Walter W. Wells v. County of Stanislaus

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 WALTER W. WELLS, et al., No. 1:20-cv-00770-TLN-BAM 12 Plaintiffs, 13 v. ORDER 14 COUNTY OF STANISLAUS, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 This matter is before the Court on three Motions to Dismiss: (1) Defendants County of 18 Stanislaus (“the County”), Stanislaus County District Attorney’s Office, Birgit Fladager, Kirk 19 Bunch, Dale Lingerfelt, Steve Jacobson, and Cory Brown’s (collectively, “County Defendants”) 20 Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 19); (2) Defendants City of Ceres (“Ceres”) and Derek Perry’s 21 (collectively, “Ceres Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 22); and (3) Defendants City of 22 Modesto (“Modesto”) and Jon Evers’s (collectively, “Modesto Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss 23 (ECF No. 30). Plaintiffs Walter W. Wells and Scott McFarlane (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) oppose 24 each motion. (ECF Nos. 21, 31, 35.) Defendants filed replies. (ECF Nos. 23, 32, 36.) For the 25 reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motions. 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 2 On April 2, 2012, an individual named Korey Kauffman (“Kauffman”) was reported 3 missing. (ECF No. 5 at 9.) On April 4, 2012, Defendant Bunch (“Bunch”), a criminal 4 investigator for the Stanislaus County District Attorney’s Office, filed a report that included 5 statements from an informant named Michael Cooley (“Cooley”), who was the last person to see 6 Kauffman alive. (Id.) Cooley implicated prominent criminal defense attorney Frank Carson 7 (“Carson”) and other individuals in Kauffman’s murder. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege Bunch 8 subsequently led a task force composed of parties from the Stanislaus County District Attorney’s 9 Office, Stanislaus County Sheriff’s Department, and the Modesto, Turlock, and Ceres Police 10 Departments. (Id. at 4–5.) Plaintiffs refer to these parties collectively as “Government 11 Defendants.” (Id. at 6.) Plaintiffs allege Government Defendants falsely accused them of 12 participating in a conspiracy to murder Kauffman and then engaged in a pattern of harassment 13 and abuse against Plaintiffs, including unlawful arrests and prosecutions for crimes they did not 14 commit. (Id. at 7–25.) 15 Plaintiffs filed the instant action on May 29, 2020. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiffs filed the 16 operative First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) on June 17, 2020, alleging various 42 U.S.C. § 17 1983 claims and state law claims. (ECF No. 6.) County Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on 18 July 13, 2020 (ECF No. 19), Ceres Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on August 10, 2020 19 (ECF No. 22), and Modesto Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on August 31, 2020 (ECF No. 20 30). Each of Defendants’ motions to dismiss are brought pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 21 Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6), and each motion has been fully briefed. 23 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under 24 Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th 25 Cir. 2001). Rule 8(a) requires that a pleading contain “a short and plain statement of the claim 26 showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 27 U.S. 662, 677–78 (2009). Under notice pleading in federal court, the complaint must “give the 28 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atlantic 1 v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal citation and quotations omitted). “This simplified 2 notice pleading standard relies on liberal discovery rules and summary judgment motions to 3 define disputed facts and issues and to dispose of unmeritorious claims.” Swierkiewicz v. Sorema 4 N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512 (2002). 5 On a motion to dismiss, the factual allegations of the complaint must be accepted as true. 6 Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322 (1972). A court must give the plaintiff the benefit of every 7 reasonable inference to be drawn from the “well-pleaded” allegations of the complaint. Retail 8 Clerks Int’l Ass’n v. Schermerhorn, 373 U.S. 746, 753 n.6 (1963). A plaintiff need not allege 9 “‘specific facts’ beyond those necessary to state his claim and the grounds showing entitlement to 10 relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 (internal citation omitted). 