Mr. Justice Woodward
delivered the opinion of the court,
On the 20th of June 1877, an instrument was executed by John Irvin & Brothers and John Irvin individually, in order to secure certain designated creditors, some thirty in number, who held claims against the firm. After reciting an indebtedness in sums not definitely ascertained, and the inability of the firm to satisfy the creditors by a payment in money, the instrument contained this concluding clause: “For value received, we hereby assign, transfer and set over to Wallace & Krebs, in payment of the above-named creditors, the judgments and claims as per annexed schedule, all the right, title and interest of us, the undersigned members of the firm of John Irvin & Brothers and of John Irvin individually.” A schedule of the judgments and claims was attached to this assignment. Some of the creditors named in the instrument were present and assented to the arrangement, some were represented by Messrs. Wallace & Krebs as counsel, and some were neither present nor represented. Wainwright & Co., the plaintiffs below, held a judgment against Irvin & Brothers, upon which they issued this attachment, the defendants in the judgments and claims assigned being served as garnishees. At the trial in the Common Pleas, the question as to the character of the paper executed by the Irvins was reserved, and the jury were instructed to render a verdict for the plaintiffs. Upon the ground that the instrument constituted an assignment for the benefit of creditors, and, as such, that it had not been recorded within thirty days, the court afterwards entered judgment on the verdict. This is alleged to have been error.
None of the Acts of Assembly relating to assignments for the benefit of creditors have required that they should be drawn in any specific form. Such instruments were well known and in common use when the Act of the 24th March 1818 was passed. And neither before nor after its passage was any particular collocation of words held necessary to give to a writing the effect of an assignment. Since 1818 property transferred to one person to be employed, paid over or converted for the benefit of others, has been regarded as property held in trust within the operation of the statutes. “ Of course,” Chief Justice Lowrie said, in Fallon’s Appeal, 6 Wright 235, “the courts cannot allow the law to be evaded by any sham departure from the general form of assignments; and when the transaction is substantially an assignment for the benefit of creditors, involving no other important purpose that would be prejudiced by bringing it under the Act of 1818 (now 1886), [267]*267the substance rather than the form must be regarded.” Judge Lewis, in Chaffees v. Risk, 12 Harris 432, defined a trust as existing “ where the legal estate is in one person, and the equitable interest in another.” In Watson v. Bagaley, 2 Jones 164, a letter of attorney authorizing the collection and receipt of moneys, debts and goods, and the payment of the proceeds to creditors in a prescribed order of preference, although revocable before the execution of the power, Avas held to be, after execution, virtually an assignment for the benefit of creditors; and as such, Chief Justice Gibson said, “ it was decisively within the purview of the statutes to regulate such transfers; else those statutes might be evaded, and the pernicious power to prefer be retained by changing the form of the instrument.” But it has been urged that the assignment to Messrs. Wallace & Krebs was “in payment” of the creditors, and not in trust for them. Still, the legal title to the securities became vested in the assignees, and the equitable interest was all that the creditors acquired. By the Act of the 16th Of April 1849, it Avas declared that a condition in an assignment for the payment of such creditors only as should execute a release, should be deemed a preference and be void. The stipulation here that the securities transferred should’ be “in payment” of the debts owing by Irvin & Brothers (if the word “ payment” was used in the sense of satisfaction), was but the equivalent of a condition for payment upon release. It could not be knoAvn whether the amount to be realized would satisfy the indebtedness or not. Some of the creditors were not represented, and their right to participate in the fund Avould be dependent on their consent to take such share of it as would come to them in discharge of their demands. The Act of 1849, as well as the Act of the 17th of April 1843, applied to assignments of property made by debtors to trustees “on account of inability at the time to pay their debts.” This instrument expressly recited the firm of Irvin & Brothers to be in just that condition. They were unable to pay their debts; they assigned to third persons securities to a large amount to be held and collected for a portion of their creditors, and they stipulated that the creditors thus benefited should receive the proceeds of the securities “in payment” of their claims. It is impossible to see hoAV this can be treated otherwise than as an assignment for the benefit of the creditors designated, and an assignment too by which those creditors Avere preferred. If the language of the instrument were to be construed as providing for a payment on account of, and not in full for the demands of the creditors, its effect Avould only be altered to the extent that the condition for a release would not be implied.
