Ladd, J.
[95]*95
1. Deeds : alterations : alterations subsequent to delivery : failure to redeliver and reacknowl-
[94]*94I. The controversy is over a mortgage of $600 [95]*95executed by Alex Jenkins, August 7, 1909, on a lot then owned by him, to the Iowa State Bank, and not recorded until Sep' tember 11, 1913. In the meantime, October 10, 1910, Jenkins, his wife joining, executed a warranty deed conveying the lot to Mary Paulley, “free from incumbrances, except $1,000 which the grantee assumes and agrees' to pay. ’ ’ This deed was not filed for record until January 3, 1912, after the name of the grantee, Mary Paulley, had been erased, and that of Napoleon Trahan, whom she had married, inserted instead. This was done in pursuance of written authority of Jenkins, given the defendant before deed was recorded. Trahan and wife conveyed the lot to the plaintiff by warranty deed, dated December 13, 1911, but recorded March 18, 1912, “subject to the mortgage of $400 or the record liens now shown against said property.” This mortgage covered the lot when Jenkins acquired it in April, 1909.
No question is made but that plaintiff was charged with notice of the recitals in the conveyance from Jenkins to Trahan, if that conveyance as changed was acknowledged. Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Bishop, 69 Iowa 645; Huber v. Bossart, 70 Iowa 718. Appellee (plaintiff) contends, however, that, as the change in names of grantee occurred after the deed became effective by delivery to convey the land to Mary Paulley, the substitution of the name “Napoleon Trahan” as grantee, instead of hers, operated as a new deed. Conceding, as appellant contends, without so deciding, that the grantee ratified this change, we inquire whether in such circumstances the deed must have been redelivered and reacknowledged, in order that the record thereof shall be constructive notice to third persons. If so, then plaintiff, in acquiring the lot from Trahan, was not charged with notice of recitals in the deed from Jenkins to Trahan, and took it freed from the lien of the mortgage. On the other hand, if another delivery and acknowledgment were not essential to the recording of [96]*96the deed and thereby imparting constructive notice, then plaintiff must be deemed to have been put on inquiry concerning the mortgage in acquiring title to the lot. There is no claim that the acknowledgment is defective; the contention is that, in the form recorded, it had not been acknowledged at all; and therefore the record of it did not impart constructive notice.
Of course, the wife of the grantor, not having consented to the change, was not bound thereby. For all that appears, she might have been perfectly willing to join in a deed to Mary Paulley, and yet decline to part with her dower interest to Trahan. Nor do we think a change in the parties to a deed— that is, of grantee or grantor — after its delivery can effect the symbolic transfer of title already accomplished, or can be made without creating of it a new instrument of conveyance. The instrument, prior to alteration in such circumstances, has accomplished its purpose by the transmission of title to the then grantee, and the latter is not divested by the change. If anything is destroyed by the change, it is the deed, and not the title.
A deed may be altered, mutilated, changed or wholly destroyed so as to be no longer competent evidence or capable of being introduced in evidence, yet the title vested in the grantee is not thereby destroyed. 1 Devlin on Real Estate (3d Ed.), Sec. 461a; 13 Cyc. 721; Waldron v. Waller, 32 L. R. A. (N. S.) 284, 293, and note. In Gibbs v. Potter, 166 Ind. 471 (9 A. & E. Ann. Cas. 481), the court announced the principle to be well settled that the alteration or destruction of a deed subsequent to its full execution, although done by consent of parties, will not divest the original grantee of title or revest such title in the grantors. Stanley v. Epperson, 45 Tex. 644; Tabor v. Tabor, 136 Mich. 255 (99 N. W. 4); 9 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d Ed.) 163; United States v. Widow and Heirs of West, 22 How. (U. S.) 315 (16 L. Ed. 317); Woods v. Hilderbrand, 46 Mo. 284 (2 Am. R. 513); Wheeler [97]*97v. Single, 62 Wis. 380 (22 N. W. 569). See Slattery v. Slattery, 120 Iowa 717. Wliere the instrument is so changed as that purported conveyance is to a different person from the original grantee, or purports to convey different property, it is, in effect, a different instrument, and must be redelivered and reaeknowledged to become effective as a conveyance and to be recorded. Thus, in Moelle v. Sherwood, 148 U. S. 21 (37 L. Ed. 350), the description of the property in the deed was changed after it had been delivered and recorded, and the court said:
“An alteration in the description of property embraced in a deed, so as to make the instrument cover property different from that originally embraced, whether or not it destroys the validity of the instrument as a conveyance of the property originally described, certainly does not give it validity as a conveyance of the property of which the new description is inserted. The old execution and acknowledgment are not continued in existence as to the new property. To give effect to the deed as one of the newly described property it should have been reexecuted, reacknowledged, and redelivered. In other words, a new conveyance should have been made.”
