Wagner v. International Automotive Components Group North America, Inc.

131 F. Supp. 3d 746, 2015 WL 5512899, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 123716

• Court: District Court, M.D. Tennessee
• Decided: September 16, 2015
• Docket: Civil No. 3:14-CV-1831
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM & ORDER

ALETA A. TRAUGER, District Judge.

Pending before the court are Motions to Dismiss filed by defendants Machinery Movers & Structural Specialist (“MMSS”) (Docket No. 78) and DRM, LLC (“DRM”) (Docket No. 82), to which the plaintiff Raymond Lee Wagner, Jr. (“Wagner”) has filed Responses in opposition (Docket Nos. 84; 85), MMSS and DRM have filed Replies (Docket Nos. 90, 91), and Wagner has filed a joint Sur-Reply (Docket No. 95). For the following reasons, the court will grant the defendants’ motions.

BACKGROUND

This action arises from injuries that Wagner suffered on August 11, 2013, while working as a temporary employee at a factory in Springfield, Tennessee (the “Springfield Plant”). The Springfield Plant was owned by defendant International Automotive Components Group North America, Inc. (“IAC”) and operated by IAC and defendant CAD Engineering Resources Inc. d/b/a CER Group N.A., Inc. (“CER”). Wagner was injured while operating a mold press, which is a device utilized in the manufacture of parts for automobiles. (See Docket No. 49.)

Wagner initially filed suit on August 8, 2014, against only IAC and CER. (Docket No. 1.) On October 24, 2014, Wagner filed an Amended Complaint.¹ (Docket No. 26.) On January 30, 2015, IAC and CER timely filed Answers to the Amended Complaint. (Docket Nos. 52, 53.) In their Answers, IAC and CER asserted the general affirmative defenses of “intervening negligent acts of third parties” and “contributory negligence and/or comparative fault.” (Docket No. 52 at p. 7, ¶¶ 4-5; Docket No. 53 at p. 7, ¶¶ 4-5.) IAC and CER did not name the third parties to which they were referring in asserting these potential defenses.² (Id.)

On April 30, 2015, Wagner .filed a Motion for Leave to Amend the [Amended] Complaint to add as defendants MMSS and DRM.³ (Docket No. 63.) MMSS is a Tennessee corporation that specializes in machinery moving and millwright services. DRM is a Tennessee limited liability company that provides manufacturing plant design, installation, and integration solutions.

In the memorandum in support of his motion to amend, Wagner cited IAC’s April 10, 2015 interrogatory response, which stated:

2. Identify who or what was responsible for the installation of the machine at the Springfield Plaint in which the [p]laintiff was injured.

ANSWER: IAC contracted with Machinery Movers and DRM,- LLC to move the machine from Huron, Ohio to the Springfield facility. The installation was overseen by Greg Wilkerson, corporate engineer.

(Docket No. 65 at p. 2.) Wagner then contended that MMSS and DRM may be the parties that IAC and CER were referring to in asserting their intervening third parties and contributory negligence affirmative defenses. Accordingly, Wagner suggested that MMSS and DRM may be added as defendants “by right” pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 20-1-119. (Docket No. 64 at p. 2.)

The court granted Wagner leave to file a Second Amended Complaint (Docket No. 66.). On- June 9, 2015, Wagner filed the Second Amended Complaint, alleging that MMSS and DRM “were negligent in the moving and installation of the mold .press, which caused the press to malfunction.” (Docket No. 67 at p. 4, ¶ 18.)

On June 24, 2015, IAC and CER filed Answers to the Second Amended Complaint. (Docket Nos'.' 71, 72.) The Answers reiterated the general affirmative defenses of the “intervening negligent acts of third parties” and “contributory negligence and/or comparative fault” but again did not specifically naine MMSS or DRM or any other third party. (Docket No. 71 at p. 10, ¶¶4-5; Docket No. 72 at p. 10, ¶¶ 4-5.) Both IAC and CER denied “knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as to the truth or falsity” of the allegations against MMSS and DRM. (Docket No. 71 at p. 6, ¶ 18; Docket No. 72 at p. 6, ¶ 18.)

On July 15 and 16, 2015, MMSS and DRM filed the instant- Motions to Dismiss on the grounds that this action is barred against them by the applicable statute of limitations. (Docket Nos. 78, 82.) On July 27, 2015, Wagner filed Responses in opposition. (Docket Nos. 84, 85.) On August 7, 2016, MMSS and DRM filed Replies. (Docket Nos. 90, 91.) On August 24, 2015, Wagner filed a Sur-Reply. (Docket No. 95.)

