IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2020-KA-00774-COA
WALTER SMITH APPELLANT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI APPELLEE
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 03/14/2019 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JANNIE M. LEWIS-BLACKMON COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HUMPHREYS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER BY: GEORGE T. HOLMES ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL BY: ALEXANDRA RODU ROSENBLATT ASHLEY L. SULSER NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 08/22/2023 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
EN BANC.
McCARTY, J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1. A man was found guilty of aggravated assault and possession of a firearm by a felon
after hitting another man in the head and then shooting him. He raises four issues on appeal.
Finding no error, we affirm.
FACTS
¶2. The facts in this case are uncontested. Walter Smith and Humphrey Ryland were at
the home of Roosevelt Brown. While there, Smith approached Ryland. He claimed Ryland
“owed him some money” for drugs. When Ryland responded he would “pay him the rest of
it the next month,” Smith “got angry.” He then hit Ryland “in the head” with a pistol. Ryland did not have a gun. Nonetheless, he got up and “hit [Smith] two or three times” in
the jaw. In turn, Smith shot Ryland “under the collarbone” and ran out of the backdoor of
the house.
¶3. An ambulance was called. A first responder treated Ryland’s wounds, and he was
taken to the hospital. Police then arrived and began searching for Smith. He was eventually
found at his father’s home.
¶4. Smith was arrested and charged with aggravated assault and possession of a firearm
by a felon.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶5. At trial, the jury first heard from Chief Demtrius Allen. He testified he got a call that
someone was shot. He stated when he and other officers arrived, the homeowner told him
Ryland was in the house and had been shot. The officer testified the homeowner told him
that Smith “took off running” toward the side of the house.
¶6. Chief Allen said he “saw the footprints on the side of the house” and “traced it back
to [Smith’s] father’s house.” He stated that once he and the other officers arrived, they
surrounded Smith’s father’s home. He said he “knocked on the door [and] advised that the
sheriff’s department was out[side],” but they “didn’t get a response.” He told the jury he then
called his supervisor because his supervisor knew Smith’s father well. Chief Allen said
Smith’s father came to the house, and “around ten minutes later, he went in the house . . .
and got Mr. Smith[.]”
2 ¶7. When asked if he had known Walter Smith beforehand, Chief Allen responded,
“Yes.” The chief was also asked if there was any question as to the identity of the alleged
shooter. He stated the homeowner told him that after hearing the gunshot, he saw Smith run
out of the house. Chief Allen also told the court that during his investigation, “[they]
concluded that Mr. Smith was the aggressor,” as “Mr. Smith came to where Mr. Ryland
was.” He further testified that Ryland did not have a weapon of any kind.
¶8. The jury also heard from Investigator Ward Steed. He testified he was the first
responder who tended to Ryland. He stated Ryland had “a gunshot wound to the upper left
chest” and “a wound graze to the . . . left side of his head.” He stated that after Ryland was
taken to the hospital, he went to the street where Smith was found. The investigator told the
court he did not see any injuries on Smith as officers took him out of his father’s home. He
also testified that to his knowledge, Smith did not ask for any medical assistance before he
was arrested. When asked who seemed to be the aggressor, Investigator Steed replied, “Mr.
Smith.” He explained he came to this conclusion because he “did not see any injuries on
[Smith,] and [he] did on Mr. Ryland.”
¶9. The homeowner, Roosevelt Brown, also testified. He stated he was outside when he
saw Smith “coming out [his] house” on the day of the incident. He testified he heard a
gunshot right before seeing Smith run out of the house. Brown was asked who was in the
house when Ryland was shot. He stated, “Walter.” When asked how he knew Walter Smith,
he responded, “I’ve been knowing him all my life.”
3 ¶10. Ryland then testified. He stated he did not know Smith “personally,” but he “can
describe him when [he] see[s] him.”1 He then told the jury Smith was a “light skinny guy,
brown skinny – hair about that thick.” When asked if he was sure Walter Smith shot him,
he responded, “Yeah.” He was also asked if he was sure Smith hit him first. He responded,
“Right.”
