time prior to tbe time you made these wills tell you they bad not yet agreed upon wbat they wanted? A. Well, yes; be would speak about wanting me to write tbe wills, but hadn’t agreed just bow they wanted them written, but never mentioned any terms to me. Q. How many times did be tell you they hadn’t agreed? A. He spoke to me two or three times about it. Q. That they hadn’t agreed upon tbe terms of tbe will? A. Yes, sir.”
On cross-examination be testified: “ Q. When you say to tbe court Mr. Marr told you they bad not agreed on tbe terms of tbe will, you don’t mean that they were agreeing as between themselves, but were discussing the will, as to wbat they would put in it? A. I don’t know wbat they meant; no idea it was to be tbe terms of tbe will, not a thing. Q. And be never said anything to you indicating that they bad any agreement between themselves or tbe terms of tbe agreement? A. Just made tbe statement that they hadn’t agreed upon tbe will. Q. You don’t know whether there was any agreement between them or not? A. Never beard a word spoken of it.”
Porter, one of tbe witnesses to tbe wills, testified : ‘ ‘ Q. Tell the court as near as you can recollect wbat was in tbe will of Mr. Marr? A. As near as I can recollect word for word as it was, was that there was forty acres individual land that be willed to bis son without any restrictions any way at all, and be made provision — in tbe first place, so I can make it a little plainer, they made her will first, and in her will, why, she left tbe use of all her property to bim bis lifetime, provided that be outlived her; be done tbe same thing with her, if she outlived bim; she bad tbe use of bis [488]*488property, and to the best of my recollection is that at the time of his death or her death, when they was both done with it, then it was to be equally divided amongst the children, whatever they might have — I believe the will said, ‘"Whatever they might have.’ • That is as near as I know. Q. Excepting the forty acres? A. The forty acres was individual property and that went to Julius. Q. That went to Julius? A. Without restrictions. Qi. And the balance of the property was to be divided equally amongst the children? A. Yes, when they was both done with it, and her will was the same; they were both exactly alike, except the forty acres of land, as near as I can recollect.”
Porter also testified he knew nothing about any agreement between Mr. and Mrs. Marr or why they made the wills he witnessed.
Plaintiffs offered to prove by each of themselves that after the death of their mother, Mrs. Marr, and at the time her will was read, John Marr said to the six children: “I have made a will in which I have provided for you just the same — are you satisfied?” and they all said yes.
There was no substantial evidence supporting the allegations of the petition to the effect that John Marr had used some of his wife’s money without her authority and was indebted to her prior to the making of the wills of 1895. The trial court expressly found against plaintiffs on this issue.
We understand counsel to agree that when joint and mutual wills are executed pursuant to a definite contract, upon sufficient consideration, and one testa-r tor dies and the other takes under his will, equity will, to prevent fraud, specifically enforce the contract; and to agree that there must be such a contract before equity will intervene.
The question in this case is whether there was an enforcible contract between John and Barbara Marr pursuant to which they executed their wills in Febru[489]*489ary, 1895.
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BLAIR, 0.
E.ebruary 5, 1895, John and Barbara Marr, husband and wife, executed wills. By these each was given a life estate in the property' of the other and the remainder was devised to plaintiffs and defendant as hereinafter more fully explained. In February, 1897, John Marr executed a second will. ■In 1898 Barbara Marr. died. John Marr took possession of her land. In 1906 he executed a third will and .thereafter died.
The petition alleges the two wills of February 5, 1895, were executed. pursuant to a contract between John and Barbara,. and prays the specific performance thereof. Defendant appeals from a decree for .plaintiffs.
John Marr was Barbara’s second husband, and defendant is their only child. By her former marriage Barbara had five children, plaintiffs herein.