RULE 12(b)(6) STANDARD

In deciding a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), the court will “construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, accept its allegations as true, and draw, all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Directv, Inc. v. Treesh, 487 F.3d 471, 476 (6th Cir.2007); Inge v. Rock Fin. Corp., 281 F.3d 613, 619 (6th Cir.2002). The Féderal Rules of Civil Procedure require only that a plaintiff provide “ ‘a short and plain statement of the claim’ that will give the defendant fair notice of what the plaintiffs claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957). The court must determine only whether “the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims,” not whether the plaintiff can ultimately prove the facts alleged. Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 511, 122 S.Ct. 992, 152 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002) (quoting Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 94, S.Ct. 1683, 40 L.Ed.2d 90 (1974)).

Detailed factual allegations are not required, but a complaint’s allegations “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). To establish the “facial plausibility” required to “unlock the doors of discovery,” the plaintiff cannot rely on labels, “legal conclusions” or “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,” but, instead, the plaintiff must plead “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d (2009); Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. “[0]nly a complaint that states a plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955).

ANALYSIS

Wagner’s lawsuit alleges a personal injury arising from an accident at the Springfield Plant that occurred on August 11, 2013. As the parties agree, the statute of limitations for filing a personal injury suit in Tennessee is one year.⁴ Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-104(a)(l). Accordingly, Wagner was required to file his claims for damages for personal injury on or before August 11, 2014. Wagner initiated the instant action on August 8, '2014. (Docket No. 1.) However, Wagner did not file the Motion for Leave to Amend the Complaint to add MMSS and DRM as defendants until April 30, 2015, nor file the Second Amended Complaint against MMSS and DRM, upon granting of the motion by the court, until June 9, 2015. (Docket Nos. 63, 67.) ■ Measuring from either of these dates, it is clear that Wagner only acted against MMSS and DRM- approximately twenty-one or twenty-two months after the date of his injury and nine or ten months after the expiration of the one-year statute of limitations period. Accordingly, MMSS and DRM contend that Wagner’s claims against them must be dismissed. Wagner argues, to the contrary, that his claims against MMSS and DRM are not time-barred for two reasons: one, they are protected by Section 20-1-119 and two, they are protected by the “discovery rule.” The court will address these arguments in turn.

I. Tennessee Code Annotated Section 20-1-119

First, Wagnér contends that he is permitted to file suit against MMSS and DRM by the provisions of Tennessee Code Annotated Section 20-1-119, which allows a plaintiff to add a new defendant to a lawsuit, via a motion to amend, within ninety days of an existing defendant’s alleging fault against a non-party. Wagner' contends that Section 20-1-119 is satisfied because IAC and CER (1) stated in their Answers the affirmative defenses that unnamed third parties committed intervening acts, arid (2) identified MMSS and DRM in an interrogatory response as having been involved in the moving and installing of the mold press.

Section 20-1-119 provides, in pertinent part:

,(a) In civil actions where comparative fault is or becomes an issue, if a defendant named in an original complaint initiating a suit filed within the applicable statute of limitations, or named in an amended complaint filed within the applicable statute of limitations, alleges in an answer or amended answer to the original or amended complaint that a person not a party to the suit caused or contributed to the injury or damage for which the plaintiff seeks recovery, and if the plaintiffs cause or causes of action against that person would be barred by any applicable statute of limitations but for the operation of this section, the plaintiff may, within ninety (90) days of the filing of the first answer or first amended answer alleging that person’s fault, either: (1) Amend the complaint to add the person as a defendant ...

Id. (emphasis added).⁵

As interpreted by the Tennessee courts, two conditions heed to be satisfied for Section 201-119 to apply: “[t]he first condition is that one of the defendants must name the comparative tortfeasor as one who caused or contributed to the injury or damage for which the plaintiff seeks recovery. The second condition is that the named comparative tortfeasor is not a party to the suit.” Townes, 50 S.W.3d at 446 (Tenn.2001) (emphasis added);⁶ see also Austin v. State of Tennessee, 222 S.W.3d 354, 358 (Tenn.2007) (stating that Section 20-1-119 applies “whenever a plaintiff gives notice of the identity of- a potential non-party tortfeasor and alleges facts that reasonably support a conclusion that the non-party caused or contributed to the plaintiffs injury” and finding .the statute applied where the defendant’s allegations clearly supported the conclusion that the state, explicitly identified as a non-party, was responsible for the plaintiffs injuries).