In principle, this case is not distinguishable from that of the Miners’ National Bank’s Appeal, 7 P. F. Smith 193. In apparent features, indeed, the difference consists in the fact that the whole object of the transaction was expressed in that case with stated [268]*268results precisely the same as those which the legal operation of this assignment would work out. Charles Miller assigned twenty-one items of property to William Miller and Morris Patterson, in trust, to sell at their discretion, and apply the proceeds to the payment of twenty-four named creditors, the surplus, if any, being payable to the assignor; but it was provided that if the proceeds should not pay the creditors in full, it should be disbursed among them pro rata. Upon these facts the present Chief Justice said: “ when a man can no longer go on in business, and what he has must pass into the liquidation of his debts, fairness requires that he should not dictate the course his property shall take. The Act of the 17th April 1843, is entitled ‘ an act to prevent preferences in assignments,’ and it is argued from the title that its intention was only to forbid preferences expressed in the deed itself. But this is contrary to the public sentiment which led to the proposal of the act, and to the plain intent found upon its face. It would enable the debtor always to prefer creditors simply by framing his deed to suit his purpose. He has thus to name only those he would prefer, and leave others out; and indeed, under that construction of the law, I see nothing to prevent his multiplying his deeds, and thereby to divide his estate and graduate his preferences.” The opinion went on to prove that the Acts of 1843 and 1849, were intended to secure a distribution of the property transferred among the whole body of the creditors of the assignor, where the assignment, whether general or partial, should be made in anticipation of impending failure. The whole reasoning of the Chief Justice, as well as the views expressed by Judge Brewster in his lucid and thorough discussion of the same case, apply here with direct and peculiar force.
Numerous authorities have been referred to and relied on by the counsel for the defendants.
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Mr. Justice Woodward
delivered the opinion of the court,
On the 20th of June 1877, an instrument was executed by John Irvin & Brothers and John Irvin individually, in order to secure certain designated creditors, some thirty in number, who held claims against the firm. After reciting an indebtedness in sums not definitely ascertained, and the inability of the firm to satisfy the creditors by a payment in money, the instrument contained this concluding clause: “For value received, we hereby assign, transfer and set over to Wallace & Krebs, in payment of the above-named creditors, the judgments and claims as per annexed schedule, all the right, title and interest of us, the undersigned members of the firm of John Irvin & Brothers and of John Irvin individually.” A schedule of the judgments and claims was attached to this assignment. Some of the creditors named in the instrument were present and assented to the arrangement, some were represented by Messrs. Wallace & Krebs as counsel, and some were neither present nor represented. Wainwright & Co., the plaintiffs below, held a judgment against Irvin & Brothers, upon which they issued this attachment, the defendants in the judgments and claims assigned being served as garnishees. At the trial in the Common Pleas, the question as to the character of the paper executed by the Irvins was reserved, and the jury were instructed to render a verdict for the plaintiffs. Upon the ground that the instrument constituted an assignment for the benefit of creditors, and, as such, that it had not been recorded within thirty days, the court afterwards entered judgment on the verdict. This is alleged to have been error.
