Mr. Justice McKenna
delivered the opinion of the court.
The complainants are corporations of Delaware and have their places of business in that State.
The defendants are officers of Wyoming, being respectively, its Attorney General, Prosecuting Officer of Big" Horn County, and the Governor of the State.
It is alleged that jurisdiction of the District Court depends upon diversity of citizenship, and the Constitution of the United States, the Constitution being violated by an act of the legislature of the State. Chapter 125 of the Session Laws of 1919.
The object of the suit is to restrain defendants, and each of them, from enforcing or attempting to enforce the legislation.
It is declared by the act, which is attacked, that its purpose is “the protection and conservation of the supply of natural gas.” The first section is as follows:
“The use, consumption or burning of natural gas taken or drawn from any natural gas well or wells, or borings from which natural gas is produced for the products where such natural gas is burned, consumed or otherwisé wasted without the heat therein contained being fully and actually applied and utilized for other manufacturing purposes or domestic purposes is hereby declared to be a wasteful and extravagant use of natural gas and shall be unlawful when such gas well or source of supply is located within ten miles of any incorporated town or industrial plant.”
Section 2 prohibits the use, sale or other distribution of
natural gas, the product of any well owned; leased or managed by any person, for the purpose of manufacturing, or producing carbón or other resultant products from the burning or consumption of such gas, without the heat therein being fully and actually, utilized for other manufacturing purposes or domestic purposes.? Violations are made misdemeanors.
The grounds of contention against the act are set .forth in very voluminous pleadings, supplemented by a number of affidavits. But only a brief summary of them is necessary to present the question involved, which is, stated broadly, that the act transcends the police power of the State, its purpose and effect being not to régulate and conserve natural gas, but to prohibit its use, and make a discrimination between owners having equal rights, and thereby violates Article I, § 10, of the Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment thereof.
Prior to the enactment of the statute, the Midland Company had erected a factory for the manufacture of carbon black, which factory is located about
V/%
miles from the town of Cowley, Big Horn County, at an expenditure of $375,000. It is equipped for the manufacture of such carbon black,, and can be used for no other purpose, and there is produced from it approximately 13,000 pounds of that article daily, which is sufficient for the manufacture of 117,000 pounds of printing ink. From the gas consumed to make the carbon black, there is first extracted approximately 1600 gallons per day of high-gravity. gasoline.
The uses of carbon black are enumerated, and it is alleged that no form of it possessing the same properties, and the wide variety of uses can be commercially manufactured from any material or substance, other than natural gas.
The origin of the industry and the uses of its product are variously detailed, and it is alleged that the company’s
factory is so conducted as to permit no waste, that the best known processes and appliances are employed, and that the operation of the gasoline absorption plant and the recovery of gasoline from the gas supplied by the wells would be impossible if the carbon plant ,should cease to be operated, for the reason that the gas cannot be sold to other users in that locality in sufficient quantities to render the extraction of gasoline therefrom commercially profitable.
The Occidental Oil and Gas Company owns the land upon which are located the gas wells constituting the principal source of supply to the plant and carbon factory of the Midland Company. The Occidental Oil and Gas. Company also constructed, owns and operates the pipe line by which the gas is conveyed to the factory, and delivers it to the factory, receiving from the Eastern Fuel Company, which owns and operates the gasoline extraction plant, a royalty of one-half of the gasoline extracted therefrom. The Oil Company also owns mineral leases covering 1200 acres of proved gas territory within ten miles of Cowley. Its business is an integral and inseparable part of that of the Midland Carbon Company, and all of its investments have been made in view of the carbon business.
In the construction of its pipe line it expended $65,000, and in the purchase of lands upon which the wells are located, a sum exceeding $30,000. Other gas lands are alleged to have been purchased and leased prior to the enactment of the law.
There are other allegations asserting the use of the gas and its products, and that such use is not a waste of the gas. Various ways in which the law violates complainants’ rights under the Constitution of the United States are detailed: that under the guise of regulation the restrictions of the act are so framed as to abolish, ruin and destroy complainants’ business, while leaving it open to others to engage in carbon manufacture, without saving the gaso
line; that the penalties imposed by the act are harsh, unreasonable and confiscatory, and that a dispute of its legality would impose a penalty of $1,000 for each separate daily violation of it. Other injuries are alleged.
