THIS OPINION HAS NO
PRECEDENTIAL VALUE. IT SHOULD NOT BE CITED OR RELIED ON AS PRECEDENT IN ANY
PROCEEDING EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY RULE 239(d)(2), SCACR.
THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Court of Appeals
Walker Investment Management Trust, Respondent,
v.
GrandSouth Bank, B&B Development, LLC, Blasco Builders, Inc., and
Carolina First Bank, Defendants,
of whom Carolina First Bank is, Appellant.
Appeal From Anderson County
Ellis B. Drew, Jr., Master-In-Equity
Unpublished Opinion No. 2004-UP-606
Submitted November 1, 2004 Filed December 6, 2004
AFFIRMED
Louis H. Lang, of Columbia, for Appellant.
Michael F. Mullinax, of Anderson, and Roxy Rae Beagley, of Clemson,
for Respondent.
PER CURIAM: Carolina First Bank appeals the trial judges decision that
the Walker Investment Management Trusts interest in the subject property was
superior to the interest of Carolina First Bank. We affirm.
[1]
FACTS
David and Donna Walker owned 30.79 acres located at the intersection of Lebanon
Road and Liberty Highway in Anderson County, South Carolina. In September 1999,
the Walkers created the Walker Investment Management Trust (Trust), naming their
daughters as the trustees. In October of that same year, the Trust entered
into a contract of sale with B&B Development (B&B), headed by Joe Blasco
and Dan Balcer, who intended to build an apartment complex on the property.
The contract provided that the Trust would convey the property to B&B in
exchange for five 3-bedroom units and four 2-bedroom units, which would be deeded
to the Trust upon fifty percent completion of construction. The contract also
stipulated that B&B would obtain a surety bond in the amount of $765,000
(the value of the transaction) as consideration for the contract sometime on
or before . . . the infrastructure [was] started. B&B never obtained the
surety bond or started building infrastructure. Furthermore, though the deed
stated that the Trust conveyed the property for $107,765, the Trust never received
these funds.
The documents were properly recorded in the Anderson County RMC Office on October
15, 1999 in the following order: the Trust, the contract, the deed to the trust,
and the deed to B&B.
In January 2000, B&B obtained a mortgage on the property for $205,000 through
Carolina First to buy out Balcers interest in the company. The closing attorney
in this real estate transaction, Michael Spivy, was the same attorney who had
handled the closing between the Trust and B&B only months before. B&B
also obtained two wrap-around mortgages on the property, as well as other property
owned by B&B, from GrandSouth Bank in the amounts of $791,087.84 and $101,251.33.
GrandSouth began foreclosure proceedings against the property in controversy,
citing B&B, Blasco Builders, and Carolina First as defendants. Shortly
thereafter, the Trust intervened by consent order, requesting a declaratory
judgment as to its rights to the subject property. Following consolidation
of the suits, B&B and Blasco Builders defaulted, and GrandSouth moved for
a voluntary dismissal, which was granted by the trial judge. The trial judge
declared the deed from the Trust to B&B as null and void and set it aside
in its entirety. The court also restored fee simple title to the property in
the Trust and declared the Carolina First mortgage as null and void, extinguishing
the lien relating thereto in full. This appeal follows.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A suit for declaratory judgment is neither legal nor
equitable, but is determined by the nature of the underlying action. An issue,
essentially one at law, will not be transformed into one in equity simply because
declaratory relief is sought. Felts v. Richland County, 303 S.C. 354,
356, 400 S.E.2d 781, 782 (1991). Here, the action was one to construe the real
estate contract and, therefore, at law. In law actions, the trial court must
be affirmed when there is any evidence to support its findings. Townes Assoc.,
Ltd. v. City of Greenville, 266 S.C. 81, 86, 221 S.E.2d 773, 775 (1976).
