IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2010-CT-00898-SCT
WALTER TARD
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 06/08/2009 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. SAMAC S. RICHARDSON COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: MADISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER BY: GEORGE T. HOLMES LESLIE S. LEE ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL BY: SCOTT STUART DISTRICT ATTORNEY: MICHAEL GUEST NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 02/20/2014 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
KING, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Walter Tard was convicted in the Madison County Circuit Court of armed robbery and
sentenced to serve forty-five years, with ten years suspended and five years of post-release
supervision, in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections. On writ of
certiorari, Tard appeals a Court of Appeals judgment affirming his conviction and sentence.
Tard argues that the trial court erred by failing to review his entire videotaped interrogation
and by failing to suppress his statement. Further, Tard claims that the Court of Appeals erred by not reviewing the videotaped interrogation on appeal and by affirming the trial court’s
judgment. Because the record before us fails to indicate upon what evidence the trial court
based its decision to deny Tard’s motion to suppress his interrogation, we reverse Tard’s
conviction and sentence and remand the case to the circuit court for a new trial.
FACTS
¶2. On January 5, 2007, someone robbed a Drury Inn in Ridgeland, Mississippi. During
the police investigation of the robbery, Detective Donald Martin of the Ridgeland Police
Department obtained the names of a few suspects, one of whom was Walter Tard. The police
put together a photographic lineup for the desk clerk who was robbed, and she identified
Tard as being the man who had robbed her.
¶3. Soon after, detectives with the Ridgeland Police Department arrested Tard and
videotaped his interview with Detective Martin. The interrogation lasted approximately two
hours.
¶4. Tard was indicted on May 22, 2007, for armed robbery pursuant to Mississippi Code
Section 97-3-79. Tard pleaded not guilty, and the matter was set for trial. Tard moved to
suppress his confession, arguing that “such was not voluntarily given in that, under the
totality of the circumstances, the investigating Detective made misrepresentations, promises,
threats, and inducements in order to get the Defendant to admit to a crime all while the
Defendant suffered from a diminished mental capacity.” On December 12, 2008, the circuit
court held a suppression hearing to consider the admissibility of Tard’s confession. At the
hearing, Detective Martin testified that he made several misrepresentations to Tard to get him
to confess to the robbery. Tard’s aunt also testified, claiming Tard had, inter alia, subnormal
2 mental capacity. During the motion to suppress, the trial court made clear that it did not view
the entire two-hour videotaped statement when ruling on Tard’s motion to suppress. The
record is utterly silent regarding what portions of the videotape the trial court viewed.1
¶5. The circuit court denied Tard’s motion to suppress the confession, noting that
investigators use many different techniques to extract statements and confessions from
suspects, and that no examples of coercion or promises of reward were indicated during the
confession. The circuit court also denied Tard’s claim of diminished mental capacity, noting
that no medical diagnosis of subnormal mental capacity or testimony, other than that given
by his aunt, had been submitted to the court. Thus, Tard proceeded to trial.
¶6. After two mistrials,2 Tard entered a guilty plea on February 3, 2009. However, at the
sentencing hearing on March 9, 2009, the circuit court set aside the guilty plea following
Tard’s request for withdrawal. A third trial began on May 5, 2009, at which Tard was found
guilty of armed robbery.3 Tard filed a motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict
(JNOV) and for a new trial on June 11, 2009. The circuit court denied his motion on May
3, 2010.
1 The hearing transcript, produced in full, merely states that the court went “off the record” to view the videotape, and the court made no statements on the record as to which portion or portions of the videotape it viewed. 2 Because the State had violated an order to exclude mention of other crimes, the trial court declared a mistrial on December 29, 2008. A second mistrial was declared on February 2, 2009, after a nonparty lawyer entered the courtroom and had a conversation with a selected juror. 3 The suppression hearing was held prior to the first trial. At the third trial, the trial court did not review the previously filed motion to suppress Tard’s statement, proceeding under its original ruling on the motion.
3 ¶7. The Court of Appeals determined that “trial counsel never attempted to introduce the
entire videotape for the circuit court’s or the jury’s review. Because the issue was never
presented before the circuit judge, any claim for error is procedurally barred from review.”
Tard v. State, __ So. 3d __, 2013 WL 500745, at *4 (Miss. Ct. App. Feb. 12, 2013).
Accordingly, the Court of Appeals affirmed Tard’s conviction and sentence. We granted
Tard’s request for writ of certiorari.
