OPINION ON REMAND
Opinion On Remand by
Justice YÁÑEZ.
This case is before us on remand from the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. A jury found appellant, Roger Morgan Wall, guilty of aggravated assault and assessed punishment at confinement for thirty-five years. By two issues, appellant asserted that the trial court erred in (1) overruling his objection to jury argument raised during the prosecutor’s closing statement, and (2) allowing a police officer to testify about one of the assault victim’s out of court statements made during a hospital interview. On original submission, this Court held that no error was preserved for appeal as to the first issue.
As to the second issue, we held that admitting the statements under the excited-utterance exception to the hearsay rule violated the Sixth Amendment under the standard announced in
Crawford v. Washington,
541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004).
We found, however, that the error was harmless because the properly admitted evidence included testimony from three different eyewitnesses that appellant, without provocation, struck the complainant and several others with a board.
Petition for discretionary review was granted to determine whether appellant’s confrontation rights were in fact violated, and if so, whether that violation was harmful. The court of criminal appeals agreed with the findings of this Court and affirmed appellant’s conviction, but remanded the case because we did not address whether the
Crawford
violation was harmful at the punishment stage.
We now address this remaining issue, and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Background
On December 31, 2001, a group of homeless men gathered at an abandoned gas station to celebrate the approach of the new year. Appellant, who sometimes drank with these men, wandered over to visit with them. At some point during the afternoon, appellant picked up a board and beat several of the men. Two of the men, Samuel Pierce and Donald Norman, were severely injured and taken by ambulance to a nearby hospital. While in the emergency room, both were questioned by Deputy Luis Figueroa.
Appellant was charged with the aggravated assault of Pierce. At trial, Pierce testified that on the afternoon of New Year’s Eve he was at a Shell station drinking with a few people, including appellant, whom he knew only as “Roger.” At some point “[a] bottle got broke against the wall and things started being said.” Pierce said that appellant was behind him, and the next thing he knew, he was hit in the head a couple of times with a two-by-four board. When he put up his arm in self-defense, appellant hit his arm. Pierce’s injuries included a cut on his head that required stitches, a fractured nose, and a broken arm that required “a lot of surgeries to put it back together.” Pierce said that, as far as he knew, nobody had said or done anything to appellant to provoke the beating. Norman did not testify. Instead, the State called Deputy Figueroa to testify as to what Norman told him at the hospi
tal. The State’s direct-examination of Deputy Figueroa produced the following exchange:
Q: What did [Norman] tell you?
A: He told me they were drinking and — Mr. Pierce, Mr. Thomas and the defendant were drinking at the old gas station when the defendant said, “I hate niggers, I hate Mexicans.”
Q: What did — what happened after that?
[[Image here]]
A: Mr. Norman stated he told the defendant, “I like all races and I served this country for all races.”
Mr. Norman then told me that the defendant got angry and said, ‘You’re a nigger lover,” at which time he walked over to the bed of a truck and retrieved a club and came back to him and started to assault him, began assaulting him with the club.
Appellant claims that this testimony was admitted in violation of his right to confrontation under the Sixth Amendment and that it harmed him during the punishment stage of his trial. In his supplemental brief, appellant poses the following argument:
A person’s character is before the jury during the punishment phase and normally is the essential factor in assessing a sentence. These statements indicate a racial intolerance and bigotry on the part of Wall. Wall was unable to test the hearsay statements through proper cross-examination in which he might have been able to show the statements to be false and a slander on his reputation. Finally while these statements are offensive to all races they are even more so to those individuals who are Hispanic or African-American. As the jury panel contained three member [sic] of the targeted race, this Court cannot say that the statements did not affect the jurors in assessing punishment.
Applicable Law
Because appellant’s complaint touches on the constitutionally protected right of confrontation, we must examine the potential harm under a heightened standard.
Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(a) states that in reviewing constitutional error for harm, the court must reverse unless it determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction or the punishment.
In other words, we must determine “whether, after examining the record as a whole, there is a reasonable possibility the evidence complained of might have contributed to appellant’s punishment.”
To conduct a proper harm analysis, a reviewing court should consider (1) the source of the error, (2) the nature of the error, (3) whether or to what extent it was emphasized by the State, (4) the probable collateral implications of the error, (5) how much weight a juror would probably place upon the error; and (6) whether declaring the error harmless would encourage the State to repeat it with impunity.
By entertaining these matters, we derive an answer to the primary question before us:
can the State, as beneficiary of the error, persuade us to a level of confidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the error made no contribution to appellant’s punishment?