¶11. Finally, Deputy Cole McGinnis testified. He stated he went to the hospital to talk to
Ryland. He testified Ryland told him that Smith hit him first. The deputy also told the court
Ryland identified Mr. Smith as the shooter. He stated that Ryland’s version of events never
changed.
¶12. At the end of trial, the State offered jury instruction S-3:
The Court instructs the Jury that flight is a circumstance from which in the absence of a reasonable explanation therefor, guilty knowledge and fear may be inferred. If you find from the evidence in this case, beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, Walter Smith did flee or go into hiding after the shooting, then the flight of Walter Smith is to be considered in connection with all other evidence in this case. You will determine from all the facts whether the flight was from a conscious sense of guilt or whether it was caused by other things, and give it such weight as you think it is entitled to in determining the guilt or innocence of Walter Smith.
¶13. Defense counsel objected stating, “I don’t think that’s an element of neither one of the
actual charges.” The State characterized the instruction as a “typical flight instruction[].”
The State further argued that “the facts showed that Walter Smith after the shooting ran away
by multiple people’s testimony.” The prosecution also argued Smith “ran away” and “hid
1 Smith was present during jury selection but did not appear the following day.
4 in his house and . . . wouldn’t come out.” The trial court gave the flight instruction.
¶14. Next, the State offered jury instruction S-9:
The right to self-defense is forfeited when the defendant is the initial aggressor and provokes a difficulty, arming himself in advance, if necessary, to use his weapon and overcome his adversary.
¶15. Counsel for Smith objected to the pre-arming instruction, arguing it was duplicative.
The trial court gave the instruction over Smith’s objection.
¶16. Smith then offered a self-defense instruction. The State objected, arguing the defense
“offered no testimony to say that there was an actual self-defense.” The State further argued,
“[A]ll the testimony basically stated that Walter Smith was the aggressor.” Despite the pre-
arming instruction, the trial court gave Smith’s self-defense jury instruction. However, the
court found there was an “insufficient factual basis” to support Smith’s necessity instruction.
¶17. The jury found Smith guilty of aggravated assault and possession of a firearm by a
felon. He was sentenced to serve twenty years for aggravated assault and ten years for the
possession of a firearm, consecutively. He appealed, and the case was assigned to us by the
Supreme Court.
¶18. But Smith’s “[t]rial counsel did not file a notice of appeal until Monday, November
25, 2019, which was thirty-one days” after the denial of the post-trial motion, meaning it was
one day late. There was also confusion over whether Smith was entitled to in forma pauperis
status, and in any event, the appeal costs in his case were not paid; the Clerk of Appellate
Courts administratively dismissed the appeal for that failure. Acting pro se, Smith then
5 sought and was granted a withdrawal of the mandate and for his appeal to be reinstated. The
State did not oppose his motion. By an en banc order of this Court, we withdrew the mandate
and reinstated Smith’s appeal.
¶19. During the pendency of this appeal, in what appears to be an effort to clear up the
docket, Smith’s newly appointed counsel filed a “motion for authorization to proceed out of
time,” which asked us to suspend the Rules of Appellate Procedure because “good cause
exists to allow his appeal to proceed out of time so that the ends of justice can be served.”
¶20. By an en banc order dated February 8, 2023, this Court considered whether Smith’s
appeal was time-barred, notwithstanding that we had earlier withdrawn the mandate and
reinstated the appeal. “Nothing suggests that Smith caused his untimely appeal,” we
determined, but “it appear[ed] that his trial counsel simply missed the ten-day deadline to file
a post-trial motion that would toll the appeal deadline.” Relying on well-established law, we
found that “we may grant an out-of-time appeal where a person is convicted of a crime and
through no fault of his own is effectively denied his right to perfect his appeal within the time
prescribed by law by the acts of his attorney or the trial court.” McGruder v. State, 886 So.
2d 1, 2 (¶4) (Miss. 2003). Furthermore, “[w]e may suspend [the Rules of Appellate
Procedure] ‘when justice demands’ to allow an out-of-time appeal in criminal cases.” Id.