ANALYSIS
¶8. Tard moved to suppress his confession, arguing that “such was not voluntarily given
in that, under the totality of the circumstances, the investigating Detective made
misrepresentations, promises, threats, and inducements in order to get the Defendant to admit
to a crime all while the Defendant suffered from a diminished mental capacity.”
¶9. We will not disturb a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress unless “the incorrect
legal principle was applied; if there was no substantial evidence to support a voluntary,
knowing, and intelligent waiver of Miranda 4 rights; and if the denial was a result of manifest
error.” Scott v. State, 8 So. 3d 855, 861 (Miss. 2008). The State bears the burden to prove
the voluntariness of the confession beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 861. The voluntariness
of a confession is a factual inquiry that must be made by the trial judge from a totality of the
circumstances. Williams v. State, 115 So. 3d 774, 778 (Miss. 2013). Taking the totality of
the circumstances into consideration, a confession is voluntary when it is the product of the
defendant’s free and rational choice. See Harden v. State, 59 So. 3d 594, 605 (Miss. 2011).
4 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
4 Thus, any confession elicited as a result of promises, threats, or inducements is not voluntary.
Id.
¶10. Also, where the accused’s mental capacity is raised, the trial court must determine
“whether the accused, prior to the confession, understood the content and substance of the
Miranda warning and the nature of the charges of which he was accused.” Williams, 115
So. 2d at 778. The defendant’s mental retardation “does not render a confession per se
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2010-CT-00898-SCT
WALTER TARD
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 06/08/2009 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. SAMAC S. RICHARDSON COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: MADISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER BY: GEORGE T. HOLMES LESLIE S. LEE ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL BY: SCOTT STUART DISTRICT ATTORNEY: MICHAEL GUEST NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 02/20/2014 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
KING, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Walter Tard was convicted in the Madison County Circuit Court of armed robbery and
sentenced to serve forty-five years, with ten years suspended and five years of post-release
supervision, in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections. On writ of
certiorari, Tard appeals a Court of Appeals judgment affirming his conviction and sentence.
Tard argues that the trial court erred by failing to review his entire videotaped interrogation
and by failing to suppress his statement. Further, Tard claims that the Court of Appeals erred by not reviewing the videotaped interrogation on appeal and by affirming the trial court’s
judgment. Because the record before us fails to indicate upon what evidence the trial court
based its decision to deny Tard’s motion to suppress his interrogation, we reverse Tard’s
conviction and sentence and remand the case to the circuit court for a new trial.
FACTS
¶2. On January 5, 2007, someone robbed a Drury Inn in Ridgeland, Mississippi. During
the police investigation of the robbery, Detective Donald Martin of the Ridgeland Police
Department obtained the names of a few suspects, one of whom was Walter Tard. The police
put together a photographic lineup for the desk clerk who was robbed, and she identified
Tard as being the man who had robbed her.
¶3. Soon after, detectives with the Ridgeland Police Department arrested Tard and
videotaped his interview with Detective Martin. The interrogation lasted approximately two
hours.
¶4. Tard was indicted on May 22, 2007, for armed robbery pursuant to Mississippi Code
Section 97-3-79. Tard pleaded not guilty, and the matter was set for trial. Tard moved to
suppress his confession, arguing that “such was not voluntarily given in that, under the
totality of the circumstances, the investigating Detective made misrepresentations, promises,
threats, and inducements in order to get the Defendant to admit to a crime all while the
Defendant suffered from a diminished mental capacity.” On December 12, 2008, the circuit
court held a suppression hearing to consider the admissibility of Tard’s confession. At the
hearing, Detective Martin testified that he made several misrepresentations to Tard to get him
to confess to the robbery. Tard’s aunt also testified, claiming Tard had, inter alia, subnormal
2 mental capacity. During the motion to suppress, the trial court made clear that it did not view
the entire two-hour videotaped statement when ruling on Tard’s motion to suppress. The
record is utterly silent regarding what portions of the videotape the trial court viewed.1
¶5. The circuit court denied Tard’s motion to suppress the confession, noting that
investigators use many different techniques to extract statements and confessions from
suspects, and that no examples of coercion or promises of reward were indicated during the
confession. The circuit court also denied Tard’s claim of diminished mental capacity, noting
that no medical diagnosis of subnormal mental capacity or testimony, other than that given
by his aunt, had been submitted to the court. Thus, Tard proceeded to trial.
¶6. After two mistrials,2 Tard entered a guilty plea on February 3, 2009. However, at the
sentencing hearing on March 9, 2009, the circuit court set aside the guilty plea following
Tard’s request for withdrawal. A third trial began on May 5, 2009, at which Tard was found
guilty of armed robbery.3 Tard filed a motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict
(JNOV) and for a new trial on June 11, 2009. The circuit court denied his motion on May
3, 2010.