In addition, the non-party must be named, as specified by the clear language of the statute, “in an answer or amended answer,” not in a discovery response or other manner. “If a statute’s language is expressed in a manner devoid of ambiguity, courts are not at liberty to depart from the statute’s words.” Freeman v. Marco Transp. Co., 27 S.W.3d 909, 911 (Tenn. 2000); see Schultz v. Davis, 495 F.3d 289, 294 (6th Cir.2007) (applying Tennessee law and concluding that learning of the identity of a third party through a discovery disclosure instead of an answer precluded application of Section 20-1-119);⁷ Austin, 222 S.W.3d at 358 (stating Section 20-1-119 applies “whenever a defendant’s answer” gives plaintiff notice of the identity of potential nonparty tortfeasor); McNabb v. Highways, Inc., 98 S.W.3d 649, 654 (Tenn.2003) (noting that Section 20-1-119 applies when a “defendant’s answer asserts comparative fault and identifies a tortfeasor against whom the statute of limitations has run”); Grindstaff v. Bowman, 2008 WL 2219274, at *4 (Tenn.Ct.App.2008) (rejecting application of Section 20-1-119 and noting that “[a] letter from [the defendant’s] attorney to the plaintiffs’ attorney [notifying him of the identity of a non-party potential tortfeasor], which was not made a part of [the defendant’s] formal answer and only became part of the record when the plaintiffs offered it as an exhibit in opposition to summary judgment, is simply is not the same thing as an ‘answer,’ ” as required by the clear and unambiguous language of the statute).

Wagner, therefore, cannot rely on Section 20-1-119 to save his claims against MMSS and DRM. A general reference to unknown intervening third parties by IAC and CER in their Answers did not “name” or in any way “identify” MMSS or DRM as a non-party potential comparative tortfeasor. Nor were MMSS or DRM .sufficiently “named” for purposes of Section 20-1-119 by the interrogatory response, for two reasons. First, an interrogatory response is not an “answer or amended answer,” as required by the statute’s plain language., Second, the actual interrogatory response merely states the tasks that were performed by MMSS and DRM but does not allege, as explicitly required by Section 20-1-119 and Townes, that MMSS or DRM “caused or contributed to the injury or damage for which the plaintiff seeks recovery.”

The court finds Wagner’s argument based on general principles of fairness .unpersuasive. In addition, Wagner relies upon a case that is distinguishable. Wagner cites a case in which the Tennessee Court of Appeals sanctioned the application of Section 20-1-119 in adding two new defendants to an action, despite the fact that the original defendant “did not specifically state their names.” See Romine v. Fernandez, 124 S.W.3d 599, 604-05 (Tenn.Ct.App.2003). In Romine, a- medical malpractice action, the plaintiff initially named only one physician as a defendant, alleging, among other things, negligent administration of a drug. The physician stated in his answer that if other unnamed hospital staff members administered the drug — and not at his direction — that he may assert comparative fault. Id. at 604. The court found these statements sufficient to put the plaintiff Qn notice that .someone other than the one named physician, among a small group of people at the hospital, may have administered the drug and that the plaintiff could easily discover those persons’ names. Id.

Romine is unlike the instant case because, while not specifically naming the tortfeasors, the physician provided specific factual context in his answer .that identified them as, necessarily, members of the plaintiffs medical ■ treatment • team. Indeed, the only reason the physician did not name the person or persons who administered the drug was because he was not sure which medical team member specifically did so; he was sure, however, that, if the drug was administered, one or more of them must have done so. The court determined that, interpreting Section 20-1-119 broadly, in such a context, it would be acceptable for the plaintiff to obtain the names of those medical team members and add them as co-defendants. Id. at 604-OS.⁸ No such situation exists here. IAC and CER offered no, allegations in their Answers related to the moving and installation services that MMSS or DRM apparently performed that wóuld have even suggested the involvement of MMSS or DRM to Wagner.

Accordingly, the court finds that Section 20-1-119 is not applicable and does not allow Wagner to add his claims against MMSS and DRM after the limitations period has expired.

II. Discovery Rule

Wagner also contends that, because he learned of the identity of MMSS and DRM for the first time on April 10,2015, “and he had no other method available to determine the identity of [MMSS and DRM] prior to [defendants identifying [them], this lawsuit is timely” under Tennessee’s “discovery rule.” (Docket No. 84 at p. 5.)