(quoting Fair v. State, 571 So. 2d 965, 966 (Miss. 1990)). By a vote of 8-2, the Court held
that the motion would be granted, and “[p]ursuant to Rule 2(c) . . . the deadline to appeal is
6 hereby suspended so this appeal may proceed on the merits.”2
DISCUSSION
I. The trial court committed harmless error by giving the pre-arming jury instruction.
¶21. Smith first argues the trial court erred by instructing the jury on pre-arming. In so
doing, he argues it “unfairly impaired his right and ability to fully present his defenses” on
self-defense and necessity.
¶22. At the time Smith was convicted, precedent allowed a jury to be instructed on “pre-
arming.” The purpose of the instruction was “to inform the fact-finder that one cannot arm
himself in advance when he is not in any physical danger, go forth and provoke a
confrontation or difficulty with another, shoot the other, and then attempt to hide behind a
2 The dissent contends that “this Court should first address Smith’s . . . perfected appeal of the denial of his motion for an out-of-time appeal before we consider an ultimate appeal of his convictions and sentences.” But as set out above, the Court has already addressed this issue and resolved it conclusively. In our en banc order dated February 8, 2023, we examined the procedural history of the case, found the appeal had been dismissed through no fault of Smith’s own, and determined that in the interests of justice, the appeal should considered. Ultimately, we ruled that “this appeal may proceed on the merits.”
A majority of the Court, having determined in the February 8 en banc order that this was a situation “‘when justice demands’ to allow an out-of-time appeal in criminal cases,” and with no party having asked us to revisit that question of the law, the duty of the Court then properly turns to the merits of Smith’s direct appeal. We decline the invitation by the separate opinion to revisit any alleged deficiencies in Smith’s appeal, as the February 8 order effectively wiped the slate clean by suspending the rules and declaring the notice of appeal accepted. Cf. Miss. Coll. v. May, 241 Miss. 359, 366, 128 So. 2d 557, 558 (1961) (declining to reconsider a point of law in part due to “public policy an[d] the interests of orderly and consistent judicial procedure”). In the interest of justice, the appeal should be considered.
7 smoke screen of self-defense.” Taylor v. State, 287 So. 3d 202, 204 (¶8) (Miss. 2020).
While lawful at the time of Smith’s trial, even at that time, the concept of pre-arming
instructions were “strongly criticized in a long line of Mississippi cases, allowing the
instruction only in those extremely rare incidents where the instruction was supported by the
evidence.” Id.
¶23. After the jury in Smith’s case was instructed and he was found guilty, the Supreme
Court overruled the line of cases allowing the instruction to be given, finding there was “no
legitimate rationale to continue estopping self-defense claims by giving pre-arming
instructions—instructions that are almost never affirmed.” Id.
¶24. Now this Court considers the question of what to do in a case like Smith’s, where the
instruction was given with no evidence supporting the instruction.
¶25. No objection was lodged at trial to the giving of this disfavored and now abolished
instruction. However, as the State argues, “plain error review is appropriate where there has
been an intervening change in the law while a case is on appeal.” Kirk v. Pope, 973 So. 2d
981, 987 (¶13) (Miss. 2007).
¶26. But the hurdle Smith faces at the second prong of plain error, whether there was
prejudice, is a high one. Smith argues that because the State was granted a pre-arming
instruction, it interfered with the given self-defense instruction. In response, the State argues
that because Smith presented no evidence supporting his self-defense claim, he could not
have been prejudiced by the trial court’s pre-arming instruction. Indeed, as revealed by a
8 thorough search of the record, the only proof at trial was that Smith was the initial aggressor
in the conflict with Ryland.
¶27. Therefore, we find that under the unique circumstances of this case, the giving of the
now-abolished pre-arming instruction did not prejudice Smith’s right and ability to fully
present his defenses. The instruction could not undermine his self-defense claim when there
was no evidence upon which a rational jury could have found it applicable.
II. There was sufficient evidence establishing Smith’s identity.
¶28. Smith next argues there was insufficient evidence to prove his identity beyond a
reasonable doubt. Specifically, he argues the jury only heard a “vague physical description.”
¶29. The standard of review for a trial court’s ruling on the legal sufficiency of the
evidence is de novo. Carpenter v. State, 311 So. 3d 1268, 1275 (¶26) (Miss. Ct. App. 2021).