11 Nevertheless, a court “need not assume the truth of legal conclusions cast in the form of 12 factual allegations.” U.S. ex rel. Chunie v. Ringrose, 788 F.2d 638, 643 n.2 (9th Cir. 1986). 13 While Rule 8(a) does not require detailed factual allegations, “it demands more than an 14 unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A 15 pleading is insufficient if it offers mere “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the 16 elements of a cause of action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 17 (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 18 statements, do not suffice.”). Thus, ‘[c]onclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences 19 are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.” Adams v. Johnson, 355, 20 F.3d 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). Moreover, it is inappropriate to assume the 21 plaintiff “can prove facts that it has not alleged or that the defendants have violated the . . . laws 22 in ways that have not been alleged.” Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State 23 Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983). 24 Ultimately, a court may not dismiss a complaint in which the plaintiff has alleged “enough 25 facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim 26 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 27 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 28 680. While the plausibility requirement is not akin to a probability requirement, it demands more 1 than “a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. at 678. This plausibility 2 inquiry is “a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial 3 experience and common sense.” Id. at 679. Thus, only where a plaintiff fails to “nudge [his or 4 her] claims . . . across the line from conceivable to plausible[,]” is the complaint properly 5 dismissed. Id. at 680 (internal quotations omitted). 6 If a complaint fails to state a plausible claim, “‘[a] district court should grant leave to 7 amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading 8 could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.’” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 9 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995)); 10 see also Gardner v. Martino, 563 F.3d 981, 990 (9th Cir. 2009) (finding no abuse of discretion in 11 denying leave to amend when amendment would be futile). Although a district court should 12 freely give leave to amend when justice so requires under Rule 15(a)(2), “the court’s discretion to 13 deny such leave is ‘particularly broad’ where the plaintiff has previously amended its 14 complaint[.]” Ecological Rights Found. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 713 F.3d 502, 520 (9th Cir. 15 2013) (quoting Miller v. Yokohama Tire Corp., 358 F.3d 616, 622 (9th Cir. 2004)). 17 The thrust of each of the instant motions to dismiss is that the FAC should be dismissed 18 because Plaintiffs fail to clearly set forth factual allegations giving rise to each claim. 19 Importantly, most of Plaintiffs’ claims against the entity Defendants and supervising Defendants 20 seem to stem from the alleged conduct of the individual Defendants. As will be discussed, the 21 Court agrees the FAC should be dismissed in its entirety pursuant to Rule 8 because the factual 22 basis for each Defendants’ liability for each claim is unclear. 23 Rule 8 requires “each averment of a pleading to be ‘simple, concise, and direct.’” See 24 McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1177–78 (9th Cir. 1996). To comply with Rule 8, a complaint 25 should clearly and fully set forth “who is being sued, for what relief, and on what theory, with 26 enough detail to guide discovery.” Id. at 1178. Even if the factual elements of a cause of action 27 are present but are scattered throughout the complaint and not organized into a “short and plain 28 statement of the claim,” dismissal for failure to satisfy Rule 8 is proper. Id. Further, “[t]he 1 propriety of dismissal for failure to comply with Rule 8 does not depend on whether the 2 complaint is wholly without merit.” Id. at 1179. Indeed, Rule 8(d)’s requirement that each 3 averment of a pleading be “‘simple, concise, and direct,’ applies to good claims as well as bad, 4 and is a basis for dismissal