The’petition alleged John Marr had failed to invest certain moneys of his wife as she directed but invested ¡them in his own name, and the wife desiring that her children should share alike in her property and that of John, her husband, demanded, and he agreed, “that each of them should, respectively, by last will and testament, so devise and bequeath the property that the survivor should enjoy the use and benefit thereof during life, and that upon the death of the survivor the entire property owned by each at the time of his or her death should go to and become vested in the said six children of Barbara Wanger Marr, absolutely,” and alleges that the wills executed February 5, 1895, sprang from and were designed to carry out this agreement. Of these wills that of Barbara was in evidence; .that of John was not, parol evidence being offered to show its contents.
[486]*486By the will he executed in February, 1897, John Marr gave to Barbara, his wife, a life estate in his property, with remainder to defendant. The will John Marr executed in 1906 differed from that executed in 1897 only in that plaintiffs are named therein and given one dollar each.
February 5, 1895, Barbara Marr owned 280 acres of land. By her will of that date she gave her husband a life estate in the tract, with remainder to her six children, plaintiffs and defendant herein. This will makes no provision as to Barbara’s personalty, if any, and none as to subsequently acquired property.
The will executed by John Marr on the same date not being produced, one of the witnesses thereto and the draftsman were .called to prove its execution and contents. The other witness to the will was dead.
Mr. Stigall, the draftsman, testified he drew the two wills and that both were executed at the same time and place. This witness further testified he remembered that John Marr in his will devised his forty acres of land to Julius, defendant herein, subject to a life estate in Barbara, John’s wife, but did not remember what disposition the will made of John’s personalty. Witness was shown John Marr’s will executed in 1897 and testified he wrote that will but had forgotten doing so; that he remembered writing only one will for John Marr. He said his memory was bad as to one will or the other. He further testified he did not remember anything in the will of February 5,1895, different from that executed in 1897. This witness further testified: ‘ ‘ Q. I wish you would tell the court what, if anything, John Marr said to you with reference to any agreement between him and his wife prior to the time these wills were made? A. I don’t think he ever said anything about an agreement. Q. What did he say? A. He was down at my store, talked to me a time ‘or two, or three or four; he wanted me to write the wills. Q. Then did you speak to him about [487]*487it? A. No, sir; I never did speak to kirn about it; be came down one morning and said they bad agreed as to wbat they wanted in tbe wills; it was a damp, drizzling, rainy morning, and I told bim I would lock tbe store and go up and write tbe wills; I went and did so.. Q. Did be at any time prior to tbe time you made these wills tell you they bad not yet agreed upon wbat they wanted? A. Well, yes; be would speak about wanting me to write tbe wills, but hadn’t agreed just bow they wanted them written, but never mentioned any terms to me. Q. How many times did be tell you they hadn’t agreed? A. He spoke to me two or three times about it. Q. That they hadn’t agreed upon tbe terms of tbe will? A. Yes, sir.”
On cross-examination be testified: “ Q. When you say to tbe court Mr. Marr told you they bad not agreed on tbe terms of tbe will, you don’t mean that they were agreeing as between themselves, but were discussing the will, as to wbat they would put in it? A. I don’t know wbat they meant; no idea it was to be tbe terms of tbe will, not a thing. Q. And be never said anything to you indicating that they bad any agreement between themselves or tbe terms of tbe agreement? A. Just made tbe statement that they hadn’t agreed upon tbe will. Q. You don’t know whether there was any agreement between them or not? A. Never beard a word spoken of it.”
Porter, one of tbe witnesses to tbe wills, testified : ‘ ‘ Q. Tell the court as near as you can recollect wbat was in tbe will of Mr. Marr? A. As near as I can recollect word for word as it was, was that there was forty acres individual land that be willed to bis son without any restrictions any way at all, and be made provision — in tbe first place, so I can make it a little plainer, they made her will first, and in her will, why, she left tbe use of all her property to bim bis lifetime, provided that be outlived her; be done tbe same thing with her, if she outlived bim; she bad tbe use of bis [488]*488property, and to the best of my recollection is that at the time of his death or her death, when they was both done with it, then it was to be equally divided amongst the children, whatever they might have — I believe the will said, ‘"Whatever they might have.’ • That is as near as I know. Q. Excepting the forty acres? A. The forty acres was individual property and that went to Julius. Q. That went to Julius? A. Without restrictions. Qi. And the balance of the property was to be divided equally amongst the children? A. Yes, when they was both done with it, and her will was the same; they were both exactly alike, except the forty acres of land, as near as I can recollect.”
