Pleasants, J.
This was a creditor’s bill filed by Anna Walters July 18, 1885, to set aside a deed of May 10, 1882, from Pollard K. Walters to his brother, the plaintiff in error, and subject tlie lands therein described to her judgment against the grantor, of June 18, 1885, for §10,000.
Pollard was defaulted, and on the pleadings and proofs as to William F., a decree was entered setting aside said deed. Though prior .to her judgment, she charged that it was executed “ after the greater part of the indebtedness on which it was rendered had accrued,” which is deemed a sufficient averment that she was at the time a creditor of the grantor. The bill went further, however, and charged that it was “ not real, but a sham, made with the intention of defrauding ” complainant and his other creditors; and in Jones v. King, 86 Ill. 229, the court said: “We understand the rule to be settled that where the conveyance is colorable merely, and a secret trust and confidence exists for the benefit of the grantor, the conveyance will be held void both as against precedent and subsequent creditors.” In Gordon v. Reynolds, 114 Ill. 127, also expressly distinguishing such a conveyance from those held to be fraudulent only against existing creditors, the language above quoted is repeated and approved. The descriptions in the bill and in the opinion cited are substantially equivalent.
It sufficiently appears that this deed was made without valuable consideration, to defeat claims that were apprehended but never asserted, and in secret trust for the benefit of the grantor, and that he had not then and has not now any other property subject to execution.
But it is said Mrs. Walters can not complain, because her judgment is no less tainted; that it was obtained upon a purely fictitious claim, by collusion and for a fraudulent purpose; and furthermore that the deed was made upon her advice or with her consent.
It was a judgment by default, and the damages were assessed by the court upon the testimony of five or six witnesses, who testified in this case also, and to the following effect:
Twenty-one or two years before, she came, a stranger, from Missouri, to the house of Pollard K. Walters, a bachelor, with whom were living his mother, an invalid sister and a younger brother, and entered upon what has been the work of her life ever since, (save the time of a few visits to her daughter in Nebraska, the longest of which was five or six months,) and which is supposed to be the foundation and principal part of her claim.
It consisted of both management and manual labor, in every department within the house, and not a little without. Excepting the first few years, she was almost entirely unassisted. Pollard, having lost a leg, growing old and in impaired healths could do but little; his mother, who died about 1871 at an advanced age, was long disabled; the sister, still living on the place with him and the defendant in error, was a fleshy, heavy woman, hard of hearing, almost totally blind, and without the use of her lower limbs. The farm comprised about two hundred and thirty acres, of which nearly one hundred and sixty were under cultivation. With those conditions the cares and labors of this unaided woman may be more easily imagined than described. Her duties as nurse alone, were such as few would undertake, except, from necessity or natural affection. Many witnesses testified to her performance of them, some of whom were adverse in interest and unfriendly in feeling, yet not one made a question as to her faithfulness, efficiency or kindness. She served, besides, as housekeeper, manager, and woman of all work, including much that was properly a man’s only, and her ability in all these lines appears to have been remarkable. For all this service she had received but little, if anything, more than her living. The small sums of money she got from time to time may well have been for her use as manager, and expended for the family. Pollard says he had paid her nothing on account of her services. There was no express contract nor ever any settlement between them. But these facts are explained, in part at least, by their evident illiteracy and the expectation that she would be paid out of the land. Coming to him a stranger, as she did, she sustained no such relation as would warrant the presumption that her services were rendered gratuitously or as a member of the family. She did not become a member until about five years ago, when she was married to David, the younger brother referred to, a few weeks before his death.
She had, then, an honest claim, on which she might have had a righteous judgment and been well entitled to protection against this fraudulent conveyance.
But for how much? It appears to have been ascertained by a judgment regularly obtained. Did she and those who wore authorized to represent her, present it in good faith as to the amount?
If it was wholly or mainly for wages, it must be conceded that the sum recovered, $10,000, was extraordinarily large; even for twenty years of service, all unpaid; and if it depended upon the evidence produced in this case, exclusive of the judgment. it would be difficult, in the light of our common knowledge, to sustain it. What we all know of wages paid to hired women, even for services of the character here indicated, would discredit to some extent, in respect to their honesty or their intelligence, any opinions of the reasonable market value of hers tliat would make up that sum. The only direct evidence of their value came from the side of the plaintiff in error. Two or three of his witnesses estimated it at from one to two dollars per week. They were not entirely disinterested and unprejudiced, and from all the evidence and our common knowledge, we should think this unreasonably low.