independent of Rule 12(b)(6).” Id. 5 Shotgun pleading occurs when: (1) one party pleads that multiple parties did an act, 6 without identifying which party did what specifically; or (2) when one party pleads multiple 7 claims and does not identify which specific facts are allocated to which claim. Hughey v. 8 Camacho, No. 2:13-CV-2665-TLN-AC, 2014 WL 5473184, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 23, 2014) 9 (citing In re Mortgages Ltd., No. 2:08-bk-07465-RJH, 2013 WL 1336830, at *12 (Bankr. D. Ariz. 10 March 29, 2013); Magulta v. Samples, 256 F.3d 1282, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001)). In the instant case, 11 the FAC does both of these things. More specifically, the FAC includes over 50 paragraphs of 12 factual allegations that describe a wide variety of conduct by different individuals from different 13 agencies. (ECF No. 5 at ¶¶ 24–79.) These allegations are later incorporated by reference within 14 eight distinct causes of action which are asserted against multiple Defendants collectively and 15 which list only the bare elements of each claim without designating which facts underlie which 16 claim. (Id. at 26–31.) This lack of clarity permeates the entire FAC and is a sufficient basis for 17 dismissal. See Destfino v. Reiswig, 630 F.3d 952, 958 (9th Cir. 2011) (affirming a district court’s 18 dismissal of an entire complaint that made “everyone did everything allegations” without leave to 19 amend because “[t]he district court made clear . . . that plaintiffs must amend their ‘shotgun 20 pleading’ to ‘state[ ] clearly how each and every defendant is alleged to have violated plaintiffs’ 21 legal rights” and plaintiffs failed to do so); see also Bautista v. Los Angeles Cnty., 216 F.3d 837, 22 840–841 (9th Cir. 2000) (affirming dismissal of a complaint with prejudice where the complaint 23 failed to include short and plain statement of claim of each of the 51 plaintiffs and failed to state 24 each plaintiff’s claim in separate count). The Court will address certain arguments from each of 25 the pending motions to dismiss to illustrate the confusion. 26 A. County Defendants 27 County Defendants argue Plaintiffs fail to allege specific facts as to each individual’s role 28 in each claim. (ECF No. 19-1 at 11.) For example, Plaintiffs sue Bunch, Jacobson, Brown, and 1 Lingerfelt — criminal investigators for the Stanislaus County District Attorney’s Office — in 2 their individual and official capacities. (ECF No. 5 at 4–5.) Plaintiffs specifically name Bunch, 3 Jacobson, and Lingerfelt (along with many other Defendants) in Claims Three and Four. (Id. at 4 28–29.) Plaintiffs also bring the remaining claims against “All Defendants,” which presumably 5 includes Bunch, Jacobson, Brown, and Lingerfelt. (Id. at 26–31.) 6 County Defendants correctly argue Plaintiffs fail to include factual allegations specific to 7 these individual Defendants within any claims. Although Plaintiffs argue there are sufficient 8 allegations that the individual Defendants participated in multiple instances of unlawful conduct 9 (ECF No. 21 at 18), the only Defendant-specific allegations Plaintiffs cite are as follows: Bunch 10 destroyed notes evidencing a conversation that implicated Carson in Kauffman’s murder (ECF 11 No. 5 at ¶ 37); Bunch was aware of credible leads that pointed to other individuals but did not 12 disclose this exculpatory evidence (id. at ¶¶ 39–40); Bunch destroyed evidence showing another 13 individual in the area where the body was found (id. at ¶ 41); Bunch coerced Robert Woody into 14 giving false testimony (id. at ¶ 43); Bunch started a retaliatory campaign against Wells that 15 included defaming and harassing him (id. at ¶ 47); Bunch instigated an internal investigation that 16 resulted in Wells losing his job (id. at ¶ 48); Bunch ignored MacFarlane’s information about 17 when Kauffman was last seen alive (id. at ¶ 49); Bunch submitted affidavits to the criminal court 18 and directed the malicious investigation and arrests (id. at ¶ 51); Jacobson and Lingerfelt were 19 involved in a coercive interview that led to Robert Woody’s false testimony (id. at ¶ 43); 20 Jacobson procured additional false testimony from Robert Woody by having Woody’s mother 21 hold up a note during her son’s jail visit (id. at ¶ 59); and Brown was the affiant of a warrant that 22 set forth several falsehoods, fabrications, misrepresentations, and omissions (id. at 54).1 23 Despite these various factual allegations in the background section of the FAC, Plaintiffs 24 refer to the parties collectively in each claim and fail to cite any specific factual allegations as to 25 “how each and every [D]efendant is alleged to have violated plaintiffs’ legal rights.” Destfino, 26 630 F.3d at 958. 