Day, J. —
I. It is with much earnestness urged that the verdict is not sustained by the evidence; that it utterly fails to establish negligence upon the part of defendant, or the exercise of reasonable care upon the part of the parents of deceased. The evidence covers one hundred and twenty-eight printed pages, and it is not practicable to review it. We have perused it attentively, and feel satisfied that we would not be justified in setting aside the verdict of the jury upon the ground that the evidence does not support it. We think it furnishes data from which the jury might fairly find that the train was running at an unlawful rate of speed, and, also, that the engineer in charge of the train did not keeji as constant and vigilant a look out as may reasonably be required in running along a much frequented street of a populous city. The evidence, we think, also fairly sustains the finding that those in charge of deceased were not guilty of contributory negligence.
i. evidence : railroad.' II. The plaintiff was introduced as a witness, and after stating that the age of the child was a little less than two years at the time of his death, and that witness had, been head sawyer for seventeen or eighteen years, and had worked in French & Davis’ saw mill more than twelve years, the witness was asked the following questions: “ State, if you please, what the usual compensation paid is, for services, for the kind you have bee.n rendering for the past five or six years? ” “ State now whether the compensation of that [73]*73class of labor has been on the increase or not for the last eight or ten years ? ” “ State what your occupation has been since 1871, clown to the present time?” “Do you own a mill?” The defendant objected to all of these questions upon the ground of immateriality. The objection was ovenmled, and the witness answered that the usual compensation paid for such services as his was from three and a-half to four dollai’S a day; that the compensation for such labor had been on the increase until for the last five or six yeai-s, since which time it had not changed; that witness was sawing up to 1871; and that he now owns a mill.
The admitting of this testimony is assigned as error. The purpose for which this testimony was admitted is thus stated in the charge of the court: “ In considering the amount to which the estate would be entitled, you may take into view the pursuits in which the father of the deceased is engaged, as indicating the genei*al nature of the pursuits which deceased would have probably followed had he lived and his health and strength been preserved. It is not to be understood from this that the deceased would have followed the same identical business that his father does, but that it is likely his employments would be of the same general character, and of the same general class as his father’s.” It seems to us that there was no material error' in allowing the jxuy to consider this evidence, and to give to it its due weight in determining what the business and earnings of deceased would probably have been, had he survived to manhood. Of course, ’such testimony is not very controlling in its character. There are a thousand circumstances which lead children into pursuits widely different from those of their parents. This fact, kiiown to eveiy observant person, should be allowed due weight by the jury, in estimating the proper reliance to be placed upon such testimony. Yet experience also teaches that qliildren do very frequently pursue the same general class of business as that of their parents. There can, therefore, it seems to us, be no substantial prejudice in permitting, in a case of this kind, proof of the father’s general employment, and in allowing the jury to give to it such weight and effect as experience and observa[74]*74tion sliow it should receive. Proof that the deceased’s father now owns a mill of his own was admissible, not for the purpose of showing that deceased would probably have owned one, too, but to show the fixed and permanent nature of his business, so that the probabilities of its influence upon the son might be considered.
2.-: life tables. III. The Carlisle life tables were admitted on behalf of the plaintiff, showing that the expectancy of life of deceased, at the time of his death, was fortjr-seven and fifty-five-hundredths years. The defendant assigns as error the admitting of this evidence. The general competency of such testimony is not controverted, but a special objection is urged, growing out of the peculiar attitude of this case.
Upon the former appeal we held that the administrator can recover on account only of the damages resulting after the deceased would have attained his majority.
The objection of appellant to the testimony under consideration can be better expressed in the language of counsel. “ When a person has actually attained any given age, and is in ordinary health and strength, we may reasonably say that experience proves that probably he will live a certain number of years. * * * * * * Rut, when we say that if he should live to be twenty-one years of age, then his expectancy would be a certain number of years, we are introducing a new element or hypothesis which no tables can meet.”