“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, the relevant question is whether, after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.
“Where the facts and inferences point in favor of the defendant on any element of the offense
with sufficient force that reasonable jurors could not have found beyond a reasonable doubt
that the defendant was guilty, the proper remedy is to reverse and render.” Id.
¶30. Smith argues the jury only heard a vague description of his identity. But this ignores
the fact that each witness identified Smith—including Brown, who had known Smith all his
life. First, the jury heard from Chief Allen, who testified the homeowner told him that he
9 heard a gunshot and saw Smith run out of the house. The jury heard the chief testify that as
a result of his investigation, he concluded Smith was the aggressor. Critically, he stated he
knew Smith before the incident occurred. And regarding any possible concerns surrounding
the shooter’s identity, he referred back to his investigation, recalling that the homeowner
identified Smith as the shooter.
¶31. The jury also heard the homeowner’s testimony, who was outside his home when the
incident occurred. He stated that Smith and Ryland were inside the house at the time of the
shooting. He told the jury he heard a gunshot and saw Smith, whom he had known all his
life, run out of the house. The jury also heard Ryland himself testify he was sure Smith shot
him.
¶32. Given the ample evidence presented at trial, we find a rational trier of fact could have
found beyond a reasonable that Smith committed aggravated assault and possessed a firearm.
III. The trial court did not err by giving a flight instruction.
¶33. Smith also argues the trial court erred by giving a jury instruction on flight.
Particularly, he argues his “alleged flight was probative of his need to get away” from
Ryland.
¶34. This Court reviews the giving or refusal of a jury instruction for an abuse of
discretion. Sheriff v. State, 156 So. 3d 924, 925 (¶7) (Miss. Ct. App. 2014). “Whether to
give a jury instruction is within the sound discretion of the trial court.” Id. “This Court
reviews the jury instructions given as a whole to determine whether the refusal of a particular
10 instruction was in error.” Id. If the instructions fairly state the law of the case and no
injustice is created, no reversible error will be found. Id.
¶35. Our Supreme Court has “consistently held that a defendant’s flight is admissible as
evidence of consciousness of guilt.” Id. “There are two criteria for the court to consider
when determining whether a flight instruction is appropriate: (1) only unexplained flight
merits a flight instruction; and (2) flight instructions are to be given only in cases where that
circumstance has considerable probative value.” Id. at (¶10). “Any explanation given in an
effort to show an independent reason for flight must not be contradicted by other evidence
presented at trial.” Id.
¶36. While Smith contends his independent reason for fleeing was to get away from “a man
who was beating him up,” the evidence presented at trial contradicts this contention. Chief
Allen testified that his investigation revealed Smith was the aggressor, that Smith shot
Ryland, and that Ryland did not have a weapon of any kind. Investigator Steed then testified
that Smith appeared to be the aggressor because he only saw injuries on Ryland. The jury
also heard Ryland testify that Smith hit him first, shot him under the collarbone, and ran out
of the house. Lastly, Deputy McGinnis testified that Ryland stated Smith hit him. There was
no evidence presented at trial to support Smith’s argument that he fled because Ryland had
the upper hand in the altercation.
¶37. Because Smith failed to provide an independent, uncontradicted reason for his flight,
we cannot find the trial court abused its discretion by giving the jury instruction.
11 IV. Smith’s trial counsel was not ineffective.
¶38. Smith lastly argues his trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to make
objections throughout his trial. Specifically, he contends his trial counsel failed to object to
the “lay opinions” and hearsay testimony from the investigating officers.
¶39. “Ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims should ordinarily be raised in a petition for
post-conviction relief, not on direct appeal.” Perrigin v. State, 353 So. 3d 1108, 1112 (¶25)
(Miss. Ct. App. 2023). “The Court will address such claims on direct appeal when (1) the
record affirmatively shows ineffectiveness of constitutional dimensions, or (2) the parties
stipulate that the record is adequate, and the appellate court determines that the findings of
fact by a trial judge able to consider the demeanor of witnesses, etc., are not needed.” Id.