In Waldron v. Waller, 65 W. Va. 605 (32 L. R. A. (N. S.) 284, 285), the change was by adding to the property conveyed after delivery of the deed, and the court observed that:
“The authorities we think make it clear that, although such alteration may have been with the consent of the grantors, the ’deed cannot operate to invest in the grantee land not covered by the original grant, without a redelivery of the deed by them, and if it has been acknowledged before the alteration, the deed should be again acknowledged” — citing, among other authorities, 1 Devlin, Deeds, Sec. 461a.
Cases are sometimes cited as holding to a contrary doctrine, but upon examination they do not seem to impair the rule as stated. Thus, in Baker v. Baker, 239 Ill. 82 (87 N. E. [98]*98868), the deed, after having been acknowledged, was taken to the notary’s office to attach the notarial seal, when he was advised by the grantee that grantor wished him to attach the name of the grantee’s wife as one of the grantees. He did so and attached his seal, and turned it, with other, deeds, over to the original grantee, who carried them to the grantor. The latter read the deed over and then delivered it to said grantee’s wife. This was held to have been an adoption of the deed in its altered condition and that it was valid. The question of notice and whether it should have been reaeknowledged were not involved. In Abbott v. Abbott, 189 Ill. 488 (82 Am. St. 470), the-court expressly found the changes to have been made before delivery. In Stiles v. Probst, 69 Ill. 382, the deed was redelivered and the question of notice was not involved. In Hunt v. Nance, 122 Ky. 274 (92 S. W. 6), the existence of actual notice was found, and whether the interlineation after delivery changed the estate conveyed was not decided.
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Ladd, J.
[95]*95
1. Deeds : alterations : alterations subsequent to delivery : failure to redeliver and reacknowl-
[94]*94I. The controversy is over a mortgage of $600 [95]*95executed by Alex Jenkins, August 7, 1909, on a lot then owned by him, to the Iowa State Bank, and not recorded until Sep' tember 11, 1913. In the meantime, October 10, 1910, Jenkins, his wife joining, executed a warranty deed conveying the lot to Mary Paulley, “free from incumbrances, except $1,000 which the grantee assumes and agrees' to pay. ’ ’ This deed was not filed for record until January 3, 1912, after the name of the grantee, Mary Paulley, had been erased, and that of Napoleon Trahan, whom she had married, inserted instead. This was done in pursuance of written authority of Jenkins, given the defendant before deed was recorded. Trahan and wife conveyed the lot to the plaintiff by warranty deed, dated December 13, 1911, but recorded March 18, 1912, “subject to the mortgage of $400 or the record liens now shown against said property.” This mortgage covered the lot when Jenkins acquired it in April, 1909.
No question is made but that plaintiff was charged with notice of the recitals in the conveyance from Jenkins to Trahan, if that conveyance as changed was acknowledged. Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Bishop, 69 Iowa 645; Huber v. Bossart, 70 Iowa 718. Appellee (plaintiff) contends, however, that, as the change in names of grantee occurred after the deed became effective by delivery to convey the land to Mary Paulley, the substitution of the name “Napoleon Trahan” as grantee, instead of hers, operated as a new deed. Conceding, as appellant contends, without so deciding, that the grantee ratified this change, we inquire whether in such circumstances the deed must have been redelivered and reacknowledged, in order that the record thereof shall be constructive notice to third persons. If so, then plaintiff, in acquiring the lot from Trahan, was not charged with notice of recitals in the deed from Jenkins to Trahan, and took it freed from the lien of the mortgage. On the other hand, if another delivery and acknowledgment were not essential to the recording of [96]*96the deed and thereby imparting constructive notice, then plaintiff must be deemed to have been put on inquiry concerning the mortgage in acquiring title to the lot. There is no claim that the acknowledgment is defective; the contention is that, in the form recorded, it had not been acknowledged at all; and therefore the record of it did not impart constructive notice.