As the Sixth Circuit has explained, the Tennessee Supreme Court describes the “discovery rule” as follows:

Under the “discovery rule” applicable in tort actions, ... the cause of action accrues and the statute of limitations begins to run when the injury occurs or is discovered,. or when in the. exercise of reasonable care and diligence, it should have been discovered. The discovery rule applies only in cases where the plaintiff does not discover and reasonably could not be expected to discover that he had a right of action. Furthermore, the statute is tolled only during the period when the plaintiff had no knowledge at all that the wrong had occurred and, as a reasonable person, was not put on inquiry.

Schultz, 495 F.3d at 292 (citing Potts v. Celotex Corp., 796 S.W.2d 678, 680-681 (Tenn.1990) (internal citations omitted)). Wagner argues that his delayed discovery of the identities of MMSS and DRM changes the date the statute of limitations began to run under the discovery rule. However, the discovery rule only serves to change a statute of limitations where there is a delay in the discovery of the actual injuiy.⁹ Here, there is no dispute that Wagner’s injury both occurred and was discovered on August 11, 2013. Wagner’s injury was immediate and apparent; being crushed by the mold press could hardly be described otherwises Accordingly, under the discovery rule, Wagner’s cause of action accrued on August 11, 2013 and the statute of limitations began to run as of that date.

Wagner contends that the accrual of a personal injury cause of action under the discovery rule hinges on the identification of the tortfeasor in addition to the date that a plaintiff became aware of the injury — stated differently, that no matter when one may become aware that he has been injured, his cause of action against" each’ potential defendant does not accrue until he discovers their identity. However, this is a vastly expansive reading of the discovery rule that is not supported by the caselaw. Indeed, even the "cases that Wagner relies upon do not support this interpretation of the discoveiy rule.

Foster v. Harris, 633 S.W.2d 304, 305 (Tenn.1982), involved the plaintiffs contracting serum hepatitis that was diagnosed in 1976. Despite the plaintiffs efforts to discover the source of the disease, he was unsuccessful until — to his surprise — he went to his dentist’s office and was informed that the dentist had transmitted it to the plaintiff by accident in the prior year through blood contact. The court found that, “[b]efore then, it was unreasonable for [the plaintiff] to know who gave him hepatitis, given the manner in which it is transferred.” Schultz, 495 F.3d at 292. The court-, therefore, tolled the statute of limitations under the discovery rule and determinated that the cause of action accrued on the date in 1976 that the dentist notified the plaintiff that he had infected him, not on the actual date of infection in 1975. Id. at 293. Here, there is no such problem. The-manner in which Wagner was injured was apparent at the time, of the injury. It was not unreasonable for him to know that, liability may fall to anyone involved in any way with the machine that injured him. This would include, among others, those responsible for the installation, maintenance, operation and, of course, design and manufacture of the machine.

Sherrill v. Souder, 325 S.W.3d 584, likewise does not help the plaintiffs argument., Sherrill is limited to the medical malpractice context, and the court expressly stated that it was discussing the “scope of the discovery rule in medical malpractice cases.” Id. at 593. As the court further explained:

As a matter of policy, our discovery rule stakes out a sensible middle ground that protects both those making claims, by ensuring that the’period during which a malpractice suit can be filed does not expire before discovery, and those against whom claims are made, by preventing the prosecution of stale medical malpractice claims. The cause of action accrues on inquiry notice of a wrongful act.

Sherrill, 325 S.W.3d at 596 (citing Rathje v. Mercy Hosp., 745 N.W.2d 443, 452-53 (Iowa 2008)). The Sherrill court surveyed medical malpractice discovery law, including the application of the discovery rule, in several cases in which plaintiffs did not discover that they were injured by physicians or blood labs until after the statute of limitations had expired.' Id. at 594-96. Sherrill itself turned in part on when the plaintiffs medical condition arose and whether the plaintiff had notice, when the condition arose, that it could have been caused by medical malpractice.¹⁰ See id. at 603. This circumstance is not analogous to this case because, as soon as Wagner was aware of his injury, he was also necessarily aware that it was (1) caused by the mold press and (2) could have been caused by anyone whose negligence could have caused the mold press to malfunction.