Porter also testified he knew nothing about any agreement between Mr. and Mrs. Marr or why they made the wills he witnessed.
Plaintiffs offered to prove by each of themselves that after the death of their mother, Mrs. Marr, and at the time her will was read, John Marr said to the six children: “I have made a will in which I have provided for you just the same — are you satisfied?” and they all said yes.
There was no substantial evidence supporting the allegations of the petition to the effect that John Marr had used some of his wife’s money without her authority and was indebted to her prior to the making of the wills of 1895. The trial court expressly found against plaintiffs on this issue.
We understand counsel to agree that when joint and mutual wills are executed pursuant to a definite contract, upon sufficient consideration, and one testa-r tor dies and the other takes under his will, equity will, to prevent fraud, specifically enforce the contract; and to agree that there must be such a contract before equity will intervene.
The question in this case is whether there was an enforcible contract between John and Barbara Marr pursuant to which they executed their wills in Febru[489]*489ary, 1895. A preliminary question debated is as to the quantum of evidence necessary to establish such a contract or agreement.
agreement to Make a Will: Specific Performance: Proof. I. There is no pretense there is or was anything on the face of either of the wills indicating it is other than an ordinary last will and testament. The effort in this case is to establish by parol and extraneous evidence a contract so affecting John Marr’s will that equity will deny to him the power to revoke. Revocability is one of the distinctive characteristics of wills. It is necessary to inquire as to the quantum of evidence essential to establish a contract or agreement of such character as to warrant a court of equity in granting relief like that sought in this case.
Specific performance in this case must be decreed! if at all, upon the theory that there was an agreement not expressed in the wills themselves and inconsistent with their nature as wills and of such character as to transform that which on its face is a will into an irrevocable compact. On principle the usual rule applied in other cases in which it is sought to specifically enforce an oral contract in the face of a writing cowering the same subject matter and inconsistent with such contract ought to govern in weighing the evidence in this case. For this conclusion there is ample authority.
: In .New York it is held that the rule' applied in suits to enforce an agreement to devise property in a particular way is, as to the character and weight of the evidence required, applicable in cases in which it is sought to establish the making of mutual wills pursuant to contract. In Edson v. Parsons, 155 N Y. l. c: 568, among other things, the court said: “A general maxim, which equity recognizes, is that a testator's will is ambulatory until his death. It is a disposition [490]*490of property which neither can nor is supposed to take effect until after death. I think it needs no further argument to show that to attribute to a will the quality of irrevocability demands the most indisputable evidence of the agreement which is relied upon to change its ambulatory nature, and that presumptions will not, and should not, take the place of proof.”
In Wilson v. Gordon, 73 S. C. l. c. 160, it was said: “Such contracts may be established by direct proof of an express promise or inferred as a conclusion of fact from the circumstances surrounding the parties. But where a contract to make or not to revoke a will is set up there are strong reasons for requiring an agreement definite and certain, established by evidence clear and convincing. ’ ’
Speaking of such contract, the Supreme Court of Oregon, in Sappingfield v. King, 49 Oregon, l. c. 109, 110, said: -“In such case the agreement must be certain and definite and the court must have full and satisfactory proof of it. ”
In Herrick v. Snyder, 27 Misc. Rep. l. c. 464, it was said that an agreement between husband and wife for mutual wills “must be very convincingly proved,” and the same rule was approved in Everdell v. Hill, 27 Misc. Rep. l. c. 287.