As already said, affidavits'made by representatives of various trades and industries, displaying the qualities of carbon black and its uses, are attached to the bill. Other affidavits express the detriment,. in the opinion of the affiants, of any restriction or regulation of-the production of it. And others, from asserted experts, exhibit the source of the gas and the process of manufacture from it of carbon black, and that, in its manufacture, heat is necessarily evolved, but that as soon as any attempt is made to transform the heat into any other form of energy, such as light or mechanical power, an enormdus but inevitable loss of heat results.
An injunction is prayed, interlocutory and permanent, restraining defendants from-enforcing the act.
Upon the bill, (it is verified) exhibits and affidavits, it was ordered that the application for interlocutory injunction be heard by three judges and that in the meanwhile a temporary restraining order be granted upon filing a bond in the sum of $1,000.
The answer in its admissions, denials, and independent averments, asserts waste of the gas by complainants’ gas factory and processes; the depletion of the wells and their product, from which it is estimated that within three years all of the wells will have been utterly and completely depleted, and the depletion will relate not only to the wells furnishing gas for the manufacture of carbon black, but will likewise reíate to the entire region and vicinity.
And it is alleged that by preventing the use of the gas for the manufacture of carbon black, the towns of Lovell and Cowley and all industrial plants therein will be afforded a supply of gas for all domestic and industrial purposes for a period of thirty years.
The vice attributed to the act by complainants is denied, and a benefit and virtue asserted' for it.
It' is prayed that the bill be dismissed, and the restraining order be dissolved. The answer is verified.
A motion to dissolve the temporary restraining order was made which was supported by affidavits and opposed by others.
The affidavits are too long to quote. Those on the part of defendants represent the interest of the city of Lovell and other towns, and the necessity to their industries, if there are to be any, of the natural gas from the wells with which this case is concerned, and represent a depletion of the gas supply by the use made of the gas by complainants. Figures are given. Particulars are stated in one affidavit, and for a review of what are' deemed the important tests and elements of judgment of the conditions which existed and would succeed the present practice, it is said:.
“In conclusion, assuming that the present consumption of gas from this sand is 15,000,000 cubic feet per day (as I have been reliably informed) and that the decrease in pressure for the last year has been 150 pounds, and knowing that the present pressure is approximately 200 pounds, it is a simple problem in mathematics to ascertain the future life of the field. In other word's, at the present rate of decrease in pressure, the field will be exhausted in sixteen months and there will be no pressure to force the gas out of the sand. On the same basis of reasoning there are approximately 7,200,000,000 cubic feet left in the sand and the present consumption is five and a half billion cubic feet per year.”
The court sustained the application for temporary injunction.
The question in the case is, as we have said, whether the legislation of Wyoming is a valid exercise of the police power of the State, aná' brings into comparison the limits of the power as against the asserted rights of property, (
—whether the legislation is a legal conservation of the natural resources of the State, or an arbitrary interference with private rights. Contentions of this kind have been before this court in other cases and their discussions and decisions have' materiality here.
We
mean, not discussions or -decisions on the' police power in the abstract or generality,' but discussions and decisions involving conditions and principles pertinent to the present case.
It will be observed that the act under review does not prohibit the use of natural gas absolutely. It prohibits, or, to use its words, declares it to be a “wasteful and extravagant use of natural gas,” when it is burned or consumed “without the heat therein contained being fully and actually applied and utilized for other manufacturing purposes or domestic purposes.” But not even that unlimitedly, but only when the “gas well or source of supply is located within ten miles of any incorporated town or industrial plant.” Such is the prohibition upon the user or consumer. There is a prohibition upon the owner or lessee of wells within the designated distance from a town or industrial plant to sell or dispose of the gas except under the specified conditions “for the purpose of manufácturing or producing carbon or other resultant products.”