Filially, Wagner cites Redwing for an example of the “expansive nature of the discovery rule.” (Docket No. 84 at p. 10.) Redwing, however, involved the issue of fraudulent concealment, which is not at issue in this action. In Redwing, the court denied a defendant’s motion to dismiss claims for sexual abuse of minors who brought the claims years after they turned eighteen, because of factual disputes as to whether, the defendant fraudulently concealed its knowledge and responsibility for the abusers’ conduct. Therefore, “the pivotal issue [wa]s whether [the plaintiff] would have discovered the [defendant’s] allegedly wrongful acts had he exercised reasonable care and diligence.” Redwing, 363 S.W.3d at 466. Fraudulent concealment by MMSS and DRM, however, has not been alleged in this case, and there is no question that Wagner could have discovered their identities had he exercised reasonable diligence.

Finally, Wagner suggests in his Sur-Reply that his delay in identifying MMSS and DRM is excusable because it is attributable, at least in part, to the “Federal Rules of Civil Procedure delaying discovery responses until scheduling conferences are held,” (Docket No. 95 at p. 4-5.) This is. unpersuasive. As of August 11, 2013, Wagner was aware — ie., was on “constructive” or “inquiry” notice — that he had been injured, could have had a cause of action against the parties involved in any way with the mold press, and should have sought to investigate and discover the identity of those parties within the limitations period.¹¹ However, Wagner waited almost exactly one year from the date of his injury to file his lawsuit, using up nearly twelve months of time during which this case could have advanced before even filing the action. Had he pursued his litigation more diligently from the outset, discovery would have come sooner. See, e.g., Schultz, 495 F.3d at 293 (finding discovery rule did not apply to toll statute of limitations wheré plaintiffs were injured by stacked sheetrock and were on notice that they could have had a cause of action against the party who delivered and stacked the sheetrock, but did not timely discover the identity of that party and file an amended complaint); Gibson v. Lockwood Prods. Div. of J.L. Underwood, 724 S.W.2d 756, 758-59 (Tenn.1986) (in machine injury case, finding plaintiff did not exercise due diligence to discover identity of installer where the only step taken was to propound interrogatories ten months after the accident). Moreover, if Wagner was concerned about the timing of discovery, he was free to move the court to allow limited out-of-time discovery from the defendants as to the identities of the mover and installer of the mold press; he chose hot to do so.¹²

III. Summary

The one year statute of limitations in this action began running on August 11, 2013, the date Wagner was injured and became aware that his injuries was caused by the mold press. The discovery rule does not extend the statute of limitations in this action merely because Wagner did not discover the identity of MMSS and DRM until after interrogatory responses were served’in this action. Similarly, the interrogatory response referencing MMSS and DRM does not render their addition as defendants proper under Section 20-1-119. Accordingly, Wagner’s claims against MMSS and DRM, which were filed after the statute of limitations period expired, will be dismissed.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Motion to Dismiss filed by defendant Machinery Movers & Structural Specialist (Docket No. 78) is GRANTED and the Motion to Dismiss filed by defendant DRM, LLC (Docket No. 82) is GRANTED. All claims against Machinery Movers & . Structural Specialist and DRM, LLC are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.

It is so ORDERED.

1 . IAC and CER moved to dismiss the Amended Complaint; on January 15, 2015, their motions were denied by the court. (Docket Nos. 49, 50.) Familiarity with the court’s January 15, 2015 Memorandum is presumed.

2 . Wagner filed a Motion to Strike Answers to the Amended Complaint (Docket No. 57), complaining these defenses were impermissibly vague,' to which IAC and CER responded in opposition (Docket No. 60). This motion would subsequently be mooted by the.filing of the Second Amended Complaint, discussed infra. (See Docket No. 68.)

3 .Wagner also sought to add IAC Springfield, LLC, which IAC had identified to Wagner in discovery as a proper party to be named in this action. (Docket No. 64 at p. 1.) This addition has not been challenged.

4 . Statutes of limitations promote fairness and justice. Redwing v. Catholic Bishop for Diocese of Memphis, 363 S.W.3d 436, 456 (Tenn.2012); Pern's Steak & Spaghetti House v. Lee, 90 S.W.3d 614, 621 (Tenn.2002). They are shields, not swords, Lawman v. Barnett, 180 Tenn. 546, 177 S.W.2d 121, 128 (1944), and they' 'reflect " ‘a societal choice that actions must be brought within a certain time period.’ ” Parrish v. Marquis, 172 S.W.3d 526, 532 (Tenn.2005) (citation omitted). They are based on the presumption that persons with the legal capacity to litigate will not delay bringing suit on a meritorious claim beyond a reasonable time. Hackworth v. Ralston Purina Co., 214 Tenn. 506, 381 S.W.2d 292, 294 (1964); see also Riddlesbarger v. Hartford Ins. Co., 74 U.S. 386, 390, 7 Wall. 386, 19 L.Ed. 257 (1869).