DISCUSSION
In the instant case, the source and nature of the error were the trial court’s erroneous admission of Norman’s custodial statement through Deputy Figueroa. Norman’s statement complemented the testimony of three other witnesses, each of whom testified that appellant, unprovoked, struck several victims with what was described as being either a club, stick, or board; it also provided the State’s only theory as to appellant’s motivation for the assault.
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OPINION ON REMAND
Opinion On Remand by
Justice YÁÑEZ.
This case is before us on remand from the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. A jury found appellant, Roger Morgan Wall, guilty of aggravated assault and assessed punishment at confinement for thirty-five years. By two issues, appellant asserted that the trial court erred in (1) overruling his objection to jury argument raised during the prosecutor’s closing statement, and (2) allowing a police officer to testify about one of the assault victim’s out of court statements made during a hospital interview. On original submission, this Court held that no error was preserved for appeal as to the first issue.
As to the second issue, we held that admitting the statements under the excited-utterance exception to the hearsay rule violated the Sixth Amendment under the standard announced in
Crawford v. Washington,
541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004).
We found, however, that the error was harmless because the properly admitted evidence included testimony from three different eyewitnesses that appellant, without provocation, struck the complainant and several others with a board.
Petition for discretionary review was granted to determine whether appellant’s confrontation rights were in fact violated, and if so, whether that violation was harmful. The court of criminal appeals agreed with the findings of this Court and affirmed appellant’s conviction, but remanded the case because we did not address whether the
Crawford
violation was harmful at the punishment stage.
We now address this remaining issue, and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Background
On December 31, 2001, a group of homeless men gathered at an abandoned gas station to celebrate the approach of the new year. Appellant, who sometimes drank with these men, wandered over to visit with them. At some point during the afternoon, appellant picked up a board and beat several of the men. Two of the men, Samuel Pierce and Donald Norman, were severely injured and taken by ambulance to a nearby hospital. While in the emergency room, both were questioned by Deputy Luis Figueroa.
Appellant was charged with the aggravated assault of Pierce. At trial, Pierce testified that on the afternoon of New Year’s Eve he was at a Shell station drinking with a few people, including appellant, whom he knew only as “Roger.” At some point “[a] bottle got broke against the wall and things started being said.” Pierce said that appellant was behind him, and the next thing he knew, he was hit in the head a couple of times with a two-by-four board. When he put up his arm in self-defense, appellant hit his arm. Pierce’s injuries included a cut on his head that required stitches, a fractured nose, and a broken arm that required “a lot of surgeries to put it back together.” Pierce said that, as far as he knew, nobody had said or done anything to appellant to provoke the beating. Norman did not testify. Instead, the State called Deputy Figueroa to testify as to what Norman told him at the hospi
tal. The State’s direct-examination of Deputy Figueroa produced the following exchange:
Q: What did [Norman] tell you?
A: He told me they were drinking and — Mr. Pierce, Mr. Thomas and the defendant were drinking at the old gas station when the defendant said, “I hate niggers, I hate Mexicans.”
Q: What did — what happened after that?
[[Image here]]
A: Mr. Norman stated he told the defendant, “I like all races and I served this country for all races.”
Mr. Norman then told me that the defendant got angry and said, ‘You’re a nigger lover,” at which time he walked over to the bed of a truck and retrieved a club and came back to him and started to assault him, began assaulting him with the club.
Appellant claims that this testimony was admitted in violation of his right to confrontation under the Sixth Amendment and that it harmed him during the punishment stage of his trial. In his supplemental brief, appellant poses the following argument:
A person’s character is before the jury during the punishment phase and normally is the essential factor in assessing a sentence. These statements indicate a racial intolerance and bigotry on the part of Wall. Wall was unable to test the hearsay statements through proper cross-examination in which he might have been able to show the statements to be false and a slander on his reputation. Finally while these statements are offensive to all races they are even more so to those individuals who are Hispanic or African-American. As the jury panel contained three member [sic] of the targeted race, this Court cannot say that the statements did not affect the jurors in assessing punishment.
Applicable Law
Because appellant’s complaint touches on the constitutionally protected right of confrontation, we must examine the potential harm under a heightened standard.
Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(a) states that in reviewing constitutional error for harm, the court must reverse unless it determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction or the punishment.
In other words, we must determine “whether, after examining the record as a whole, there is a reasonable possibility the evidence complained of might have contributed to appellant’s punishment.”
To conduct a proper harm analysis, a reviewing court should consider (1) the source of the error, (2) the nature of the error, (3) whether or to what extent it was emphasized by the State, (4) the probable collateral implications of the error, (5) how much weight a juror would probably place upon the error; and (6) whether declaring the error harmless would encourage the State to repeat it with impunity.