There are two elements, therefore, to be considered.: (1) The distance of the wells from an incorporated town or industrial plant; (2) the elment of heat' utilization for manufacturing or domestic purposes. These elements are the determining ones in the accusations against the law. The first is the basis- of the discrimination charged against it; the second is the basis of the charge that the law deprives the companies of their property by the ruin of their business and capital investments, and impairs the obligations. of preexisting contracts.
In
Bacon
v.
Walker,
204 U. S. 311, a. statute of Idaho was considered which made it unlawful, with consequent liability to damages, “for any person owning or having.
charge of [the] sheep to herd the same, or permit them to be herded on the land or possessory claims of other -persons, or to herd the same or permit them to graze within two miles of the dwelling house of the owner or owners of said possessory claim.” The statute was sustained as a lawful exercise of the police power of the State against the assertion of the right of .one citizen to use the public do-. main as much as another citizen, and that to impose damages upon him for the exercise of the right deprived him of his property without due process of law, and, besides, arbitrarily discriminated’ between sheep grazing and the grazing of other kinds of stock. We there said in substance that, the power of regulation existing, the imposition of. some limit to a right, when its exercise would impinge upon the equal right of another, was the exercise of legislative power and that the circumstances which induced it could not be pronounced illegal “on. surmise or on the barren letter.of. the statute.” And we said further, that where equal rights existed the State has an interest in their accommodation. Pertinent cases were cited, and the exclusion from grazing within two miles of the possessory claim of another was decided to be legal, that “the selection of some limit is a legislative power,” and that it was “only against the abuse of the power, if at all, that the. courts may interpose.” The mere distance expressed nothing.
The case, and those it cites, are authority for the position that a State may consider the relation of rights and accommodate their coexistence, and, in the interest of the community, limit one that others may be enjoyed. Of this
Ohio Oil Co.
v.
Indiana,
177 U. S. 190, is especially illustrative and pertinent and conducts naturally to the consideration of the second proposition, that is, to the element of heat utilization.
The suit was by the State and was based upon a statute which was directed against and prohibited one having
possession or control of any natural gas or oil well to permit the flow of gas or oil from any such well to escape into the open air for a longer period than two days after the gas or oil had been struck. From the standpoint of the law, to do so was a waste of gas. A right against the statute was set- up, based upon the asserted or'implied postulate that the owner of the land owned all beneath the surface and all that could be brought to the surface within the lines of the land. The postulate was rejected upon the ground of the nature of the gas, the capability of its flow from place to place, the common right to domestic and industrial use of it, and the power of the State to regulate and conserve such right.
The Oil Company contended as owner of the land (it was the lessee) and producer of the oil, that it had expended many thousands of dollars in purchasing and equipping machinery for the sole purpose of raising and producing oil, it not being engaged in producing or transporting natural gas, and that it used the gas as “power, force and agency” to raise the oil to the surface of the ground, and that such was “the usual, natural and ordinary method of raising and saving oil in such cases.” And further, that no machinery or process of any kind had been devised by which the oil could be produced and saved otherwise, and by forbidding, it, the company’s business would be-destroyed and the State deprived of the use and profits of the oil which was of vastly more \lalue than the gas. And it was asserted that no more gas was permitted to escape than was consistent with the due operation of the well with the highest skill. It was hence urged against the act that it deprived ofproperty without due process of law and denied to the Oil Company the equal protection of the laws. The answer was adjudged by the Supreme Court of the State not to constitute a defense. The adjudication was sustained by this cotut. We said, citing a case, “possession of the Sand is not necessarily possession
of the gas,” and again, on the authority of eases, “that the property of the owner of lands in oil and gas is not absolute until it is actually in his grasp, and brought to the surface.” It was decided, however, that before that event occurs, indeed in prevention of it, the State may interposé its power to prevent a waste or disproportionate use of either oil or gas by a particular owner in order to conserve the equal right of other owners and advance the public interest. And in support of this power of regulation a similarity between natural gas and other sub-surface minerals was rejected. “True it is,” it was said, “oil and gas, like other minerals, are situated beneath the surface of the earth, but except for this one point of similarity, in many other respects they greatly differ. They have no fixed
situs
under a particular portion of the earth’s surface within the area where they obtain. They have the power, as it were, of self-transmission.” Necessarily, therefore, it was adjudged that their use by one owner oí the surface affected the use of other owners, and an excessive use by one diminished the use by others, and a similarity of other minerals, as we have seen, was rejected, and the analogy between oil and gas and animals
ferce natures
was declared. It was hence decided that the power of the State “can be manifested for the purpose of protecting all the collective owners, by securing a. just distribution, to arise from the enjoyment by them, of their privilege to redhee to possession, and to reach the like end by preventing waste.”