On the part of the defendant in error it was testified, somewhat incidentally, that seven or eight years ago she loaned to Pollard Walters about §700, which she had received from David before their marriage, and Pollard himself said, generally, that he had borrowed money from her at different times, and that he justly owed her more than the amount of the judgment. But she did not attempt to re-try her claim or show the justice of the finding. She relied on the judgment itself, as sufficient of its own force. The record introduced showed a summons, proper and timely service thereof, default taken, assessment by the court on hearing evidence and final judgment for the amount assessed — all in the usual form; but not the declaration, nor the account filed with it, if any there was.
This was conclusive against Pollard and prima facie sufficient as against the plaintiff in error to establish the existence and amount of her debt. Hoi' would the mere fact, if shown, that it was erroneous as to the amount or otherwise unjust to Pollard, avail the plaintiff in error, for the reason that such fact, of itself alone, would not affect the presumption of good faith on the part of defendant in error in obtaining it Through errors of counsel, courts and juries, such judgments are constantly being obtained. He is not authorized to re-try the claim or investigate the judgment for the purpose of correcting error and injustice against Pollard. He presented no such issue, nor could he have well presented it, by his pleading. He has no equity in the land. He paid nothing for it. His deed, though valid as against Pollard, is void even as to his subsequent creditors.
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Pleasants, J.
This was a creditor’s bill filed by Anna Walters July 18, 1885, to set aside a deed of May 10, 1882, from Pollard K. Walters to his brother, the plaintiff in error, and subject tlie lands therein described to her judgment against the grantor, of June 18, 1885, for §10,000.
Pollard was defaulted, and on the pleadings and proofs as to William F., a decree was entered setting aside said deed. Though prior .to her judgment, she charged that it was executed “ after the greater part of the indebtedness on which it was rendered had accrued,” which is deemed a sufficient averment that she was at the time a creditor of the grantor. The bill went further, however, and charged that it was “ not real, but a sham, made with the intention of defrauding ” complainant and his other creditors; and in Jones v. King, 86 Ill. 229, the court said: “We understand the rule to be settled that where the conveyance is colorable merely, and a secret trust and confidence exists for the benefit of the grantor, the conveyance will be held void both as against precedent and subsequent creditors.” In Gordon v. Reynolds, 114 Ill. 127, also expressly distinguishing such a conveyance from those held to be fraudulent only against existing creditors, the language above quoted is repeated and approved. The descriptions in the bill and in the opinion cited are substantially equivalent.
It sufficiently appears that this deed was made without valuable consideration, to defeat claims that were apprehended but never asserted, and in secret trust for the benefit of the grantor, and that he had not then and has not now any other property subject to execution.
But it is said Mrs. Walters can not complain, because her judgment is no less tainted; that it was obtained upon a purely fictitious claim, by collusion and for a fraudulent purpose; and furthermore that the deed was made upon her advice or with her consent.
It was a judgment by default, and the damages were assessed by the court upon the testimony of five or six witnesses, who testified in this case also, and to the following effect:
Twenty-one or two years before, she came, a stranger, from Missouri, to the house of Pollard K. Walters, a bachelor, with whom were living his mother, an invalid sister and a younger brother, and entered upon what has been the work of her life ever since, (save the time of a few visits to her daughter in Nebraska, the longest of which was five or six months,) and which is supposed to be the foundation and principal part of her claim.
It consisted of both management and manual labor, in every department within the house, and not a little without. Excepting the first few years, she was almost entirely unassisted. Pollard, having lost a leg, growing old and in impaired healths could do but little; his mother, who died about 1871 at an advanced age, was long disabled; the sister, still living on the place with him and the defendant in error, was a fleshy, heavy woman, hard of hearing, almost totally blind, and without the use of her lower limbs. The farm comprised about two hundred and thirty acres, of which nearly one hundred and sixty were under cultivation. With those conditions the cares and labors of this unaided woman may be more easily imagined than described. Her duties as nurse alone, were such as few would undertake, except, from necessity or natural affection. Many witnesses testified to her performance of them, some of whom were adverse in interest and unfriendly in feeling, yet not one made a question as to her faithfulness, efficiency or kindness. She served, besides, as housekeeper, manager, and woman of all work, including much that was properly a man’s only, and her ability in all these lines appears to have been remarkable. For all this service she had received but little, if anything, more than her living. The small sums of money she got from time to time may well have been for her use as manager, and expended for the family. Pollard says he had paid her nothing on account of her services. There was no express contract nor ever any settlement between them. But these facts are explained, in part at least, by their evident illiteracy and the expectation that she would be paid out of the land. Coming to him a stranger, as she did, she sustained no such relation as would warrant the presumption that her services were rendered gratuitously or as a member of the family. She did not become a member until about five years ago, when she was married to David, the younger brother referred to, a few weeks before his death.
She had, then, an honest claim, on which she might have had a righteous judgment and been well entitled to protection against this fraudulent conveyance.
But for how much? It appears to have been ascertained by a judgment regularly obtained. Did she and those who wore authorized to represent her, present it in good faith as to the amount?