Of course, the wife of the grantor, not having consented to the change, was not bound thereby. For all that appears, she might have been perfectly willing to join in a deed to Mary Paulley, and yet decline to part with her dower interest to Trahan. Nor do we think a change in the parties to a deed— that is, of grantee or grantor — after its delivery can effect the symbolic transfer of title already accomplished, or can be made without creating of it a new instrument of conveyance. The instrument, prior to alteration in such circumstances, has accomplished its purpose by the transmission of title to the then grantee, and the latter is not divested by the change. If anything is destroyed by the change, it is the deed, and not the title.
A deed may be altered, mutilated, changed or wholly destroyed so as to be no longer competent evidence or capable of being introduced in evidence, yet the title vested in the grantee is not thereby destroyed. 1 Devlin on Real Estate (3d Ed.), Sec. 461a; 13 Cyc. 721; Waldron v. Waller, 32 L. R. A. (N. S.) 284, 293, and note. In Gibbs v. Potter, 166 Ind. 471 (9 A. & E. Ann. Cas. 481), the court announced the principle to be well settled that the alteration or destruction of a deed subsequent to its full execution, although done by consent of parties, will not divest the original grantee of title or revest such title in the grantors. Stanley v. Epperson, 45 Tex. 644; Tabor v. Tabor, 136 Mich. 255 (99 N. W. 4); 9 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d Ed.) 163; United States v. Widow and Heirs of West, 22 How. (U. S.) 315 (16 L. Ed. 317); Woods v. Hilderbrand, 46 Mo. 284 (2 Am. R. 513); Wheeler [97]*97v. Single, 62 Wis. 380 (22 N. W. 569). See Slattery v. Slattery, 120 Iowa 717. Wliere the instrument is so changed as that purported conveyance is to a different person from the original grantee, or purports to convey different property, it is, in effect, a different instrument, and must be redelivered and reaeknowledged to become effective as a conveyance and to be recorded. Thus, in Moelle v. Sherwood, 148 U. S. 21 (37 L. Ed. 350), the description of the property in the deed was changed after it had been delivered and recorded, and the court said:
“An alteration in the description of property embraced in a deed, so as to make the instrument cover property different from that originally embraced, whether or not it destroys the validity of the instrument as a conveyance of the property originally described, certainly does not give it validity as a conveyance of the property of which the new description is inserted. The old execution and acknowledgment are not continued in existence as to the new property. To give effect to the deed as one of the newly described property it should have been reexecuted, reacknowledged, and redelivered. In other words, a new conveyance should have been made.”
In Waldron v. Waller, 65 W. Va. 605 (32 L. R. A. (N. S.) 284, 285), the change was by adding to the property conveyed after delivery of the deed, and the court observed that:
“The authorities we think make it clear that, although such alteration may have been with the consent of the grantors, the ’deed cannot operate to invest in the grantee land not covered by the original grant, without a redelivery of the deed by them, and if it has been acknowledged before the alteration, the deed should be again acknowledged” — citing, among other authorities, 1 Devlin, Deeds, Sec. 461a.
Cases are sometimes cited as holding to a contrary doctrine, but upon examination they do not seem to impair the rule as stated. Thus, in Baker v. Baker, 239 Ill. 82 (87 N. E. [98]*98868), the deed, after having been acknowledged, was taken to the notary’s office to attach the notarial seal, when he was advised by the grantee that grantor wished him to attach the name of the grantee’s wife as one of the grantees. He did so and attached his seal, and turned it, with other, deeds, over to the original grantee, who carried them to the grantor. The latter read the deed over and then delivered it to said grantee’s wife. This was held to have been an adoption of the deed in its altered condition and that it was valid. The question of notice and whether it should have been reaeknowledged were not involved. In Abbott v. Abbott, 189 Ill. 488 (82 Am. St. 470), the-court expressly found the changes to have been made before delivery. In Stiles v. Probst, 69 Ill. 382, the deed was redelivered and the question of notice was not involved. In Hunt v. Nance, 122 Ky. 274 (92 S. W. 6), the existence of actual notice was found, and whether the interlineation after delivery changed the estate conveyed was not decided. In North Carolina, legal title does not pass until registration, and, prior thereto, no right intervening as between the grantor and grantee, the deed may be surrendered to the grantor, canceled or changed as may be agreed by them. Respass v. Jones, 102 N. C. 5; Davis v. Inscoe, 84 N. C. 396.