However, the relief sought by the Trust for the breach of contract cause of
action is equitable, as are the other three causes of action. See Brown
v. Greenwood School Dist. 50 Bd. of Trustees, 344 S.C. 522, 525, 544 S.E.2d
642, 643 (Ct. App. 2001) (holding that an action to rescind a contract is in
equity); Bullard v. Crawley, 294 S.C. 276, 278, 363 S.E.2d 897, 898 (1987)
(An action to set aside deeds is a matter in equity.); Bank of Williston
v. Alderman, et al., 106 S.C. 386, 391, 91 S.E. 296, 297 (1917) (stating
that constructive trusts are created when one party obtains money that does
not equitably belong to him). On appeal of an equitable action, the appellate
court may find facts in accordance with its own view of the preponderance of
the evidence. Townes Assoc., Ltd., 266 S.C. at 86, 221 S.E.2d at 775.
This broad scope of review does not require the appellate court to disregard
the findings of the trial judge nor does it relieve appellant of the burden
of convincing the court that the trial judge erred. The trial judge, who saw
and heard the witnesses, is better able to evaluate their credibility. Calcutt
v. Calcutt, 282 S.C. 565, 569, 320 S.E.2d 55, 57 (Ct. App. 1984). However,
the appellate court is not bound by the trial judges legal determinations.
Swindler v. Swindler, 355 S.C. 245, 249, 584 S.E.2d 438, 440 (Ct. App.
2003).
LAW/ANALYSIS
I. Notice
Carolina First claims that it did not have notice of the Trusts claim to the
property because the wording of the contract only provided the Trust a personal
remedy against B&B or on the surety bond in case of a default. We disagree.
The contract provides
The Seller agrees to convey to the Purchaser 30.79 acres . . . . In consideration
of the conveyance of said 30.79 acres, the Purchaser agrees to secure a $765,000
Surety Bond to secure Sellers interest in the property which will be conveyed
to B&B Development, LLC. Upon 50% completion of said project, B&B
Development, LLC, agrees to deed to Seller for $1.00 and other consideration,
5 (five) 3 bedroom units and 4 (four) 2 bedroom units. Once said units are
deeded then the surety bond is terminated . . . . The Surety Bond is to be
in place on or before the time that the infrastructure is started.
. . . .
If Purchaser fails to complete its obligation under this said contract then
the Surety Bond would cover any loss to Seller. The Purchaser would keep
ownership of said land . . .
The contract required B&B to purchase a surety bond to protect
the interests of the Trust. The contract was then properly recorded, putting
all subsequent creditors on notice of the Trusts equitable interest. Ordinarily,
one who takes a security interest in real property with notice of an existing
third party equity in the property takes subject to the third partys interest.
. . . It is sufficient that one either knows or ought to know some third
party interest exists. South Carolina Fed. Savings Bank v. San-A-Bel Corp.,
307 S.C. 76, 79, 413 S.E.2d 852, 854 (Ct. App. 1992) (emphasis added). See
S.C. Code Ann. § 30-7-10 (Supp. 2003). The inclusion of the surety bond requirement
in the contract alone should have put anyone on notice. Carolina First used
the same attorney to close their mortgage as B&B and the Trust used to close
their real estate agreement. Notice to an attorney is notice to the client.
See Faulkner v. Millar, 319 S.C. 216, 221, 460 S.E.2d 378, 381
(1995) (discussing principles of agency). Spivey drafted the contract of sale
between the Trust and B&B and conducted the closing. He was as familiar
with the provisions of that contract as the parties were. Balcers testimony
unequivocally states that his understanding of the contract is that the property
would be returned back to Mr. Walker . . . if [B&B] did not complete these
units and purchase the surety bond to protect him. Shortly thereafter, Spivey
represented to Carolina First that the property was unencumbered.
Carolina First had notice or should have had notice of the Trusts
interest in the property. Therefore, its mortgage is subordinate to the rights
and title in the Trust.
II. Rescission and Setting Aside the Deed
Carolina First claims the trial judge erred in rescinding and setting aside
the contract because this relief prejudiced the rights of an innocent third
party, Carolina First. We disagree.
A valid contract consists of contractual intent, followed by an actual meeting
of the minds of the parties, accompanied by valid consideration. Cobb v.