To the contention that oil could not be taken at a profit by one who made no use of the gas, it was replied that such fact went “not to the power to make the regulations, but to their wisdom.” And this can be said of the contention, in the case at bar, that one element is more valuable than another, that carbon black is more valuable than the gas from which it is extracted.
It will be observed that -the basic principle of the Indiana statute is the same as the basic principle of the
Wyoming statute, that is, the power of regulation dependent upon the natures of oil and gas, and that the absolute dominion of the surface of the land is not an unlimited dominion over them.
The case was cited in
Lindsley
v.
Natural Carbonic Gas
Co., 220 U. S. 61, to defeat a suit brought to restrain the officers of the State of New York from enforcing against the gas company a,statute which made it unlawful to pump from wells or otherwise draw by artificial appliances that class of mineral waters holding in solution carbonic acid gas, or producing an unnatural flow of such gas “for the purpose of extracting, collecting, compressing, liquifying or vending such gas as a commodity otherwise than in connection with the mineral water and the other mineral ingredients with which it was associated.”
The company alleged that the gas could be lifted to the surface only by means of pumps or other artificial appliances and that many other landowners in Saratoga Springs had like wells which were operated in a like way with a like purpose. The utility of the gas was alleged and a property right asserted which the statute, it was further alleged, deprived of in violation of the Constitution of the United States.
A demurrer was sustained to the bill; therefore its averments were admitted. The basis of the contention of the offense of the statute against the Constitution of the United States explicitly was, that the company, being the owner of the land owned, had power and authority over all beneath the land’s surface that it could reduce to possession. This was the same postulate, it will be observed, that was asserted in
Ohio Oil Co.
v.
Indiana.
It was rejected upon the authority of that case. We, however, said, “were the question an open one we still should solve it in the same way.”
May the principle and its justification be extended to the Wyoming statute? The statute of Wyoming (we
repeat it to have it immediately before our eyes) declares it to be a “wasteful and extravagant use of natural gas” to use, consume or burn it when taken or drawn from any gas well or wells or borings'“for the products where such natural gas is burned, consumed or otherwise wasted without the heat therein contained being fully and actually applied and utilized for other manufacturing purposes or domestic purposes.” The declaration of illegality, however, only applies when the “gas well or source of supply is located within ten miles of any incorporated town or industrial plant.” Section 2 explicitly mentions carbon black as within the illegality of the law, and as this case concerns its production we may accept its production as a test of the companies’ case.
Of the range of the utility of carbon black there can be no controversy and to this fact the companies give an especial emphasis in their averments, supplementary affidavits, and argument. The fact, however, is but of incidental importance. The determining consideration is the power of the State over, and its regulation of a property in which others besides the companies may have rights and in which the State has an interest to adjust and preserve, natural gas being one of the resources of the State. And in this consideration it is more important to consider not for what a particular owner uses the gas, but the proportion of his use to that of others, or it may be, the prevention of use by others; and the striking fact is presented by the companies’ averments that by the processes and devices employed by them there is only obtained from each thousand cubic feet of natural gas consumed
1%
pounds of carbon black and 2/10 of a gallon of high-gravity gasoline. To this averment the defendants add that every thousand cubic feet of gas contains from 33 to 40 pounds of carbon and therefore, “that the inefficiency of the process used by complainants is very high, ranging only from 2.8% to 4.6%.” It is the further asser
tioñ of defendants that the companies are utilizing and withdrawing from the earth gas at the rate of approximately 10¿000,000 .cubic feet per day and that the same can never be replaced or restored.