If it had been assumed that the deceased, but for the accident, would have lived to be twenty-one years old, and his expectancy of life had been computed from that date, the objection of defendant would have been well taken. Rut this was not done. The expectancy of the life of the deceased was computed from his age at the time of his death. The fact that the administrator can recover nothing for the first nineteen years of this period does not affect the fact that, at the time of decedent’s death, it was probable that he would have lived forty-seven and fifty-five-hundredths years. There was no error in the admission of these tables.
[75]*753. MtMtributorv:rnie not applicable to miants. [74]*74IY. Appellant assigns as error the giving of the third [75]*75instruction. The portion objected to is as follows: “ The rule that refuses damages to an individual, whose negri£:ence, however slight, has, m any manner, ?, , ’ , . . ,. , . , , contributed to produce the injury lor which he sues, presupposes that he has reached an age when he lias sufficient intelligence to know the existence of danger, and sufficient thought to protect himself from its consequences.
This rule, therefore, does not and cannot apply to an infant of two years or less; and if an infant of that age is found alone in a place where he is exposed to danger, and in a situation where he can easily be seen, it is the duty of every person approaching him to use all the care and caution that such person can command, to avoid injury to him, and if such person fail to use such care and caution, and injnry results to the infant, from the want of such care and caution, such person is guilty of negligence, and would be liable to the infant for the injuries so caused, had such infant survived such injury.” The doctrine of this instruction is humane and just. There is no little difficulty, and there is much judicial conflict in the application of the rules of negligence to cases of injuries sustained by children who have not reached years of discretion.
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Day, J. —
I. It is with much earnestness urged that the verdict is not sustained by the evidence; that it utterly fails to establish negligence upon the part of defendant, or the exercise of reasonable care upon the part of the parents of deceased. The evidence covers one hundred and twenty-eight printed pages, and it is not practicable to review it. We have perused it attentively, and feel satisfied that we would not be justified in setting aside the verdict of the jury upon the ground that the evidence does not support it. We think it furnishes data from which the jury might fairly find that the train was running at an unlawful rate of speed, and, also, that the engineer in charge of the train did not keeji as constant and vigilant a look out as may reasonably be required in running along a much frequented street of a populous city. The evidence, we think, also fairly sustains the finding that those in charge of deceased were not guilty of contributory negligence.
i. evidence : railroad.' II. The plaintiff was introduced as a witness, and after stating that the age of the child was a little less than two years at the time of his death, and that witness had, been head sawyer for seventeen or eighteen years, and had worked in French & Davis’ saw mill more than twelve years, the witness was asked the following questions: “ State, if you please, what the usual compensation paid is, for services, for the kind you have bee.n rendering for the past five or six years? ” “ State now whether the compensation of that [73]*73class of labor has been on the increase or not for the last eight or ten years ? ” “ State what your occupation has been since 1871, clown to the present time?” “Do you own a mill?” The defendant objected to all of these questions upon the ground of immateriality. The objection was ovenmled, and the witness answered that the usual compensation paid for such services as his was from three and a-half to four dollai’S a day; that the compensation for such labor had been on the increase until for the last five or six yeai-s, since which time it had not changed; that witness was sawing up to 1871; and that he now owns a mill.
The admitting of this testimony is assigned as error. The purpose for which this testimony was admitted is thus stated in the charge of the court: “ In considering the amount to which the estate would be entitled, you may take into view the pursuits in which the father of the deceased is engaged, as indicating the genei*al nature of the pursuits which deceased would have probably followed had he lived and his health and strength been preserved. It is not to be understood from this that the deceased would have followed the same identical business that his father does, but that it is likely his employments would be of the same general character, and of the same general class as his father’s.” It seems to us that there was no material error' in allowing the jxuy to consider this evidence, and to give to it its due weight in determining what the business and earnings of deceased would probably have been, had he survived to manhood. Of course, ’such testimony is not very controlling in its character. There are a thousand circumstances which lead children into pursuits widely different from those of their parents. This fact, kiiown to eveiy observant person, should be allowed due weight by the jury, in estimating the proper reliance to be placed upon such testimony. Yet experience also teaches that qliildren do very frequently pursue the same general class of business as that of their parents. There can, therefore, it seems to us, be no substantial prejudice in permitting, in a case of this kind, proof of the father’s general employment, and in allowing the jury to give to it such weight and effect as experience and observa[74]*74tion sliow it should receive. Proof that the deceased’s father now owns a mill of his own was admissible, not for the purpose of showing that deceased would probably have owned one, too, but to show the fixed and permanent nature of his business, so that the probabilities of its influence upon the son might be considered.