5 . The purpose of Section 20-1-119 is to provide plaintiffs "with a fair opportunity to bring before the [trial] court all persons who caused or contributed to the [plaintiff's] injuries.” Mann v. Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity, 380 S.W.3d 42, 50 (Tenn.2012) (quoting Townes v. Sunbeam Oster Co., 50 S.W.3d 446, 451 (Tenn.Ct.App.2001)), It enables a plaintiff to amend his complaint to add a non-party alleged by another defendant to have caused or contributed to the plaintiff's injury, even if the applicable statute of limitations would otherwise bar the plaintiff's claim against the non-party. Jones v. Prof'l Motorcycle Escort Serv., L.L.C., 193 S.W.3d 564, 567-68 (Tenn.2006). It is broadly construed because it is an integral part of a comparative fault system that is built on the concepts of fairness and efficiency. Mann, 380 S.W.3d at 50; Browder v. Morris, 975 S.W.2d 308, 312 (Tenn.1998). Section 20-1-119 helps to mitigate the burden a plaintiff would face in having to file actions against all potential defendants in a single complaint; but, in doing so, it places key importance upon what is revealed by the defendants in their answers. See Townes, 50 S,W.3d at 452-54; Becker v. Ford Motor Co., 431 S.W.3d 588, 592-95 (Tenn.2014).

6 . The Tennessee Supreme Court recently confirmed that it "is beyond peradventure” that Townes is controlling authority for purposes of interpreting Section 20-1-119. Becker, 431 S.W.3d at 594.

7 . The Tennessee Supreme Court recently disagreed with a different aspect of Schultz, but this aspect of the decision was unquestioned. See Becker, 431 S.W.3d at 594.

8 . Notably, Romine had a dissenting opinion that argued in strong terms that the majority's conclusion was in direct disregard of the rules of statutory construction: See Romine, 124 S.W.3d at 608. Moreover, the only authority cited in Romine to support its holding is Soper v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 923 F.Supp. 1032, 1038 (M.D.Tenn.1996), a case which offered no citation to Tennessee caselaw. Id.

9 . “In the vast majority of personal injury cases ... the date of the injury and the date of discovery are simultaneous.’’ Teeters v. Currey, 518 S.W.2d 512 (Tenn.1974) (Harbison, X, concurring).

10 . In the end, Sherrill was not decided on these grounds — the court’s decision focused on the plaintiff’s competency and whether that could serve as a basis for tolling the statute of limitations. Sherrill, 325 S.W.3d at 603.

11 . Under the discovery rule, a cause of action accrues — and the statute of limitations begins to run — not only when the plaintiff has actual knowledge of a claim, but also when the plaintiff has actual knowledge of "facts sufficient to put a reasonable person on notice that he [or she] has suffered an injury as a result of wrongful conduct." Redwing, 363 S.W.3d at 459 (citing Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d 23, 29 (Tenn.1995)). This-latter circumstance is variously referred to as "constructive notice” or “inquiry notice.” The Tennessee Supreme Court has explained that inquiry notice "charges a plaintiff with knowledge of those facts that a reasonable investigation would have disclosed ... [0]nce a plaintiff gains information sufficient to alert a reasonable person of the need to investigate ‘the injury,' the limitation period begins to run.” Sherrill v. Souder, 325 S.W.3d 584, 593 n. 7 (Tenn.2010) (citing Rathje, 745 N.W.2d at 461; Diamond v. Davis, 680 A.2d 364, 372 (D.C.1996) (defining inquiry notice as the “notice which a plaintiff would have possessed after due investigation”)); see also Doe v. Catholic Bishop for Diocese of Memphis, 306 S.W.3d 712 (Tenn.Ct.App.2009) (“[Trolling theories ... are only available to a plaintiff who has exercised reasonable diligence. "[T]he plaintiff'must go -find the facts; [he] cannot wait for the facts to find [him].” ”) (citing Jolly v. Eli Lilly & Co., 44 Cal.3d 1103, 245 Cal.Rptr. 658, 751 P.2d 923 (1988)).

12 . Wagner has also not discussed why, during the limitations period, fie did not simply ask IAC or CER for the names of other possible parties involved in any way with the mold press. See, e.g., Gibson, 724 S.W.2d at 758 (disapproving plaintiffs efforts at due diligence in part because "[p]laintiff at no time attempted to identify tfie manufacturer of the machine by contacting his employer.”)