27 1 Because the Court concludes the FAC does not satisfy Rule 8, the Court need not and does 28 not address whether the allegations are sufficient to state a claim. 1 B. Ceres Defendants 2 Ceres Defendants argue the FAC contains insufficient factual allegations regarding Perry 3 and no factual allegations against Ceres. (ECF No. 22-1 at 4.) Plaintiffs do not indicate whether 4 they sue Perry — a detective for the Ceres Police Department — in his individual or official 5 capacity. (ECF No. 5 at 5.) Although Plaintiffs do not specifically name Perry or Ceres in any of 6 their claims, Plaintiffs bring Claims One, Two, Five, Six, Seven, and Eight against “All 7 Defendants,” which presumably includes Perry and Ceres. (Id. at 26–31.) 8 In opposition, Plaintiffs argue Perry was an “integral participant” on the task force. (ECF 9 No. 31 at 10.) However, the only allegations specific to Perry in the FAC are that Perry was 10 directly responsible for destroying exculpatory evidence showing someone else likely murdered 11 Kauffman. (ECF No. 5 at ¶¶ 41, 63.) There are no specific allegations against Ceres other than 12 its relationship to Perry as his employer. Despite these sparse factual allegations, Plaintiffs 13 apparently seek to hold Perry and Ceres accountable for all of the conduct of other individuals 14 and agencies. Plaintiffs do not identify which of these allegations apply to which of the claims 15 brought against Perry and Ceres, nor do they explain how these facts support each claim against 16 each Defendant. Destfino, 630 F.3d at 958. 17 C. Modesto Defendants 18 Modesto Defendants challenge all of Plaintiffs’ allegations but argue the allegations 19 against Evers are particularly vague. (ECF No. 30 at 9.) Plaintiff sues Evers — a detective with 20 the Modesto Police Department — in his individual and official capacities. (ECF No. 5 at 5.) 21 Plaintiffs specifically name Evers (along with many other Defendants) in Claims Three and Four. 22 (Id. at 28–29.) However, Plaintiffs fail to allege any facts specific to Evers in these claims and 23 refer to Defendants collectively. The only allegations specific to Evers in the FAC are as follows: 24 Evers coerced Woody into giving false testimony (ECF No. 5 at ¶ 43); Evers interviewed Wells 25 and subsequently started a retaliatory campaign against Wells after he refused to falsely 26 incriminate his friends (id. at ¶ 47); and Evers interviewed MacFarlane and began a retaliation 27 against him similar to his retaliatory treatment of Wells (id. at ¶ 50). There are no allegations in 28 the FAC specific to Modesto other than its relationship to Evers as his employer. Plaintiffs do not 1 | identify which of these facts apply to which of the distinct claims brought against Evers and 2 | Modesto, nor do they explain how these facts support each claim. Destfino, 630 F.3d at 958. 3 In sum, this is an impermissible shotgun pleading. Plaintiffs improperly attempt to assert 4 | nearly all of their claims against all Defendants collectively and fail to allege facts specific to 5 | each Defendant for each particular claim. As such, the Court DISMISSES the FAC in its entirety 6 | but will give Plaintiffs an opportunity to amend. Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1130. In their amended 7 | complaint, Plaintiffs should identify which party did what specifically and which specific facts 8 | are allocated to which claim. See Hughey, 2014 WL 5473184, at *4; see also McHenry, 84 F.3d 9 | at 1176 (“[P]laintiffs would be well advised to . . . focus on linking their factual allegations to 10 } actual legal claims.”’). 12 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss (ECF 13 | Nos. 19, 22, 30) and DISMISSES the FAC in its entirety with leave to amend. Plaintiffs shall file 14 | their amended complaint not later than thirty (30) days from the electronic filing date of this 15 | Order. Defendants shall file their responsive pleading not later than twenty-one (21) days 16 | thereafter. 18 | DATED: September 27, 2021 19 / 20 “ \/ Lu 21 a ZA NZ Troy L. Nunley» } 22 United States District Judge 23 24 25 26 27 28