2.-: life tables. III. The Carlisle life tables were admitted on behalf of the plaintiff, showing that the expectancy of life of deceased, at the time of his death, was fortjr-seven and fifty-five-hundredths years. The defendant assigns as error the admitting of this evidence. The general competency of such testimony is not controverted, but a special objection is urged, growing out of the peculiar attitude of this case.
Upon the former appeal we held that the administrator can recover on account only of the damages resulting after the deceased would have attained his majority.
The objection of appellant to the testimony under consideration can be better expressed in the language of counsel. “ When a person has actually attained any given age, and is in ordinary health and strength, we may reasonably say that experience proves that probably he will live a certain number of years. * * * * * * Rut, when we say that if he should live to be twenty-one years of age, then his expectancy would be a certain number of years, we are introducing a new element or hypothesis which no tables can meet.”
If it had been assumed that the deceased, but for the accident, would have lived to be twenty-one years old, and his expectancy of life had been computed from that date, the objection of defendant would have been well taken. Rut this was not done. The expectancy of the life of the deceased was computed from his age at the time of his death. The fact that the administrator can recover nothing for the first nineteen years of this period does not affect the fact that, at the time of decedent’s death, it was probable that he would have lived forty-seven and fifty-five-hundredths years. There was no error in the admission of these tables.
[75]*753. MtMtributorv:rnie not applicable to miants. [74]*74IY. Appellant assigns as error the giving of the third [75]*75instruction. The portion objected to is as follows: “ The rule that refuses damages to an individual, whose negri£:ence, however slight, has, m any manner, ?, , ’ , . . ,. , . , , contributed to produce the injury lor which he sues, presupposes that he has reached an age when he lias sufficient intelligence to know the existence of danger, and sufficient thought to protect himself from its consequences.
This rule, therefore, does not and cannot apply to an infant of two years or less; and if an infant of that age is found alone in a place where he is exposed to danger, and in a situation where he can easily be seen, it is the duty of every person approaching him to use all the care and caution that such person can command, to avoid injury to him, and if such person fail to use such care and caution, and injnry results to the infant, from the want of such care and caution, such person is guilty of negligence, and would be liable to the infant for the injuries so caused, had such infant survived such injury.” The doctrine of this instruction is humane and just. There is no little difficulty, and there is much judicial conflict in the application of the rules of negligence to cases of injuries sustained by children who have not reached years of discretion. The true rule seems to be, that if the parent or guardian of a child has taken reasonable care of him, and, notwithstanding the child escapes into a dangerous place under circumstances which impute no negligence of the guardian or parent of the_ child, then the child can be held only to the exercise of such care as is usual among children of his age. The rule which denies relief to one who is guilty of negligence, contributing to the injury, is based more upon considerations of public policy, which require that every one should guard his person against injury, than upon what is just to the defendant. It is quite clear that a rule which has its foundations in such considerations cannot, with any propriety, apply in the case of an infant of such tender years as not to have reached the age-of discretion. See Shearman & Eedfield on Negligence, Secs. 42-48, 49, and cases cited. If an adult should be seen upon a railroad track in a dangerous situation, the engineer in charge of an approaching train would not be justifiable in running [76]*76him down, although his being’ in that situation was an act of negligence. After, becoming aware of his dangerous position, the engineer should use ordinary care, to prevent injury, and for a neglect to do so, the company would be liable. See Shearman & Redñeld on Negligence, Sec. 36, and cases cited. True, the engineer would ordinarily have the right to assume that such person was possessed of the usual senses, and that he would heed the ordinary signals. And, under certain circumstances, the exercise of ordinary care might require no more than the giving of the customary signals of approach. Rut in the case