Gross, 291 S.C. 550, 553, 354 S.E.2d 573, 575 (Ct. App. 1987). Furthermore,
consideration must be legally sufficient. The general rule is that for a
breach of contract to warrant rescission, the breach must be so fundamental
and substantial as to defeat the purpose of the contract. Gibbs v. G.K.H.,
Inc., 311 S.C. 103, 105, 427 S.E.2d 701, 702 (Ct. App. 1993). In addition,
to cancel a deed the moving party must show total failure of consideration or
grossly inadequate consideration. Patterson v. Goldsmith, 292 S.C. 619,
628, 358 S.E.2d 163, 168 (Ct. App. 1987). In this case, there was a substantial
breach of the contract because no consideration was ever paid. B&B never
obtained the surety bond, nor built or conveyed the development units as required
by the contract.
Most importantly, the acts of an attorney are directly attributable to and
binding on the client. Greenville Income Partners v. Holman, 308 S.C.
105, 107, 417 S.E.2d 107, 108 (Ct. App. 1992). No mistake attributable to an
attorney can be successfully used as a ground for relief, unless it would have
been excusable if attributable to the client. Simon v. Flowers, 231
S.C. 545, 551, 99 S.E.2d 391, 394 (1957). As discussed above, Spivey represented
Carolina First, just as he had represented B&B in the deed from the Trust.
He examined B&Bs title and he closed the loan. Spivey knew of B&Bs
agreement with the Trust, that counsel did not represent Walker at the initial
closing, and that Walker was concerned about protecting his interest. In addition,
he knew B&B was responsible for purchasing the surety bond and that it failed
to do so. Yet, he recommended Blasco proceed with the loan and represented
to Carolina First that its mortgage would have priority. Unfortunately, Carolina
First is bound by his mistake. Greenville Income Partners, 308 S.C.
at 107-08, 417 S.E.2d at 108. Therefore, the trial judge had sufficient evidence
before him to rescind the contract and set aside the deed.
III. Constructive Trust
Carolina First claims the trial judge erred in finding a constructive trust
had been created because there was no evidence of fraud, bad faith, abuse of
confidence, or a violation of a fiduciary duty, which would give rise to an
obligation in equity to make restitution. We disagree.
A constructive trust arises whenever one party has obtained money, which does
not equitably belong to him, and which he cannot in good conscience retain or
withhold from another, who is beneficially entitled to it. Lollis v. Lollis,
291 S.C. 525, 529, 354 S.E.2d 559, 561 (1987) (citing Bank of Williston v.
Alderman, 106 S.C. 386, 391, 91 S.E.2d 296, 297 (1917)). Constructive trusts
do not arise by agreement or from intention, but by operation of law with actual
or constructive fraud as their essential element. Id. Actual fraud
is not necessary, but such trust will arise whenever the circumstances under
which property was acquired make it inequitable that it should be retained by
him who holds legal title. Bank of Williston, 106 S.C. at 391, 91 S.E.2d
at 298. The trial judge in Doe v. Roe, 323 S.C. 445, 452, 475 S.E.2d
783, 786-87 (Ct. App. 1996), found that duress, abuse of confidence, commission
of a wrong, and any form of unconscionable conduct, artifice, concealment,
or questionable means can create a constructive trust as well (emphasis added).
Furthermore, the trust arises and follows the property of its proceeds.
Bank of Williston, 106 S.C. at 391, 91 S.E.2d at 298. B&B acted
unconscionably by not purchasing the surety bond, failing to convey the buildings
or pay their worth as consideration for the contract. This conduct created
a trust, which follows the property in the lien to Carolina First. Lastly,
the trial judge had sufficient evidence of unconscionable conduct on the part
of the attorney who represented both B&B and Carolina First. In fact, before
the lien agreement with Carolina First, Blasco reminded Spivey that there was
no bond to protect Walker. Blasco felt that Walker would be taken advantage
of by the contracts wording as interpreted by Carolina First because Blasco
didnt have . . . [in] mind at all that the Trusts interests would not be
protected if B&B never purchased the surety bond. Spivey even admitted
that the purpose of the surety bond was to be in place at the time anyone else,
other than B&B and Walker Development Trust, had an interest in that property.
IV. Equitable Lien
Carolina First claims
that the trial judge erred when he concluded that an equitable lien was created
because the parties did not intend the property to serve as security for the
payment of the debt.
Because we decided a constructive trust was created by the unconscionable conduct
of B&B and Carolina First through its attorney, we need not address this
issue.
AFFIRMED.
ANDERSON and SHORT JJ., and CURETON A.J., concur.