None of the Acts of Assembly relating to assignments for the benefit of creditors have required that they should be drawn in any specific form. Such instruments were well known and in common use when the Act of the 24th March 1818 was passed. And neither before nor after its passage was any particular collocation of words held necessary to give to a writing the effect of an assignment. Since 1818 property transferred to one person to be employed, paid over or converted for the benefit of others, has been regarded as property held in trust within the operation of the statutes. “ Of course,” Chief Justice Lowrie said, in Fallon’s Appeal, 6 Wright 235, “the courts cannot allow the law to be evaded by any sham departure from the general form of assignments; and when the transaction is substantially an assignment for the benefit of creditors, involving no other important purpose that would be prejudiced by bringing it under the Act of 1818 (now 1886), [267]*267the substance rather than the form must be regarded.” Judge Lewis, in Chaffees v. Risk, 12 Harris 432, defined a trust as existing “ where the legal estate is in one person, and the equitable interest in another.” In Watson v. Bagaley, 2 Jones 164, a letter of attorney authorizing the collection and receipt of moneys, debts and goods, and the payment of the proceeds to creditors in a prescribed order of preference, although revocable before the execution of the power, Avas held to be, after execution, virtually an assignment for the benefit of creditors; and as such, Chief Justice Gibson said, “ it was decisively within the purview of the statutes to regulate such transfers; else those statutes might be evaded, and the pernicious power to prefer be retained by changing the form of the instrument.” But it has been urged that the assignment to Messrs. Wallace & Krebs was “in payment” of the creditors, and not in trust for them. Still, the legal title to the securities became vested in the assignees, and the equitable interest was all that the creditors acquired. By the Act of the 16th Of April 1849, it Avas declared that a condition in an assignment for the payment of such creditors only as should execute a release, should be deemed a preference and be void. The stipulation here that the securities transferred should’ be “in payment” of the debts owing by Irvin & Brothers (if the word “ payment” was used in the sense of satisfaction), was but the equivalent of a condition for payment upon release. It could not be knoAvn whether the amount to be realized would satisfy the indebtedness or not. Some of the creditors were not represented, and their right to participate in the fund Avould be dependent on their consent to take such share of it as would come to them in discharge of their demands. The Act of 1849, as well as the Act of the 17th of April 1843, applied to assignments of property made by debtors to trustees “on account of inability at the time to pay their debts.” This instrument expressly recited the firm of Irvin & Brothers to be in just that condition. They were unable to pay their debts; they assigned to third persons securities to a large amount to be held and collected for a portion of their creditors, and they stipulated that the creditors thus benefited should receive the proceeds of the securities “in payment” of their claims. It is impossible to see hoAV this can be treated otherwise than as an assignment for the benefit of the creditors designated, and an assignment too by which those creditors Avere preferred. If the language of the instrument were to be construed as providing for a payment on account of, and not in full for the demands of the creditors, its effect Avould only be altered to the extent that the condition for a release would not be implied.
In principle, this case is not distinguishable from that of the Miners’ National Bank’s Appeal, 7 P. F. Smith 193. In apparent features, indeed, the difference consists in the fact that the whole object of the transaction was expressed in that case with stated [268]*268results precisely the same as those which the legal operation of this assignment would work out. Charles Miller assigned twenty-one items of property to William Miller and Morris Patterson, in trust, to sell at their discretion, and apply the proceeds to the payment of twenty-four named creditors, the surplus, if any, being payable to the assignor; but it was provided that if the proceeds should not pay the creditors in full, it should be disbursed among them pro rata. Upon these facts the present Chief Justice said: “ when a man can no longer go on in business, and what he has must pass into the liquidation of his debts, fairness requires that he should not dictate the course his property shall take. The Act of the 17th April 1843, is entitled ‘ an act to prevent preferences in assignments,’ and it is argued from the title that its intention was only to forbid preferences expressed in the deed itself. But this is contrary to the public sentiment which led to the proposal of the act, and to the plain intent found upon its face. It would enable the debtor always to prefer creditors simply by framing his deed to suit his purpose. He has thus to name only those he would prefer, and leave others out; and indeed, under that construction of the law, I see nothing to prevent his multiplying his deeds, and thereby to divide his estate and graduate his preferences.” The opinion went on to prove that the Acts of 1843 and 1849, were intended to secure a distribution of the property transferred among the whole body of the creditors of the assignor, where the assignment, whether general or partial, should be made in anticipation of impending failure. The whole reasoning of the Chief Justice, as well as the views expressed by Judge Brewster in his lucid and thorough discussion of the same case, apply here with direct and peculiar force.