“This Court has also resolved ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims on direct appeal when
the record affirmatively shows that the claims are without merit.” Id.
¶40. “To prevail on a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, [Smith] must prove that
‘counsel’s performance was deficient,’ and ‘the deficient performance prejudiced the
defendant.’” Thompson v. State, 338 So. 3d 730, 739 (¶49) (Miss. Ct. App. 2022). “Because
of the difficulties inherent in making the evaluation, a court must indulge a strong
presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the
circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id.
“Moreover, to establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show
12 that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result
of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. “A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id.
¶41. Smith argues his trial counsel failed to object to the officers’ improper opinion
testimony. However, this testimony fell squarely within the ambit of Mississippi Rule of
Evidence 701, “which allows a lay witness to provide testimony limited to those opinions or
inferences which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness, (b) helpful to the
clear understanding of the testimony or the determination of a fact in issue, and (c) not based
on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.”
Williams v. State, 355 So. 3d 268, 275 (¶26) (Miss. Ct. App. 2023).
¶42. Each law enforcement officer testified based upon their investigation or their
perception of Smith and Ryland. Chief Allen specifically testified that his investigation
revealed Smith had a pistol, came to where Ryland was, and shot him after an altercation.
Also, Investigator Steed testified that Smith appeared to be the aggressor because he “he did
not see any injuries on Smith and [he] did on Mr. Ryland.” Furthermore, Deputy McGinnis
testified that Ryland told him that Smith had hit him first and was the person who shot him.
¶43. Nonetheless, “[r]egarding the argument that trial counsel failed to make hearsay
objections, this Court has held that counsel’s choice of whether or not to file certain motions,
call certain witnesses, ask certain questions, or make certain objections fall within the ambit
of trial strategy.” Carnley v. State, 348 So. 3d 1071, 1079 (¶42) (Miss. Ct. App. 2022).
13 ¶44. Because Smith cannot show his trial counsel was deficient, his ineffective-assistance-
of-counsel claim is without merit.
CONCLUSION
¶45. We find the pre-arming jury instruction resulted in harmless error, as Smith could not
prove he was prejudiced. Next, we find there was sufficient evidence establishing Smith’s
identity. We also find the trial court properly instructed the jury on flight. Lastly, we find
Smith’s trial counsel was not ineffective.
¶46. AFFIRMED.
BARNES, C.J., CARLTON, P.J., GREENLEE, WESTBROOKS, McDONALD, LAWRENCE AND SMITH, JJ., CONCUR. EMFINGER, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BY WILSON, P.J.
EMFINGER, J., DISSENTING:
¶47. Smith’s trial counsel filed an untimely post-trial motion and then filed an untimely
notice of appeal of Smith’s convictions and sentences. Recognizing this problem, Smith, pro
se, filed a motion for an out-of-time appeal, alleging ineffective assistance of counsel, which
the trial court denied. Smith then filed a pro se appeal of the denial of his motion for an out-
of-time appeal. That is the origin of the appeal in this case. Yet “through a series of
unfortunate events,” this case has now morphed into a direct appeal of Smith’s convictions
and sentences. By deciding this case on the merits of a direct appeal, we ignore the fact that
the trial court denied Smith’s request to bring an out-of-time direct appeal. We have not
addressed whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying an out-of-time appeal,
which was the first appeal perfected. Instead, the majority has decided that it is more efficient
14 to just go ahead and decide the case on the merits. However, because I find that the direct
appeal of Smith’s convictions and sentences is not properly before the Court at this time, I
respectfully dissent.