In Albery v. Sessions, 2 Ohio N. P. l. c. 240, the court said: ‘ ‘ The existence and terms of the contract must be established by the most clear and satisfactory-evidence. ’ ’
In Coveney v. Conlin, 20 App. Cases, l. c. 328, it was held that “the agreement must be complete, definite in its terms, and proved with clearness and certainty.”
No authority to the contrary has come to our attention unless what is said in the case of Bower v. Daniel, 198 Mo. l. c. 325 is to be so considered. In that case the will involved was a single instrument executed both by husband and wife, and in the course [491]*491of the opinion Division No. Two of this court said: “This class of cases is distinguishable from that class in which a stranger- in blood seeks, under an alleged parol agreement with the deceased, to take the property of the latter’s heirs, in that in such cases the evidence must be clear and convincing in order to the enforcement of the will, while in this class of cases a preponderance of the evidence will suffice. In the case at bar the intention of the husband and wife is clearly shown by the joint will. In Dufour v. Pereira, 1 Dick. Ch. 419, it is held that when a husband and wife make a joint will of their separate properties, it may be presumed from the will itself that the provisions made by the one were induced by the provisions-made by the other. As. was said in Carmichael v. Carmichael, 72 Mich. 76: We have no doubt from the two wills that the mother and father came to a mutual understanding; . ... that the making of one will was an inducement to the making of the other.’ ”
In this it appears the court seems to have confused two questions, i, e., (1) that as to the quantum of evidence necessary to prove the agreement relied upon, and (2) that as to whether the fact that the husband and wife executed a single instrument as a will reciprocally disposing of the property of both was sufficient evidence of such ag’reement, whatever the rule as to the weight of evidence required.
The fact is, neither bf those questions was presented for decision in that case. The trial court had expressly found the joint will was executed by the husband and wife pursuant to a compromise agreement settling differences between them as to the provisions to be made for their children and that it was made in consideration of mutual concessions. The record did not show that the bill of exceptions had even been filed and the court expressly held the bill was not before it and the evidence could not be considered. [492]*492It also held that the trial court’s findings must be treated as a special verdict.
In these circumstances what the court said respecting the weight of evidence necessary to establish the contract set up and respecting the sufficiency of the will itself to show such.a contract was obiter.
What was said as to the weight of evidence necessary is supported by neither principle nor authority but is directly opposed to both, and so much of that decision as holds that a mere preponderance of evidence is enough to prove an agreement like that relied on in this case and in that is overruled.
So far as that case holds that the- execution of a joint will is enough in itself to show an agreement of the sort mentioned, it is not supported by the authorities cited. In Dufour v. Pereira the “will was in an instrument which was jointly executed by the husband and wife, and while not a conclusive it was a very material circumstance to be considered” (Edson v. Parsons, supra, l. c. 568), and “the will itself contained words indicating an intention to make a binding contract” (Wilson v. Gordon, 73 S. C. 64), and the surrounding circumstances were also significant.
By inadvertence the court in Bower v. Daniel, in quoting from Carmichael v. Carmichael, 72 Mich l. c. 83, omitted words which, when included, end the usefulness of that decision as support for the conclusion in aid of which the court cited it. The Michigan court said: “We have no doubt from the two wills and their. terms, and the oral evidence connecting them, that the father and mother came to a .mutual understanding,” etc. The italicized words the court in Bower v. Daniel overlooked in quoting from the Carmichael case. Those words show there was oral evidence in the case upon which the court relied in part' for its conclusion. The existence of an oral agreement pursuant to which the wills considered in that-case were alleged to have been executed was in issue [493]*493and the oral evidence on this issue is not stated in the opinion.
That case.is no authority for the second mentioned position taken by this court in Bower v. Daniel.
As said in a quotation above set out from Edson v. Parsons, the simple fact that husband and wife executed a single instrument as their will is evidence of an agreement, but, alone, is not conclusive. In so far as Bower v. Daniel intimates the contrary it is overruled.