If it was wholly or mainly for wages, it must be conceded that the sum recovered, $10,000, was extraordinarily large; even for twenty years of service, all unpaid; and if it depended upon the evidence produced in this case, exclusive of the judgment. it would be difficult, in the light of our common knowledge, to sustain it. What we all know of wages paid to hired women, even for services of the character here indicated, would discredit to some extent, in respect to their honesty or their intelligence, any opinions of the reasonable market value of hers tliat would make up that sum. The only direct evidence of their value came from the side of the plaintiff in error. Two or three of his witnesses estimated it at from one to two dollars per week. They were not entirely disinterested and unprejudiced, and from all the evidence and our common knowledge, we should think this unreasonably low.
On the part of the defendant in error it was testified, somewhat incidentally, that seven or eight years ago she loaned to Pollard Walters about §700, which she had received from David before their marriage, and Pollard himself said, generally, that he had borrowed money from her at different times, and that he justly owed her more than the amount of the judgment. But she did not attempt to re-try her claim or show the justice of the finding. She relied on the judgment itself, as sufficient of its own force. The record introduced showed a summons, proper and timely service thereof, default taken, assessment by the court on hearing evidence and final judgment for the amount assessed — all in the usual form; but not the declaration, nor the account filed with it, if any there was.
This was conclusive against Pollard and prima facie sufficient as against the plaintiff in error to establish the existence and amount of her debt. Hoi' would the mere fact, if shown, that it was erroneous as to the amount or otherwise unjust to Pollard, avail the plaintiff in error, for the reason that such fact, of itself alone, would not affect the presumption of good faith on the part of defendant in error in obtaining it Through errors of counsel, courts and juries, such judgments are constantly being obtained. He is not authorized to re-try the claim or investigate the judgment for the purpose of correcting error and injustice against Pollard. He presented no such issue, nor could he have well presented it, by his pleading. He has no equity in the land. He paid nothing for it. His deed, though valid as against Pollard, is void even as to his subsequent creditors. Against such he can not contend, lie is permitted to contend against this apparent creditor because he alleges that she is nota real creditor; that the judgment which gives her the appearance of a real creditor was collusive and fraudulent, and so no judgment at all. He must therefore show it was so erroneous, so unjust, or so obtained as to overcome the presumption of good faith in obtaining it.
The question, then, is whether there is evidence in the case of an amount and character sufficient to overcome such presumption arising from the judgment itself and the circumstances of its rendition, and it is a question not free from difficulty. This arises almost entirely from the magnitude of the amount. If it had been two or three thousand dollars, we should have little or no hesitation about it; but we can not entirely rid our minds of suspicion that some fictitious claim, some guess by witnesses as to the amount, or some fraudulent or careless admission by the defendant therein, was used to arrive at, the large amount found. And yet it is hardly more than suspicion and based as much on ignorance and assumption as on knowledge of real facts. What is known is, that though a judgment by default, it was not by confession; that the assessment was made not upon mere computation, nor upon the testimony of either party, but of a number of witnesses who seem to have had no interest in the question, and that the amount assessed was precisely that laid in the ad dammum in the writ.
What is unknown is, what were the items of plaintiff’s claim and what was the testimony of the witnesses on the assessment. It was for the plaintiff in error to make these appear if they would tend to show fraud. Gan he insist, on any rule of law or reason or logic, that the amount of the judgment shall he considered as a circumstance bearing on the question of its fairness, in the absence of all proof as to the evidence on which it was obtained? Can he ask this court to hold, abstractly, that Mrs. Walters could not have a just claim to that amount against Pollard Eh Walters? Can it be assumed or inferred from anything in this record that her claim was limited to wages for her services and §700 of money loaned? Can tlie opinion of witnesses in this case as to tlie value of her services impeach the credibility of testimony that is unknown? Can we assume that this testimony included an admission by Pollard as to the amount he owed, and further, that such admission was fraudulently made to he proved, in lien of other evidence which could not he produced of the reality and amount of her claim? And what effect shall be given to the presumption of intelligence and integrity to which the judge who heard the evidence and rendered the judgment is entitled?
On the hearing of this cause the complainant swore that she brought that suit in good faith to secure what Pollard Walters owed her, and he, that he made no defense because lie had none, and that he justly owed her all she recovered. Neither was cross-examined. There is no other creditor of Pollard to be affected by this judgment; and we think, notwithstanding suspicion, that clearer proof to impeach it for fraud should be required of the plaintiff in error, than he lias here produced.
It is not shown by a preponderance of evidence that tiie deed to him was made upon the advice or with the consent or knowledge of Mrs. Walters.
The decree of the Circuit Court will be affirmed.
Decree affirmed.