¶48. Walter Smith was tried and convicted in the Circuit Court of Humphreys County,
Mississippi, on February 28, 2018, and March 1, 2018. He was found guilty of aggravated
assault in Count I of the indictment and guilty of possession of a firearm by a felon in Count
II. Because Smith was tried in absentia, the trial court set off sentencing and issued a bench
warrant for his arrest. Smith appeared before the court, a year later, on March 1, 2019, and
was sentenced to serve a term of twenty years in the custody of the Mississippi Department
of Corrections (MDOC) for Count I and ten years in the custody of MDOC for Count II. The
sentences were ordered to run consecutively. The “Jury Verdict and Sentencing” order was
entered on March 14, 2019.3
¶49. On April 17, 2019, Smith’s trial counsel filed a “Motion for Judgment
Notwithstanding the Verdict, or in the Alternative, Motion for a New Trial.” On October 4,
2019, Smith filed a pro se supplement to this motion. Pursuant to Mississippi Rule of
Criminal Procedure 25.1(c), Smith’s post-trial motion was required to be filed within ten
days after the entry of the court’s judgment on March 14, 2019. An order denying the motion
as untimely was signed by the circuit judge on October 25, 2019, and was entered on
3 Although Smith had been convicted a year earlier, Mississippi Rule of Criminal Procedure 26.2(b) requires that the judgment of conviction and order of sentencing be entered together after sentencing.
15 November 1, 2019. On November 25, 2019, Smith’s trial counsel filed a Notice of Appeal.4
¶50. Because Smith’s trial counsel’s post-trial motion was not timely filed, it did not toll
the time to perfect an appeal of his convictions and sentences. In a similar case, this Court
held in Nalls v. State, 344 So. 3d 310, 315 (¶13) (Miss. Ct. App. 2022):
Because neither motion was filed within the ten-day period, the time for filing the notice of appeal was not tolled. M.R.A.P. 4(e). Additionally, Nalls’ notice of appeal was not filed by his attorney until May 27, 2021, beyond the thirty days after the court entered the sentencing order. Therefore, Nalls’ notice of appeal was not timely filed. M.R.A.P. 4(a).
¶51. On January 9, 2020, Smith filed a pro se “Defendant’s Motion for Out-Of-Time
Proper Appeal.” In this motion he acknowledged that his counsel’s post-trial motion was not
timely filed, and, as a result, his time to perfect an appeal had passed. He asked that the trial
court grant his motion for an out-of-time appeal due to the alleged ineffectiveness of his
counsel. On May 28, 2020, the trial court entered an order denying Smith’s pro se motion for
an out-of-time appeal due to a lack of evidence of good cause for granting the motion.
¶52. On July 20, 2020,5 Smith filed a pro se notice of appeal from the May 28, 2020 order
denying his motion for an out-of-time appeal with the circuit clerk. In this notice, Smith
4 As will be discussed, this notice of appeal was not timely filed. In any event, the circuit clerk did not immediately forward the notice to the supreme court clerk as required by Mississippi Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(d); instead, the circuit clerk waited over eight months to forward a copy of the notice and a copy of the judgment of conviction and sentencing order to the supreme court clerk. It was forwarded by the circuit clerk after Smith, pro se, had perfected his appeal of the circuit court’s denial of his motion for an out- of-time appeal, as will be addressed. 5 Smith signed the notice of appeal on June 25, 2020.
16 included a “Designation of the Record” in which he designated:
All clerk’s papers and exhibits filed, taken or offered in Cause No. 6790,[6] to include, but not limited to:
1. A transcript of the trial of this case, including voir dire and all in chambers conferences, and all exhibits offered and marked for identification or admitted into evidence. 2. All jury instructions filed or granted. 3. All orders in Cause No. 6790 and order denying motion for out of time appeal.
(Emphasis added).
¶53. On July 28, 2020, the supreme court clerk received7 and filed the document that
included a notice of appeal, a designation of record, a certificate of compliance, and a motion
to appeal in forma pauperis (IFP). With this document, the supreme court clerk also received
and filed the “Order Denying Motion for Out-of-Time Appeal.” Because there was no filing
fee included with the documents, on July 28, 2020, the supreme court clerk sent the circuit
court clerk notice to either forward the filing fee within seven days or forward a copy of an
6 The motion for an out-of-time appeal filed by Smith, the order denying the motion, and all subsequent filings were all filed in the underlying criminal cause number. Pursuant to the Mississippi Uniform Post-Conviction Collateral Relief Act, Miss. Code Ann. §§ 99- 39-1 to -29 (Rev. 2020), the motion for an out-of-time appeal should have been filed as an original civil action and given a new civil case number, since an out-of-time appeal was no longer available under Mississippi Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(g) or (h). That was not done in this case. 7 Pursuant to Rule 3 of the Mississippi Rules of Appellate Procedure, the notice of appeal must be filed with the clerk of the trial court. The trial court clerk is required to transmit that notice, along with other information set forth in the rule, to the supreme court clerk. The rule requires that the notice “designate as a whole or in part the judgment or order appealed from.”