-To these averments we may add the affidavits. There is. something in them but not enough to reduce the importance of the facts averred. Those on the part of the companies are directed to a great extent to the value of carbon black and its use and the detriment or disaster of the discontinuance or even reduction of its manufacture. And the explicit assertion is that it is absolutely impossible to utilize the heat generated as an incident to its manufacture. A comparison is made with other fuels and the affidavits are explicit in statement that the requirement that the heat contained in them must be “fully and actually applied and utilized” (to use the words of the Wyoming statute) is not only unreasonable but. impossible. Figures are given not only of gas engines but of oil, air and steam engines. This is dwelt on at great length and it is declared that it is abolutely impossible to utilize heat generated as an incident to the manufacture of carbon black. And it is said, “If the true test of the waste of ga¡s or any other fuel is whether or not the heat therein contained is fully utilized, it would follow that practically every industrial use of fuel must be characterized as wasteful.”
There is also testimony from those familiar with the geological formations, and the production of natural gas in Wyoming, that there are very extensive deposits underlying ten counties, and that their development has scarcely more than commenced and that their potential capacity far exceeds the capacity of the wells now drilled. Further, that the aggregate capacity of the existing wells exceeds 650,000,000 cubic feet per day, and that this production could be largely augmented if the demands for natural gas in the State warranted.
Opposing affidavits set forth the . needs of the towns, present and prospective, and of industries other than carbon black, and that the wells of the companies are drilled into the samé sand in which the wells of the Lovell Gas and Electric Company, an industry which furnishes gas and electricity to the town of Lovell, are drilled. The sand is a free flowing sand, that is, one in which the gas has free access from one part of the field to the other, consequently the gas pressure would be approximately the same at all the wells drilled into it. With the operatiomof the wells of the companies came a diminution of pressure, and “if the present consumption of gas continues for another year, there will not be sufficient gas in this field in the particular sand in question, to Supply even the domestic uses of the town of Lovell.”
And it is affirmed that the plant of the Midland Gas Company consists of about ninety separate buildings constructed of sheet iron and steel, in such a way that' they can be moved more readily than almost any other character of construction and were evidently designed with the idea of portability in mind, and at the present rate of consumption of the gas, they will have to be moved, in any event, within a year. Corroborating figures of the supply and consumption are given, and it is said that if the wells now driven be allowed to flow at their full capacity they will be entirely exhausted in ninety days. The proof of this is said to be that the use of 15,000,000 cubic feet per day of gas produced within the last eighteen months has caused a loss of 57% of the available gas in the producing sand. In contrast, it is estimated, that if the gas consumed at the carbon plant was conserved the supply available for domestic and industrial use in the towns of Lovell and Cowley would last for a period of ten years.
There is speculation as to other basins of deposits of gas and its utility for industries, but which cannot be undertaken against the depletion by. the production of carbon
black. The process to make the latter is said to be simple and is similar to holding a cold plate over an old-fashioned gas jet. In fact, it is said, the process used by the Midland Carbon Company is merely an incomplete combustion of gases in an insufficient amount of air, the flames from the different jets practically touching cast iron channel plates, which are suspended over the flames and are moved backward and forward at a very slow rate of speed. The carbon is scraped off the plates into hoppers and'carried to the packing houses by conveyors. All of this is mechanical.
It is testified . (by an engineer of the'Bureau of Mines in the Interior Department who had made a study of the making of Carbon black) that the efficiency of the carbon black industry is very low; that the largest yield of which affiant had any knowledge did hot exceed
Vy<¿,
pounds per 1000 cubic feet of natural gas though it is a well known and chemically ascertained fact that one thousand cubic feet of natural gas contains Approximately from 33 to 45 pounds of carbon.
The companies replied. with' affidavits of opposing tendency and made comparisons of the money value of carbon black with the money value of natural gas, the former being the more valuable. And there is contradiction of the asserted lower pressure of the wells and the tendency to the depletion of the gas, and assertion that other forms of industry can wéll use coal for fuel.