In Chezum v. McBride, 21 Wash. 558 (58 Pac. 1067), the court, without discussing this question, upheld a title founded upon a deed which had been altered by adding a section number in the description of the land conveyed, and by inserting upon the margin of the deed a further description, where it appeared that the alteration had been ratified by grantor, and he had never afterwards exercised any act of ownership over the land in controversy. Whether the land originally intended to be conveyed lay in both section numbers, or in the one originally in the deed, or in the one inserted, cannot be ascertained from the opinion. In Eadie v. Chambers, 24 L. R. A. (N. S.) 879 (18 A. & E. Ann. Cas. 1096), the court held that an alteration reducing the fractional interest of a [99]*99mine conveyed, from three fourths to one half, would convey one half thereof if the deed were redelivered. Manifestly this would be so, for the deed before altered would convey that-much.
It will be observed that none of these decisions are in conflict with the rule as stated that, where the name of the grantee or the description of the property has been changed after delivery, the changed instrument must be regarded, as to the new grantee or the property not previously included, as a new instrument, exacting delivery and acknowledgment to be recordable. Appellant relies somewhat on cases where deeds are acknowledged before the names of the grantees have been inserted. See Creveling v. Banta,, 138 Iowa 47; Hall v. Kary, 133 Iowa 465. There, the acknowledgment is of a conveyance to a person whose name is subsequently to be inserted; while here, it was of an instrument conveying the property to a designated person. In the former, the insertion of the name is essential to effect the transfer of the legal title; in the latter, the conveyance has been completed, and the change is undertaken in order to transfer title from one grantee, to the other. The cases are not analogous. We are of opinion that, to become effective as a conveyance, the deed as changed must have been delivered to the new grantee (Trahan) and that, to be recordable in its new form, it must have been acknowledged again.
2. Deeds : delivery : acts constituting delivery. II. If delivered, however, it would operate as evidence of such conveyance as it purported to be. It appears that one Wilson, acting as the agent of Napoleon Trahan, procured Jenkins’ written consent to the substitution of his name in place of that of his wife in the deed. Jenkins testified that he authorized Wilson to make the change. The evidence warrants the inference that he then understood that the deed was in Trahan’s possession, and that he would treat it as a conveyance to him. In these circumstances, it would have [100]*100been an idle ceremony to recall the deed and immediately return it as a delivery. Both parties treated what was done as passing the deed when changed to the custody of Trahan, and it was in effect a delivery of the deed to him. The plaintiff received the conveyance from Trahan and wife to himself without knowledge of the conveyance to Mary Paulley; for in its original form it was not recorded, and in its changed form was not recordable, because of not having been acknowledged subsequently to the substitution of plaintiff’s grantor (Trahan) as grantee. The plaintiff took, then, without notice of the contents of the deed.to his grantor.
s- AGBNT^therectency aence. III. Wilson, the agent of Trahan, knew of the existence of the recorded mortgage, and it is claimed that, in examining the records, he was -agent of plaintiff; and by reason thereof, his knowledge of such mortgage was imputed pMlWiff. Without deciding whether this would be so, it is enough to say that the record does not warrant the finding that Wilson ever acted for plaintiff. True, he accompanied when the county records were searched; and plaintiff, after testifying that he had relied on Wilson’s statement that the only mortgage against the lot was that of $400; that Wilson was but his agent, that he procured the county recorder to examine the records for him, and that the latter said that said mortgage was the only one shown in the records, was asked, “Who besides the county recorder or her deputy did you have make the search for you? A. Mr. Wilson.” In view of the fact that Wilson was then representing Trahan in making the trade with plaintiff and was trying to satisfy plaintiff as to the condition of the record, the witness could have meant no more than that Wilson was with him making the search of the records, and should not be understood as having employed him as his agent or employee in so doing.
[101]*1014. Mortgages: recording-: failure to record: loss: who chargeable [100]*100IV. The cross-petition of Jenkins was rightly dismissed. The $600 mortgage, when delivered to the bank as [101]*101collateral security, had not been acknowledged. That this was not done was the fault of the mortgagor (Jenkins), and not of the bank. The instrument without acknowledgment might not have teen recorded, and therefore the bank was in no manner blameable in not filing it for record. The plaintiff paid full value for the lot. Agreement to pay the $600 was part of the consideration for the execution of the deed by Jenkins to Paulley. In consequence of the machinations of Wilson, someone must lose the amount secured by the mortgage. As between plaintiff and Jenkins, the former is least blameable; for Jenkins was not only responsible for withholding the mortgage from record, but consented to transformation of the deed to Mary Paulley into a different instrument.
We are content with the decree, and it is — Affirmed.
Evans, C. J., Gaynor and Salinger, JJ., concur.