of an infant two years old, the rule must be different. Even conceding that the rules of contributory neg-. ligence apply to him (which they do not, as we have seen),- and that he is personally negligent in being upon the track, what is the duty of an engineer in charge of an approaching train, who sees him in this exposed condition? lie cannot presume that the infant will heed any warnings,- or that he will make any exertions for his own safety. All the exertions which are to be put forward must be employed by the engineer and others in charge of the train. • Under such circumstances, can the demands of humanity be answered unless they, in the language of the instruction, “ use all the care and caution that they can command? ” The instruction, it will be observed, does not measure the care and caution required by the ability of any other person. It simply demands that the person approaching shall use all the care and caution he can command. Ordinary care varies with the circumstances. What would be ordinary care in the case of an adult, might be gross negligence in the case of a young child. Fairly construed, the instruction under consideration, it seems to us, is not erroneous. • •
4. Bjsijstio«on oFlaot?’ practice. Y. In the fourth instruction the court directed the jury as follows: “If, at the time the defendant left the pavement, and started across the street in the direction of the railroad track, it would have been impossible to stop tpe train, or so check the train as to avoid the accident, had it been running at the authorized speed, that is, six miles an hour, then notwithstanding the rate of speed at [77]*77which, the train was running may have been greater than that allowed by the ordinance of said city, and would, therefore, be negligence, yet unless the accident is fully traceable to such excessive speed, and could have been avoided, had this speed of the train been no greater than that prescribed by the ordinance, then the accident would not be the result of such excessive speed, and the defendant would not be liable therefor in this action.” The evidence shows that on Fifth street, where the injury occurred, the railroad has two tracks, and that the parents of deceased resided north of and fifty feet from the place of injury. The point where the injury was inflicted was in plain view of the approaching train for twenty-six hundred feet. The child was injured on the south rail of the south track. There is no evidence that it was seen by any one from the time it left the premises of the parents until it was seen on the track where injured. The theory of defendant is that it had been lying close to the track in the sand, or concealed by a pile of stone, and that it rose and stepped upon the track just at the moment that it was discovered. The instruction ignores this theory of defendant. It assumes that the deceased left the pavement and started across the street 'in the direction of the railroad track when the train was in the vicinity, and it was proper to use exertions to check it. It is plain that if the child traversed this distance of fifty feet in view of those in charge of the train, the conclusion that defendant was negligent is almost inevitable. The defendant must have been prejudiced by an instruction which assumes such to be the facts.
c.negligence: iacuraliroad. VI. Defendant assigned as error the giving of a portion of the fifth instruction, as follows: “It is the duty of those iutrustéd with the running of railway trains to keep a reasonably vigilant look out, and to use all proper care and caution to avoid injuries to persons who may be on the streets through which the track of the road passes. If the deceased was a child of two years old or less, and was unattended and could have been seen while on the track, or in the street, and in the immediate vicinity of the track, by those in charge of the train in time to stop it, then it was their duty [78]*78to stop the train, and a failure to so stop would be negligence.'’ It cannot, we think, as matter of law be declared to be negligence to fail to stop a train when a child is simply seen in the immediate vicinity of the track. Negligence is usually a question of fact. If the position and employment of the child is such as to furnish a reasonable ground to apprehend that it will likely come upon the track and be subjected to injury, then reasonable prudence and care would require the stopping of the train, if necessary to avoid the injury. But whether the circumstances are such as to reasonably require a resort to such precautionary measures when the child is not upon the track, nor in a condition to be injured if he does not approach nearer the track, the jury should be allowed to determine as a fact in view of all the surrounding circumstances.