Numerous authorities have been referred to and relied on by the counsel for the defendants. They have been examined and considered, and none of them have been found to support the allegation of error in this judgment. Chaffees v. Risk, 12 Harris 432, was the case of an assignment made directly to the creditors of the assignor. Judge Lewis said that by such an assignment “ the legal estate and the equitable interest are vested in one and the same person.” Henderson’s Appeal, 7 Casey 502, was also the case of an assignment of a number of claims in the hands of an attorney made directly to the persons beneficially interested. The claims were described by reference to a list which H. L. Richmond held. On the margin of this list, after the execution of the assignment, there was written: “I assign to H. L. Richmond this list of accounts for the uses named in his receipt to me of this dateand this was signed by the assignor. In the discussion by this court of the effect of these instruments, it was said: “The defendants insist that the debt of Townley, and all the debts in the list alluded to, did not pass under the assignment we have been considering; but was intended to pass under an assignment made the same day [269]*269by Osborn to Richmond, in trust for the benefit of the New York creditors; and that this assignment was clearly within the Act of 1818, and therefore, not being recorded, was void as against a subsequently attaching creditor. This conclusion is inevitable if the premises are well assumed.” The two instruments, however, were held to constitute together one transfer, and the paper given to Richmond was treated as designed to pass over the “list” of the accounts to him as the attorney of the New York creditors, to whom the accounts contained in that list had been formally assigned. There was thus an express declaration by this court that if the case stood on the assignment to Richmond alone, it would have been within the Act of 1818. In the York County Bank v. Carter, 2 Wright 446, partners who were heavily indebted transferred their entire property to a creditor in consideration of his satisfaction of his claim against them, and his agreement to pay the balance of the purchase-money in discharge of the debts of certain other specified creditors. It was held that the papers imported a sale, and not the creation of a trust for creditors, and that, though it might have been shown by parol evidence that such a trust was intended, it was a question of fact for the jury, and not of law for the court. The facts in Fallon’s Appeal, 6 Wright 235, showed a sale through the intervention of trustees, with a security analogous to a mortgage for the purchase-money, and not an assignment for the benefit of creditors. All that Vallance v. The Miners’ Life Insurance Co., 6 Wright 441, settled was that an assignment or transfer of property made directly to the creditors beneficially interested in it, whether in satisfaction of or as a security for their debts, was not within the Act of 1818. Of the three instruments set up to establish a trust for creditors in Beans v. Bullitt, 7 P. F. Smith 221, the first was decided to be a mortgage, the second a power of attorney, and the third an absolute transfer directly to sixteen creditors, and in neither of them was any trust intended or expressed. In Taylor v. Cornelius, 10 P. F. Smith 187, a debtor conveyed all his real estate to a creditor, who at the same time made a declaration of trust that he would sell all or part of the property, apply the proceeds in payment of the debts due himself and such sums as he should advance, and $5000 for his commissions, and convey the remaining property to the debtor. Of course these instruments were treated together as constituting a mortgage. In Claflin v. Maglaughlin, 15 P. F. Smith 492, choses in action were assigned directly to creditors, and the instrument transferring them contained a direction to the attorney who had the claims in his hands for collection to pay the proceeds to the assignees. This, it was decided, was not an assignment required to be recorded under the Act of 1818. It may be remarked, in passing, that the president of the Common Pleas, in his opinion in Claflin v. Maglaughlin, omitted, in referring to Henderson’s Appeal, to state the essential [270]*270fact that the ruling in that case rested on the assignment of the securities to the creditors themselves, and not on the transfer of the list of them to Mr. Richmond.
It is to be kept in mind that Messrs. Wallace & Krebs had no beneficial interest whatever in the claims assigned to them. They were neither creditors nor purchasers; they had made no advances, and they had no lien. Under the facts presented, it is not believed that there is any precedent to warrant an interference by this court with the record made up in the Common Pleas.
Judgment affirmed.
Sharswood and Paxson, JJ., dissent.