The affidavits (which we have presented necessarily in barest outline) whether they may be regarded as presenting issues of fact or of judgment, exhibit the conditions which may have moved the policy and legislation of the State. Manifestly, conceding a.power to the State of regulation, a comparison of the value of the industries •and a judgment upon them as affecting the State, was for it to make.. Such comparison may, therefore, be put aside. It may be, as it is deposed, that 1000 cubic feet of natural gas converted into gasoline and carbon black may
be sold much higher than can be obtained from the same amount of gas sold for fuel purposes, but it does not follow from that fact that the State may not consider, and direct its legislation by the consideration that (and we take the averment of the companies) 1000 cubic feet of natural gas is consumed to produce pounds of carbon black and about 2/10 óf a gallon of gasoline. That it may so consider depends upon the question whether its statute is within the principle of the statutes passed on in
Ohio Oil Co.
v.
Indiana,
and
Lindsley
v.
Natural Carbonic Gas Co.
By reverting to these cases it will be immediately observed that the power of regulation over natural gas is possessed by a State; and in the first case,
(Ohio Oil Co.
v.
Indiana),
it was exercised to prohibit the employment of the gas as a means or agency in the production of oil, against an asserted right of property in the ownership of the land upon which the oil was produced, and, therefore, of the oil and. gas as incidents of such ownership, which could be used in such manner and quantity as the landowner might choose.
In the
Lindsley Case
the power of the State was exerted to prohibit the owner of the surface from pumping on his own land, water charged with gas. This was but an exertion, it was said, to preserve from depletion the subterranean supply common to him and other owners, and that the statute, therefore, was not unconstitutional as depriving owners of their property without due process óf law.
Ohio Oil Co.
v.
Indiana,
as we have pointed out, was cited as a precedent and its principle applied. The case at bar is, we think, within that principle, in other words, the power is exerted to prohibit an extravagant or wasteful or disproportionate use of the natural gas of the State.
We have seen that the method of production by natural gas is like holding a cold plate over a candle, or, as it is expressed by a witness, it can only be produced "by combustion and the impinging of the flame on the metallic sur
face.” And there is great disproportion between the gas and the product, and necessarily there was presented to the judgment and policy of* the State a comparison" of utilities which involved, as well, the preservation of the natural resources of the State, and the equal participation in them by the people of the State. And the duration of this utility was for the consideration of the Staté, and we do not think that the State was required by the Constitution of the United States to stand idly by while these resources were disproportionately used, or used in such way that tendéd to their depletion, having no power of interference.
The cited cases determine otherwise, and that, as the State of Indiana could prevent the exhaustive use of gas in the production of oil, and as the State of New York could prevent the owner of land from using artificial means to obtain the carbonated waters under his land, the State of Wyoming has the same power to prevent the use of natural gas in the production of carbon black, the tendency of which is (it may be the inevitable effect of which is) the exhaustion of the supply of natural gas and the consequent detriment of other uses.
It may be said, however, indeed is said, that the purpose of the act or its effect is a discrimination between producers of carbon black, those ten miles from a town or industrial plant not being within its provisions. We think the classification is justified by the case of
Bacon
v.
Walker, supra,
and indeed, by the principles which determine classification.
' To the contention that the statute is not one of conservation because carbon black factories are permitted if ten miles distant from a town or industrial plant, the immediate answer is that it is for the State to determine not only if any conservation be necessary but the degree of it, and certainly the companies cannot complain if the State has not exerted its full power.
As we have seen, many affidavits were addressed to the
impossibility oí complying with the statute, that is, of utilizing the heat of natural
gas
to the extent of the words of the statute. We say to the extent of the words of the statute because we think the statute must be construed with reference to the facts of nature, and their possibilities, and that all that was intended by the words employed was to require a practical and possible use of the heat, as in other fuels and by the existing instrumentalities, and if this should be done it was a legal use of the gas — was an application and utilization of the heat contained in it. The statute was, only intended to prevent the selection of a product whose production tended, and according to some of the affidavits, whose inevitable effect was, to exhaust the supply of gas in a very little while.
, The decree granting the interlocutory injunction is reversed, and the case remanded to the District Court for further proceedings in conformity to this opinion.
Reversed.
The Chief Justice; Mr. Justice Van Devanter and Mr. Justice McReynolds, dissent.