6_. cai.e duty oTparent. VII. In the sixth instruction the court charged that if the parents of deceased took no precautions, to keep the deceased in the yard, but suffered it to go into the street at own arL(3 pleasure, unwatehed and uncared for, an(j ^ fojuly would not have happened but for this want of attention and care, then the defendant would not be liable, and then proceeded as follows: “If, however, the father of the deceased was, at the time of the injury, a laboring man, and its mother was confined to her room by sickness, and they had placed the deceased in charge of a proper person to take care of and watch over - it, with fences and gates properly secure and fastened, this would be sufficient care.” It is objected to this branch of the instruction that the duty to keep a child out of danger requires as much exercise of care by a person in one condition of life as by a person in another condition. This branch of the instruction is not objectionable. Law, as a rule of human conduct, should be adapted to human necessities and conditions. In so far as it fails of such adaptation it becomes unjust and unreasonable. It certainly cannot be claimed that a laboring man, or his wife, though confined to her room by sickness, must give their personal attention and oversight to their infant child, in order to avoid the imputation of negligence. Certainly when they [79]*79provide fences and gates properly secure and fastened, and place the child in care of a proper person to take care of and watch over it, they cannot be personally charged with negligence. See Alton Railway Co. v. Gregory, 58 Ill., 226.
This instruction further proceeds as follows: “ And if, under these circumstances, the deceased happened to get out of the yard, and into the street without the agency or knowledge of its parents or the person to whose care it had been committed, and while so in the street the injury occurred which resulted in its death, this would be without the fault of the parents and they could not be charged with negligence.” The circumstances referred to are that the father and mother are both so situated that they cannot reasonably be required to give their personal attention to the child, and they have placed it in charge of a proper person. It is objected to this branch of the instruction that the person in charge of the child may be negligent, if it escapes into the street without such person’s knowledge. And of this proposition there can be no question. "When the parents then cannot give their personal supervision to a child, and they place it in charge of a proper person, and he acts negligently, is such negligence to be imputed to the parents? If the rule denying relief to a party who has been negligent arose out of consideration for the defendant, this question must be answered in the affirmative, for if the injury to the deceased was contributed to by others than the defendant, the result as to defendant is the same, whether this contributory negligence arose from the acts of the parents, or from another to whose custody the parents had entrusted the child.
But, as we have already seen, this rule has its primary foundation upon grounds of public policy, and is not intended especially for the benefit'of the defendant. When, therefore, the parents, who are primarily intrusted with the protection and care of their infant children, and who are entitled to the pecuniary compensation which the law allows for a wrongful act resulting in their death, exercise reasonable and ordinary care, the public interests are subserved, and there is no good reason why the negligence of the person in charge of the child [80]*80should be imputed to the parent, and through the parent to the child itself.
7. damages: óf infant. Till. To the eighth, ninth and tenth instructions defendants object because they permit the jury to find a verdict for more than nominal damages. The objection we understand to be that, inasmuch as the administrator could recover only on account of so much of the expectancy of life as remained after majority, and it is uncertain that the child would have lived to be twenty-one years of age, or if he had that he would have accumulated any estate, therefore, only nominal damages can be recovered. The only authority cited in support of this doctrine is Lehman r. The Gity of Brooklyn, 29 Barb., 231.
If this position be tenable, no damages based upon the expectancy of life could ever be recovered. In no case could it be certainly affirmed that the deceased, if he had not met with the injury which caused his death, would not have died the next day from some other cause. That a child two years old will live forty-seven years longer may be just as certain as that an individual twenty-five years old will live out the period of his expectancy of lifei And there is no legal impropriety in the allowance of substantial damages for the death of such a child. Of course, in the estimation of damages the jury must properly regard all the contingencies which affect the accumulation of an estate. And this they were directed by the court to do in this case. See City of Chicago v. Mayor, 18 Ill., 349; Oldfield v. New York Harlem R’y Co., 11 N. Y., 310; McMahon v. The Mayor of New York, 33 N. Y., 612; O'Mara v. Hndson Hirer R'y Co., 38 N. Y., 115; Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co. v. Kelly, 21 Md., 271.
We discover no. other point in the case which demands special notice. For the errors already considered the judgment must be
Reversed.