1 The hearing transcript, produced in full, merely states that the court went “off the record” to view the videotape, and the court made no statements on the record as to which portion or portions of the videotape it viewed. 2 Because the State had violated an order to exclude mention of other crimes, the trial court declared a mistrial on December 29, 2008. A second mistrial was declared on February 2, 2009, after a nonparty lawyer entered the courtroom and had a conversation with a selected juror. 3 The suppression hearing was held prior to the first trial. At the third trial, the trial court did not review the previously filed motion to suppress Tard’s statement, proceeding under its original ruling on the motion.
3 ¶7. The Court of Appeals determined that “trial counsel never attempted to introduce the
entire videotape for the circuit court’s or the jury’s review. Because the issue was never
presented before the circuit judge, any claim for error is procedurally barred from review.”
Tard v. State, __ So. 3d __, 2013 WL 500745, at *4 (Miss. Ct. App. Feb. 12, 2013).
Accordingly, the Court of Appeals affirmed Tard’s conviction and sentence. We granted
Tard’s request for writ of certiorari.
ANALYSIS
¶8. Tard moved to suppress his confession, arguing that “such was not voluntarily given
in that, under the totality of the circumstances, the investigating Detective made
misrepresentations, promises, threats, and inducements in order to get the Defendant to admit
to a crime all while the Defendant suffered from a diminished mental capacity.”
¶9. We will not disturb a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress unless “the incorrect
legal principle was applied; if there was no substantial evidence to support a voluntary,
knowing, and intelligent waiver of Miranda 4 rights; and if the denial was a result of manifest
error.” Scott v. State, 8 So. 3d 855, 861 (Miss. 2008). The State bears the burden to prove
the voluntariness of the confession beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 861. The voluntariness
of a confession is a factual inquiry that must be made by the trial judge from a totality of the
circumstances. Williams v. State, 115 So. 3d 774, 778 (Miss. 2013). Taking the totality of
the circumstances into consideration, a confession is voluntary when it is the product of the
defendant’s free and rational choice. See Harden v. State, 59 So. 3d 594, 605 (Miss. 2011).
4 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
4 Thus, any confession elicited as a result of promises, threats, or inducements is not voluntary.
Id.
¶10. Also, where the accused’s mental capacity is raised, the trial court must determine
“whether the accused, prior to the confession, understood the content and substance of the
Miranda warning and the nature of the charges of which he was accused.” Williams, 115
So. 2d at 778. The defendant’s mental retardation “does not render a confession per se
involuntary; rather, the defendant’s mental abilities are but one factor to be considered.
Harden, 59 So. 3d at 605.
¶11. Because the trial court did not review the entire videotaped interrogation, Tard claims
the trial court failed to consider the totality of the circumstances. The record does not
indicate which parts of the interrogation the trial court viewed, although it is clear that the
trial court did not view the entire videotaped interrogation. This Court is left to speculate
whether the trial court watched ten seconds, or one hour and fifty-nine seconds, and it is left
to speculate as to exactly which portions of the videotape the trial court viewed in making
its determination of voluntariness under the totality of the circumstances. Thus, this Court
is unable to determine whether the trial court erred, since the record fails to indicate exactly
which facts and circumstances the trial court considered in determining whether the
confession was voluntary.
¶12. The State bears the burden of establishing voluntariness beyond a reasonable doubt
as determined by the totality of the circumstances. Scott, 8 So. 3d at 861. That burden
includes being certain that the evidence to be considered on the issue of voluntariness is
properly placed in the record. See, e.g., Short v. State, 929 So. 2d 420, 426 (Miss. App.
5 2006). Under the facts of this case, that included any portions of the confession actually
viewed by the trial court. The record before this Court does not allow us to judge whether
the State carried that burden because it lacks any indication of the basis for the trial court’s
decision. Therefore, we reverse and remand the judgment of the Madison County Circuit
Court for a new trial. Also, because the Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment erroneously,
we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals.
CONCLUSION
¶13. The record made at the suppression hearing is insufficient to determine the basis upon
which the trial court denied Tard’s motion to suppress. For this reason, the judgments of the
Court of Appeals and of the Madison County Circuit Court are reversed, and the case is
remanded to the circuit court for a new trial.
¶14. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
WALLER, C.J., DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, P.JJ., LAMAR, KITCHENS, CHANDLER, PIERCE AND COLEMAN, JJ., CONCUR.