By entertaining these matters, we derive an answer to the primary question before us:
can the State, as beneficiary of the error, persuade us to a level of confidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the error made no contribution to appellant’s punishment?
DISCUSSION
In the instant case, the source and nature of the error were the trial court’s erroneous admission of Norman’s custodial statement through Deputy Figueroa. Norman’s statement complemented the testimony of three other witnesses, each of whom testified that appellant, unprovoked, struck several victims with what was described as being either a club, stick, or board; it also provided the State’s only theory as to appellant’s motivation for the assault.
The State did not emphasize the testimony in question; it made no attempt to portray appellant as a racist. Furthermore, at the time the error was committed, “ ‘the case law in this nascent field [was] muddled as to whether excited utterances may or may not be classified as testimonial hearsay.’ ”
The court of criminal appeals has since unequivocally held that a testimonial “statement that also qualifies as an excited utterance exception under the Texas hearsay rule does not alter its testimonial nature.”
In light of this holding, and because our harmless error determination is guided by the specific facts of this case, we do not believe that declaring the error harmless would encourage the State to repeat the error with impunity.
In assessing the probable collateral implications of the error and the weight a juror would probably place upon the error — in terms of punishment assessment— this Court’s holding in
Epps v. State
is particularly instructive. In
Epps,
the defendant and two accomplices burglarized a home. During the commission of the burglary, an elderly neighbor walked to the home and determined that he was witnessing a burglary. Shortly thereafter, the neighbor was unexpectedly shot; the defendant then appeared before the neighbor, told him that he was going to kill him, and took multiple shots at him from close range. After being convicted for aggravated robbery, the defendant appealed to this Court, complaining that letters he wrote from jail were erroneously admitted during the punishment stage of trial.
The defendant complained that the letters were “used by the State to portray him as incorrigibly violent and racist.”
The Court noted that in these letters, “[the defendant] routinely used extremely profane words, such as ‘whore,’ ‘n- ‘ and
‘b-’
that reduce people to a subhuman level.... When the jurors looked at [the defendant’s] violent and dehumanizing diction in the letters, any number of stereotypical caricatures of African-American males could have affected their judgment.”
The Court further noted, however, that the same jurors “heard the detailed testimony about the act [the defendant] committed, and about an extreme lack of remorse that he appeared to have after committing the
act.”
The Court then held that “[i]n light of the overwhelming evidence of [the defendant’s] guilt and insensitivity to the victims of his crime ... any possible error caused by any possible racial bias that was provoked by [the defendant’s] letters [was] harmless.”
In the instant case, appellant’s punishment was governed by section 12.42 of the penal code, which sets out punishment ranges for repeat and habitual felony offenders.
The jury was free to assess punishment anywhere between 25 years to life in prison. Appellant, who pleaded “true” to his previous convictions for burglary of a motor vehicle and injury to a child, received a 35 year sentence.
As in
Ep-ps,
the jury in this case was shown overwhelming evidence of appellant’s guilt and his insensitivity to the victims of his crime. Multiple witnesses testified that it appeared as if appellant committed the assault without provocation. One witness, Jerry Hunter, testified to seeing appellant assault five individuals. He stated that he saw appellant and five other individuals engaged in what appeared to be an argument. Appellant grabbed what appeared to be a two-by-four board and used it to strike the head of an individual who was standing; appellant struck the individual again after he fell to the floor. Appellant struck a second individual in the head, breaking the board in half in the process and seemingly knocking that person unconscious. A third individual, who was on crutches and had one leg, was struck by appellant, presumably with his hands, and pushed to the floor. Appellant then turned his attention to two other individuals who were sitting; appellant punched and kicked them, striking their heads and upper chests. The individuals attacked were described as being “a lot smaller” physically than the defendant, and appearing “much older” in age. Hunter also stated that during the attack, it appeared as if the assaulted individuals were trying to “calm the situation,” “get the situation to stop,” and back away from appellant. Consequently, in light of the overwhelming evidence of appellant’s guilt and insensitivity to the victims of his crime, we find that any possible racial bias that was provoked by Deputy Figueroa’s testimony was harmless.
The probable impact of this erroneously admitted testimony on the jury was minimal, if any.
After carefully reviewing the record in light of the
Harris
factors, we are certain that a rational trier of fact would have reached the same result even if the error and its effects had not resulted.
Accordingly, we find beyond a reasonable doubt that the alleged error did not contribute to appellant’s punishment; therefore, admission of the complained-of evidence was harmless.
Conclusion
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.