17 order allowing Smith to proceed IFP.
¶54. On August 3, 2020, after the appeal of the denial of the motion for an out-of-time
appeal had been perfected, the circuit court clerk transmitted to the supreme court clerk the
other notice of appeal that had been filed with the circuit court clerk by Smith’s trial counsel
on November 25, 2019.8 With this notice of appeal, the circuit court clerk sent a copy of the
“Jury Verdict and Sentencing” order, which had been filed in circuit court on March 14,
2019.9 In response to this submission by the circuit clerk, the supreme court clerk sent out
a notice that no certificate of compliance had been received as required by Rule 11(b)(1) of
the Mississippi Rules of Appellate Procedure and that a copy should be provided to the
supreme court clerk. On November 5, 2020, the supreme court clerk sent Smith’s trial
counsel a notice, pursuant to Rule 2(a)(2) of the Mississippi Rules of Appellate Procedure,
of deficiencies concerning this notice of appeal that the appeal would be dismissed if the
deficiencies were not corrected within fourteen days.
¶55. Getting back to the track of the original appeal, on September 2, 2020, the supreme
court clerk sent a letter to the circuit court judge requesting the status of Smith’s pro se
8 In a cover letter, the circuit court clerk attributed the tardy transmission of the notice of appeal to the fact that it was received by a new staff member. The circuit court clerk stated she was unaware that this November 25, 2019 notice of appeal had been placed in the file. 9 The supreme court clerk filed this notice for a direct appeal in the same appellate cause number that had already been opened for the appeal of the denial of an out-of-time appeal arising from the same circuit court cause number. The July 20, 2020 notice of appeal (docketed here on July 28, 2020) and the November 25, 2019 notice of appeal (subsequently docketed here on August 3, 2020) began the confusion of the issues here.
18 request to proceed IFP. On October 5, 2020, the supreme court clerk received a copy of an
order from the circuit court judge denying Smith’s pro se request to proceed IFP in the appeal
of the denial of his motion for an out-of-time appeal.
¶56. On November 20, 2020, the appeal was dismissed by the supreme court clerk for
failure to pay the cost of the appeal. It is unclear whether this was the result of the denial of
the IFP status for the appeal of the denial of the out-of-time appeal or because the fees were
not paid within fourteen days of the deficiency notice to Smith’s trial counsel’s relative to
a direct appeal of Smith’s convictions and sentences. In any event, the mandate issued on
December 11, 2020.
¶57. On June 10, 2021, Smith filed a pro se motion to reinstate his appeal. This motion
contained information that related to both the denial of his motion for an out-of-time appeal
and his counsel’s purportedly direct appeal of his convictions and sentences. However, the
basis of his motion was that the appeal was dismissed for failure to pay costs and that the
circuit court should not have denied requests for his IFP status. The trial court had denied his
IFP status relative to the appeal of the denial of his motion for an out-of-time appeal.
¶58. This motion to reinstate the appeal was presented to this Court. On September 10,
2021, this Court issued an en banc order finding that the circuit court erred by denying Smith
IFP status “simply because the circuit court denied his motion for an out-of-time appeal.” By
this order, Smith was allowed to proceed IFP in his appeal of the May 28, 2020 order
denying his motion for an out-of-time appeal, and the appeal was placed back on this Court’s
19 active docket.
¶59. Over the next fourteen months, there were several other actions taken in the circuit
court and in this Court dealing with the preparation of the appellate record, appointment and
substitution of appellate counsel, and extensions of time for the filing of appellate briefs.
Then, on November 14, 2022, new appellate counsel for Smith filed a “Motion for
Authorization to Proceed out of Time.” This motion recounted much of the procedural
history noted above. For the first time in these proceedings, Smith’s appellate counsel noted
that “there has never been an express authorization for Smith to proceed out of time.”