This question is discussed because of the contention that the rule stated in Bower v. Daniel is the law and the further contention that the same rule applies with equal force to separate wills, reciprocal in character, executed simultaneously by husband and wife.
We hold that what is said on the subject in Bower v. Daniel is not the law, and, further, that the reciprocal character of separate wills, if proved, is not so significant evidence that they were executed pursuant to contract as is the execution in a single instrument of the joint will of husband and wife. This is evident from the mere statement of the case.
Eviden II. In order for this decree to stand it must appear that the wills of John and Barbara Marr were ex-ecilted -pursuant to a contract supported by a sufficient consideration, and certain and definite in its terms. [40 Cyc., p. 2118.] While direct evidence of the existence of such a contract is not indispensable, yet the contract must be proved by evidence measuring up to the standard fixed by the authorities cited and principles adverted to in the preceding paragraph. Is such a contract so proved in this case?
The witness Porter knew nothing and heard nothing of any agreement between Barbara and John relating to the- wills they executed and he witnessed February 5, -189£). The testimony of the witness Sti[494]*494gall that John Marr told him he and his wife had “agreed” upon what they wanted in the wills is to be understood in the light of all-his testimony.
First, in answer to a direct question, the witness said he didn’t “think he [John Marr] ever said anything about an agreement,” and subsequently he testified he “never heard a word spoken of” an agreement between John and Barbara. Again Stigall testified he did not remember anything in John Marr’s will of February 5, 1895, different from the will of February, 1897, which was in evidence, and that will gave to Julius Marr the property plaintiffs are now seeking to recover. Stigall drew both wills. His testimony and the will of 1897, drawn by him, indicate hé is a man of intelligence. It is strange, if he knew of any agreement carried into effect by the will of 1895 and violated by the will of 1897, that he should have utterly forgotten drawing the will of 1897. It was admitted by Mm to be in his handwriting. It is reasonable to suppose that if he knew the will of 1895 was drawn to carry out a contract between Barbara and John, the will of 1897, separately executed by John, would not have been likely to have escaped the memory of the witness entirely if it differed from the former will in any material respect.
The statement of John Marr to' which plaintiffs offered to testify had no bearing upon the question of the existence of an agreement between John and Barbara and, if made, is directly contradicted by the witnesses Stigall and Porter who testify John Marr’s will gave defendant the forty acres John owned.
The testimony of Porter that the wills each contained a provision that “whatever they might have” except John’s forty acres, was to be divided among the six children, is of little weight in view of his further testimony that both wills were “exactly alike” in this respect, “as near as he could recollect,” and of the further'fact that Barbara Marr’s will, offered in évi[495]*495deuce, contained no such, language, but merely disposed of 280 acres of land without reference to any other property she had, if any, or might thereafter acquire.
Further, plaintiffs plead a contract whereby all the property of John and Barbara was, after the death of both, to be divided equally among the six children, plaintiffs and defendant. Plaintiffs clearly proved that the will of John Marr, contract or no contract, was not drawn on that theory. Porter and Stigall both testified that by his will he gave the remainder in his forty acres to defendant solely. .
Under the will of Barbara Marr, John Marr took nothing to which he was not entitled as tenant by the curtesy. The remainder in Barbara’s land was given to her six children. Under John Marr’s will his property goes to his only son.
The fact the wills were made on the same day and that in each the maker of the other was given a like estate in the property devised is evidence of concert of action but not sufficient to prove the existence of a binding contract.
There is not sufficient evidence there was any agreement and no satisfactory evidence of what the will of John Marr contained, even could it be assumed it was executed pursuant to some agreement.
In these circumstances a court of equity .has no power to decree specific performance. The decree is reversed. Brown, G., having been of counsel, not sitting.
PER CURIAM.
The foregoing opinion of Blair, C., is adopted as the opinion of the court.
All tne judges concur. Lamm, J., in separate opinion.