Smith’s counsel then requested that this Court, pursuant to Rule 2(c) of the Mississippi Rules
of Appellate Procedure, find that good cause existed to suspend the rules to allow this appeal
to proceed as a direct appeal of Smith’s convictions and sentences.
¶60. The “Motion for Authorization to Proceed out of Time” was then presented to this
Court. A majority vote of the Court approved Smith’s request to suspend the rules and allow
a direct appeal of his convictions and sentences to go forward. An order to that effect was
entered on February 8, 2023, citing McGruder v. State, 886 So. 2d 1, 2 (¶4) (Miss. 2003),
which held:
M.R.A.P. 4(a) and (d) require that an appeal be filed within thirty days after the trial court has ruled on post-trial motions. The rules makes provision for an extension to be granted in the trial court upon motion filed within thirty days after the expiration of the time otherwise allowed. No provision is made authorizing the trial court, sua sponte or on motion filed in that court, to thereafter grant an out-of-time appeal. Whether a trial court has authority to remedy the failure to file timely a notice after the time set by the rules for filing a notice of appeal had expired is doubtful. Coleman v. State, 804 So. 2d
20 1032, 1037 (Miss. 2002). However, we may grant an out-of-time appeal “where a person is convicted of a crime and through no fault of his own is effectively denied his right to perfect his appeal within the time prescribed by law by the acts of his attorney or the trial court.” Jones v. State, 355 So. 2d 89, 90 (Miss.1978). We may suspend Rules 2 and 4 “when justice demands” to allow an out-of-time appeal in criminal cases. Fair v. State, 571 So. 2d 965, 966 (Miss. 1990).
¶61. While I agree that McGruder clearly supports the ability of appellate courts to suspend
the rules, in appropriate circumstances, to allow untimely direct appeals in criminal cases,
neither McGruder nor any other case cited by Smith match the facts in this case. In
McGruder, circumstances had caused the trial court to appoint new counsel for McGruder.
His original trial counsel had failed to file a timely post-trial motion after McGruder had been
found guilty of two counts of murder and one count of arson. McGruder, 886 So. 2d at 2
(¶5). The trial court directed newly appointed counsel to “determine the necessity for an
appeal of Defendant’s case and to so file an appeal after consultation and assessment with
the Defendant.” Id. at (¶2). McGruder’s new counsel filed an appeal that proceeded in the
normal course. Id. This Court, apparently on its own motion, dismissed the appeal as
untimely. Id. The supreme court, based upon the above, reversed and remanded the case to
this Court for a decision on the merits. Id. at 3 (¶7).
¶62. There is a similarity and a difference between McGruder and the case at bar. In
McGruder, the defendant filed a pro se motion for an out-of-time appeal with the trial court,
which was denied. Id. at 2 (¶6). However, McGruder’s pro se motion was filed after new
counsel had perfected a direct appeal, and McGruder did not appeal the denial of his motion.
21 Id. In the present case, there was no intervention by the trial court to appoint new counsel for
purposes of considering an appeal of Smith’s conviction and sentence. Further, Smith
perfected the appeal of the denial of his motion for an out-of-time appeal first!
¶63. We have cases where appellate courts have suspended the rules and allowed untimely
appeals to proceed, such as McGruder. We also have cases where, pursuant to the Mississippi
Uniform Post-Conviction Collateral Relief Act, defendants’ motions for an out-of-time
appeal have been denied by the trial court, and an appellate court has reversed that decision
and allowed direct appeals to proceed out of time. See Triplett v. State, 579 So. 2d 555, 559
(Miss. 1991). But we have no case that I have found where a defendant’s motion for an out-
of-time appeal has been denied by the trial court, an appeal of that decision has been
perfected, but then, rather than deciding whether the trial court abused its discretion in
denying the motion, we have simply suspended the rules and ignored the trial court’s
decision.
¶64. Under the peculiar facts of this case, I would find that this Court should first address
Smith’s first perfected appeal of the denial of his motion for an out-of-time appeal before we
consider an untimely appeal of his convictions and sentences.
WILSON, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.